SETT ABLE COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING INTE G I PERLITE AN
HYDRAULIC CEMENT
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to cementing operations and, more particularly, n
certain embodiments, to methods and compositions that comprise ink-rground pe ite and
hydraulic cement,
general, we l treatments include a w d vari et of methods that may be
performed in oi gas, geothe al and/ r water wells, such as drilling, completion and
workover methods. The drilling, completion and wo rko ver methods may include, but are
not limited to, drilling, fracturing, acidizing, logging, cementing, gravel packing,
perforating and conformance methods. Many of these well treatments are designed to
enhance and/or facilitate the recovery of desirable fluids from a subterranean well.
In cementing methods, such as well construction and remedial cementing, seitable
compositions are commonly utilized. As used herein, the term "settable composition"
refers to a eomposition(s) that hydraaKcally sets or otherwise develops compressive
strength. Settable compositions may be used in primary cementing operations whereby
pipe strings, such as casing and liners, are cemented in we l bores. n performing primary
cementing, a se table composition may be p mped into an ann us between subterranean
formation and the pipe string disposed in the subterranean formation. The settable
composition should set in the annulus, thereby .forming an annular sheath of hardened
cement (e.g., a cement sheath) that should support and position the pipe string n the well
bore and bond the exterior surface of the pipe string to the walls of the well bore. Settable
compositions also may be used in remedial cementing methods, such as the placement of
eement plugs, and in squeeze cementing for sealing voids in a pipe string, cement sheath,
gravel pack formation, and the like.
The hydration of the eement. in these cementing methods is a complex process
because several phases may take part in the reaction simultaneously. In order to control the
reaction processes to render the compositions suitable for well cementing, various additives
such as retarders, strength enhancers, and accelerators may be added. However, the
operating conditions for wells are becoming more challenging and demanding, and the
search for new materials continues to meet these challenges, o instance, cement slurries
used in well cementing often encounter problems of gaining sufficient strength in a
reasonable amount of time for well operations to continue. The costs associated with waitn-
ceme t ( WQC ) play an important role in well cementing.
SUMMARY
The present invention relates to cementing operations and, more particularly, i
certain embodiments, to methods and compositions tha comprise interground periite and
hydraulic ce ent
An embodiment provides a method o cementing comprising: providing a settable
composition comprising periite, hydraulic cement, and water, wherein the periite and
hydraulic cement are interground prior to combination with the water to form the settable
composition; and allowing the settable composition to set.
Another embodiment provides a method of cementing comprising: providing a
settable composition comprising unexpended periite, hydraulic cement, and water, wherein
the unexpanded periite and hydraulic cement are interground prior to combination with the
water to form the settable composition; introducing the settable composition into a well
bore; and allowing the settable composition to set
Yet another embodiment provides a composition comprising Interground periite
and hydraulic cement
The features and advantages of the present invention wi l be readily apparent to
those skilled in the art. While numerous changes may b made by those skilled in the art,
such changes are within the spirit of the invention.
DESCRIPTION O PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the settable compositions of the present invention may comprise
periite. Periite suitable for use in embodiments of th present invention includes expanded
periite and unexpanded periite. some embodiments, the settable composition may
comprise periite interground with a hydraulic cement. n so e embodiments, the settable
compositions may comprise unexpanded periite with cement kiln dust ( CK ") , p m ite,
or a combination thereof. There may be several potential advantages to the methods and
compositions of the present invention, only some of which may be alluded to herein. One
of the many potential advantages of embodiments of the present invention is thai the
inclusion of the unexpanded periite i embodiments of the settable composition may
increase the compressive strength of the settable composition after setting. Another
potential advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that the CRD, unexpanded
periite, pumieite, or a combination thereof may be used to reduce the amount of a higher
cost component, such as Portland cement, resulting in a more economical settable
composition. Yet anothe potential advantage of embodiments of the present. n vention is
that reduction of the amount of Portland cement can reduce the carbon footprint of the
cementing operation.
Periite is a ore and generally refers to a naturally occurring volcanic, amorphous
siliceous rock comprising mostly silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide. A characteristic of
periite is that it may expand to form cellular, high-porosity particle or hollow sphere
containing multi-cellular cores when exposed to high temperatures due to the sudden
vaporization of water within the periite. The expanded periite may be used as a densityreducing
additive for making lightweight settable compositions. Periite suitable for use in
embodiments o f the present invention includes expanded periite and unexpended periite. n
some embodiments, the periite may comprise unexpanded periite.
t has recently been discovered the addition of unexpanded periite to settable
compositions comprising CKD and/or pumicite may provide unexpected increases in
compressive strengths. n accordance with embodiments of the present Invention, the
unexpanded periite may be used to increase the compressive strength of settable
compositions comprising CKD and/or pumicite. n addition, unexpanded periite can
increase the compressive strength of settable compositions comprising Portland cement. t
is believed that the unexpanded periite may be particularly suited for us at elevated well
bore temperatures in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, such as at
temperatures greater tha about 0 F, alternatively greater than about 12.0 'F and
alternatively greater than about .4 F,
In one embodiment, unexpanded periite may be used, among other tilings, to
replace higher cost eementitious components, such as Portland cement, resulting n more
economical settable compositions. In addition, substitution of the Portland cement for the
unexpanded periite should result in a settable composition with a reduced carbon footprint
n present embodiments, the periite ca be g round to any size suitable fo use in
cementing operations. In an embodiment, the periite is ground to a mean particle size of
about micron to about 400 microns, alternatively, about 1 micro to about 100 microns
and, alternatively, abou 1 micron to about 25 microns. The mean particle size corresponds
to dS values as measured by commercially available particle size analyzers such as those
manufactured by Malvern instruments, Worcestershire, United Kingdom. n another
embodiment, the periite has a particle size distribution of about 1 micron to about 1,000
microns with a mean particle size of about 1 micron to about 100 microns. The particle
size distribution corresponds to the aximu and minimum sizes allowed in the
distribution. An example of a suitable ground periite tha is unexpanded is available fro
Hess Pumice Products, Inc., a ad City, Idaho, under the tradename lsv!-325 with a mesh
size of 325.
The perlite may he included in the settable compositions in an amount -sufficient to
provide the desired compressive strength, density, cost reduction, and/or reduced carbon
footprint, n some embodiments, the perl e may be present in the sellable compositions of
the present invention in an amount in the range of .from about 1% to about 75% by weight
of cementitious components. Cementitious components include those components or
combinations o components of the settable compositions that hydrauSicaily set, or
otherwise harden, to develop compressive strength, including, for example, perlite, C D,
fly ash, pumicite, slag, lime, shale, and the like. For example, the perlite may be present in
an amount ranging between any of and/or including an of about 5%, about 10%, about
.15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%,
about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, or about 70%. In specific embodiments, the per te
may be present n the settable compositions in an amount in the range of from about 5% to
about 50% b weight ofcementitious components, n another embodiment, the perlite may
be present in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 40% by weight of
cementitious components. I ye another embodiment, the perlite may be present in an
amount in the range of from about 20% to about 30% by weight of cementitious
components. One of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will
recognize the appropriate amount of perlite to include for a chosen application.
on particular embodiment, the perlite can be interground with hydraulic cement.
o e embodiment, the hydraulic cement ay be a Portland cement, such as those
classified as AST Type V cement another embodiment, the perlite can be mterground
with hydraulic cement and pumicite. In another embodiment, the perlite can be interground
with hydraulic cement and CKD. The term "interground" or ir terg tiding" as used herein
means using a grinder (e.g., bail mill, rod mi l, etc.) to reduce the particle size of the
specified components. t is believed that intergrindsng the perlite and hydraulic cement
ma improve the properties of the subsequent settable composition. Fo example, it is
believed that tritergrhiding the perlite and hydraulic cement may provide accelerated
strength development, in the subsequent settable compositions, as compared to
mtergrinding pumicite and hydraulic cement By way of further example, it is believed that
intergrinding the perlite and hydraulic cement may provide increased strength properties of
the subsequent settable compositions, as compared to blending separately ground material.
n some embodiments, the inierground perlite and hydraulic cement may comprise
perlite in a amount of about 0.1% to about 99% by weight of the interground perlite and
hydraulic cement and hydraulic cement in an amount of about. 0.1% to about 99% by
weight of th interground perlite and hydraulic cement. For example, the perlite may be
present an a ou t ranging between any of and/or including any of about 5%, about 10%,
about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about
50%, about 5 %, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%,
about 90%, or about 95% by weight of the mterground perlite and hydraulic cement. By
way of further example, the hydraulic cement may be present m an amount ranging
between a y of and/or including any of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%,
about 2 %, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about
60 , about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95%
by weight of the interground perlite and hydraulic cement.
-accordance with embodiments, the hydraulic cement and perlite may be
combined and ground to any size suitable tor use in cementing operations. another
embodiment, the hydraulic cement and/or perlite may be ground prior t combination in
yet another embodiment, the perlite may be ground to a first particle size a d then
interground with the hydraulic cement to a second particle size. In an embodiment, the
interground perlite and hydrauli cemen has a mean particle of about 0 . micron to
about 400 microns, including an amount ranging between an of and/or including any of
about 0,5 microns, about 1 micron, about 2 microns, about 5 microns, about 10 microns,
about 25 microns, about 50 microns, about 75 microns, about 100 microns, about 0
microns, about 200 microns, about 250 microns, about 300 microns, or about 350 microns,
For example, the interground perlite and hydraulic cement ay have a mean particle size of
about 0 5 microns to about 50 microns. By way of further example, the interground perlite
and hydraulic cement may have a mean particle size of about 0,5 microns to about 10
microns. The mean particle size corresponds to d50 values as measured b commercially
available particle size analyzers such as those manufactured by Malvern instruments,
Worcestershire, United Kingdom. In some embodiments, th interground perlite and
hydraulic cement may have a bimodal particle size distribution. For example, the
interground perlite and hydraulic cement may have a bimodal particle size distribution with
a first peak from about I microns to about microns and a second peak from about 7
microns to about 15 microns, alternatively, a first peak from about microns to about 5
microns and a second peak from about 9 microns to about i 1 microns, and alternatively, a
first peak of about 4 microns and a second peak of about . microns.
n some embodiments, the interground perlite and hydraulic cement may be present
in an amount in th range of from about 0. % to about 0% by weight of cemendtious
components in the seitahle composition. For example, the interground perlite and
hydraulic cement may be present in an amount ranging between any of and or including
.any o f about 5%, about 1.0%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%,
about 40%, about 45%, about 50%,. about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about
5%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, o r about 95% by weight o f cememitious
components. One o f ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit o f this disclosure, will
recognize the appropriate amount o f the mterground per l e and hydraulic cement to
include for a chosen application.
Embodiments of the lettable compositions further ay comprise hydraulic cement.
As previously mentioned, the hydraulic cement rosy be mterground with the perlite in
accordance w th certain embodiments. Any of a variety o f hydraulic cements suitable for
use in subterranean cementing operations may be used n accordance with embodiments of
the present invention. Suitable examples include hydraulic cements that comprise calcium,
aluminum, silicon., oxygen and/or sulfur, which set and harden by reaction with water.
Such hydraulic cements, include, but are not limited to, Portland cements, poz o ana
cements, gypsum cements, high-alumina-content cements, slag cements, silica/lime
cements and combinations thereof. n certain embodiments, the hydraulic ceme t may
comprise a Portland cement. The Portland cements that may be suited for use in
embodiments of the present invention are classified as Class A, C H and G cements
according to American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Practice for Testing We ll
Cements, API Specification 10B-2 ( O 10426-2), First edition, July 2005. In addition, in
some- embodiments * cements suitable for use in the present invention ma include cements
classified as ASTM Type 1, I , 11, IV, or V.
The hydraulic cement may be included in the settable compositions in an amount
sufficient for a particular application. In some embodiments, the hydraulic cement m be
present in the settable compositions i an amount n the range of from about 0 . % to about
99% by weight of eenientitious components. For example, the hydraulic cement may be
present n an amount ranging between any of and/or including a y o f about 5%, about %,
about 1.5%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about
50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%,
about 90%, or about 95% by weight o f cementiiious components. One of ordinary skill in
the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of the
hydraulic cement to include for a chosen application.
Embodiments o f the settable compositions generally further may comprise CKD. it
should be understood that embodiments o f th present invention also may encompass
intergrinding the CKD with the perlite and the hydraulic cement. Usually, large quantities
of GKD ar collected in the production of cement that ar commonly disposed of a s waste.
Disposal of the waste CKD can add undesirable costs to the manufacture of the cement, as
we l as the environmental concerns associated with its disposal The chemical analysis of
CKD from various cement manufactures varies depending on a number of factors,
including the particular k ln feed, the efficiencies of the cement production operation, and
th associated dust collection systems. CKD generally ay comprise a variety of oxides,
such as S 0 , C , Fe CaO, MgO, O,, Na 0 , and K 0 .
The CKD generally may exhibit cementitious properties, in that it may set and
harden in the presence of water. r s accordance with embodiments of the present invention,
the CKD may be used, among other things, to replace higher cost cementitious
components, such as Portland cement, resulting in economical sellable compositions.
In addition, substitution of the Portland cement for the CKD can result in a settable
composition with a reduced carbon footprint.
The CKD may be included in the sellable compositions in an amount sufficient io
provide the desired compressive strength, density, cost reduction, and/or reduced carbon
footprint, in some embodiments, the CKD may be present in the seitable- compositions of
th present invention in an amount in the range of from about 1% to about 95% by weight
of cementitious components. For example, the CK may be present i an amount ranging
between any of and/or including any of about 5%, about 10%, about 5%, about 20%,
about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about
60%, about 65%, about 70%, abou 75%, about , or about 90%. In specific
embodiments, the CKD may be present in th sellable compositions in an amount in the
range of from about 5% to about 95% by weight of cementitious components. n another
embodiment, the CKD may be present i a n amount in the .range of from about 50% to
about 90% by weight of cementitious components h yet another embodiment, the CKD
may be present in an amount in the range of from about 60% to about 80% by weight of
cementitious components. One of ordinary sk ill in the art, with the benefit of this
disclosure, wil recognize the appropriate amount of CKD to include for chosen
application.
Embodiments of the seitable compositions further may comprise pumicite. i
should be understood that embodiments of th present invention also may encompass
intergrindtng the pumicite with the periite and the hydraulic cement. Generally, pumicite is
a volcanic rock that exhibits cementitious properties, in tha it may set and harden i the
presence of hydrated lime and water. Hydrated lime may be used in combination with the
pumicite, for example, to provide sufficient calcium ions for e pumicite to set. n
accordance with embodiments of the present invention, the pumicite may be used, among
other things, to replace higher cost eementitious components, such as Portland cement,
resulting .more economical sellable compositions. As previously mentioned,
replacement o the Portland cement should also result in a sellable composition with a
reduced carbon footprint.
Where present, the pumicite may be included in an amount sufficient to provide the
desired compressive strength, density, cost reduction and/or reduced carbon footprint for a
particular application h so e embodiments, the pumicite may be present n the sellable
compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of from about % to about
95% by weight of eementitious components. F r example, the pumicite ay be present n
an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 5%, about 0%, about
%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%,
about. 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 5%, about 80%, or about 90% by
weight of eementitious components. In specific embodiments, the pumicite may be present
n the sellable compositions of the present invention in an amount the range of from
about 5% to about 95% by weight of eementitious components. In another embodiment,
the pumicite may be present in an amount in the range of from about 5% to about 80% by
weight of eementitious components. In yet another embodiment, the pumicite may be
present in an amount in the rang of from about 0% to about 50% by weight of
eementitious components. In yet another embodiment, the pumicite may b present in an
amount in the range of from about 25% to about 50% by weight of eementitious
components. One of ordinary skill in the a t , with the benefit of this disclosure, will
recognize the appropriate amount of the pumicite to include for a chosen application,
.Embodiments of the sellable compositions further may comprise lime. I certain
embodiments, the lime may be hydrated lime. The iime may be included in embodiments
of the settab!e compositions, for example, to form a hydraulic composition with other
components of the sellable compositions, such as the pumicite, f y ash, slag, and/or shale.
Where present, the lime may be included in the sellable compositions i an amount
sufficient for a particular application. n some embodiments, the lime may be present in an
amount n the range of from about 1% to about 40% by weight of eementitious
components. For example, the ime may be present in an amount ranging between any of
and/or including any of about 5%, about %, about 5%, about 20%, about 25%, about
30%, or about 35%. In specific embodiments, the lime ma be present in an amount i the
range of from about 5% to about 20% by weight of eementitious components. One of
ordinary skill: in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate
amount of the lime to include for a chosen application.
In accordance with certain embodiments, a mixture of pumicite and hydraulic
cement, such a Portland cement may be included in the settable composition n an
embodi ent, the cement/pumicite mixture contains hydraulic cement in an amount of
about 25% to about 75% by weight of the .mixture and pumicite n an amount of about 25%
to about 75% by weight of the mixture an embodiment, the cemeut/pumicite mixture
contains about 40% hydraulic cement by weight and about 60% pumicite b weight hi an
embodiment, the ce e t/pu iei mixture may comprise hydraulic cement interground
with pumicite. In o e embodiment, the hydraulic cement may comprise Portland cement
classified as ASTM Type V cement in accordance w th embodiments, the Portland
cement and pumicite may be combined and ground to any size suitable for use in
cementing operations, in another embodiment, the Portland cement and pumicite may be
ground prior to combination in a embodiment, the cenient/puroicite mixture of Portland
cement and pumicite has a mean particle size of about 0 1 microns to about 400 microns,
alternatively, about 0 5 microns to about 50 microns, and alternatively about 5 microns
to about. . microns. The mean particle size corresponds to d values as measured by
commercially available particle size analyzers such as those manufactured by Ma ern
instruments, Worcestershire, United Kingdom. An example of sui table cement/pumicite
mixture s available from Halliburt on Energy Services, Inc., under the trade name
h eCem' 925 cement.
It is believed that hydraulic cement interground with pumicite when used i a
settable composition .in combination with unespanded perlite may provide synergistic
effects. For example, it is believed that the combination of unexpended perlite and the
cement/pumicite mixture ma provide significantly higher compressive strength,
particularly at elevated well bor temperatures. Accordingly, the combination of
unexpended perlite and the cement/pumicite mixture may be particularly suited for use in
settable compositions at elevated wel bore temperatures, such as at temperatures greater
than about alternatively greater man about 0 F, and alternatively greater than about
4 .
Embodiments of the settable compositions further may comprise fly ash. A variety
of fly ashes may be suitable, including fly ash classified as Class C and Class F fly ash
according to American Petroleum institute, API Specification for Materials and Testing for
Well Cements, API Specification 10, P fi h Ed., July , 1990. Class C fly ash comprises
both silica and lime so that, when mixed with water, it should set to form a hardened mass.
Class F l y ash generally does not contain sufficient lime, so an additional source o
calcium ions s typically required for the Class F fly ash to form a hydraulic composition.
I some embodiments ime may b mixed with Class F fly ash in an .amount in the range
of about 0 % to about 25% by weight of the fly ash n some instances, the lime may be
hydrated lime. Suitable examples of fly ash include, but are not limited to, X A
cement additive, commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, inc.
Where present, the fl ash generally may be included in the settable compositions
in an. amount sufficient to provide the desired compressive strength, density, and/or cost,
h some embodiments, the fly ash may b present in the settable compositions of the
present invention in an amount in the range of about 1% to about 75% by weight of
cementitious. components. o example, the fl ash may be. present in an amount ranging
between any of and/or including any of about 3%, about . 0%, about 20%, about 30%,
about 40%, about 50%, abou 60%, or about 70% by weight of cementitious components
i n specific embodiments, the y ash may be prese t in an amou in the ra g of about
. % to about 60% by weight of cementitious components. One of ordinary skill in the art,
with the benefit of this disclosure, wil recognize the appropriate amount of the fly ash to
include for a . chosen application.
Embodiments of the settable compositions further ma comprise slag cement. In
some embodiments, a slag cement that may be suitable for use may comprise slag. Slag
generally does not contain sufficient basic material, so slag cement further ma comprise a
base to produce a hydraulic composition that may react with water to set to form a
hardened mass, Examples of suitable sources of bases include, but are not limited to,
sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, lime, and combinations thereof.
Where present, the slag cement generally may be inc luded in th settable
compositions n a n amount sufficient to provide the desired conipressive strength, density,
and/or cost, i n some embodiments, the slag cement may be present in the settable
compositions of the present invention in an amount in the range of about 1% to about 75%
by weight of cementitious components. For example, the slag cement ma be present in a n
amount ranging between any of a d/or including any of about 5%, about 10%, about 20%,
about 30%, about 40%, about 5 %, about 60%, or about 70% by weigh of cementitious
components n specific embodiments, the slag cement ma be present in an amount in the
range of about 5% to about 50% by weight of cementitious components. One of ordinary
skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of
the slag cement to include for a chosen application.
Embodiments of the settable compositions further may comprise metakaolin.
Generally, metakaolin is a white pozzoian that may be prepared by heating kaolin clay, for
example, to temperatures m the range of about 6 0 C to about 00 C. n some
embodiments, the metakaolin may be present in the settable compositions of the present
invention in an amount in the range of about S% to about 75% by weight of cementitious
components. For example, the metakaolin may be present in an amoun ranging between
any of and/or including any of about 5%, about %, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%,
about 50%, about 60%, or about 70% by weight of cementitious components in spec ific
embodiments, the metakaolin may e present in an amount in the range of about 10% to
about 50% b weight of cementitious components. One of ordinary skill in the art, with th
benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of the metakaolin to
include fo a ch osen application.
Embodiments of the sellable compositions further may comprise shale. Among
other things, shale included in the settable compositions ay react with excess li e t fo r
a suitable cementing material, for example, calcium silicate hydrate. A variety of shales
may be suitable, including those comprising silicon, aluminum, calcium, and/or
magnesium. A example of a suitable shale comprises vitrified shale. Suitable examples
of vitrified shale include, but are not limited to, PR SS R SBA FINE LCM material and
PRESSUR-SEAL COARSE LCM material which are commercially available from TX
Energ Services, nc . Generally, th shale may have any particle size distribution as
desired for a particular application. n certain embodiments, the shale may have a particle
size distribution in the range of about 37 micrometers to about 4,750 micrometers.
Where present, th shale may be included in the settable compositions of the
present invention in an amount sufficient to provide the desired compressive strength,
density, and/or cost. n some embodiments, the shale may be present in the settable
compositions of the present invention in a amount in the range of about 1% t about 75%
by weight o cementitious components. For example, the shale may be present in an
amount ranging between any of and/or including any o f about 5%, about 10%, about 20%,
about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, o about 70% by weight of cementitious
components n specific embodiments, the shale may be present in an amount in the range
of about % to about 35% by weight of cementitious components. One of ordinary skill
in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of the
shale to include or a chose application..
Embodiments of the settable compositions further may comprise zeolite. Zeolites
generall are porous aiumino-sHicate minerals tha may be either a natural or synthetic
material. Synthetic zeolites are based on the same type of structural cell as natural zeolites,
and may comprise al m o ilicat hydrates. As used herein, th term "zeolite" refers to all
natural and synthetic- for s of zeolite. Examples o suitable zeolites are described in more
detail U.S. Pate t No. 7,445,669. A example of a suitable source of zeolite is available
from the C2C Zeolite Corporation of Calgary, Canada n some embodiments, the zeolite
may be present in the settable compositions of the present invention in an amount in the
range of about 1 to about 65% by weight of eementifious components. For example, the
zeolite may be present in an amount ranging between an of and/or including any of about
5%, about 0%, about 20% about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or about 60% by weight of
cemeniitious components in -specific embodiments, the zeolite may be present in an
amount in the range of about % to about 40% by weight of cemeniitious components.
One of ordinary skill in the art, with the bene fi t of this disclosure, will recognize the
appropriate amount of the zeolite to include for a chosen application.
Embodiments of the settable compositions further may comprise a set retarding
additive. As used herein, the ter "set retarding additive" refers to an additive tha retards
the setting of the settable compositions of the present invention. Examples of suitable set
retarding additives include, but are not limited to, ammonium, alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, metal salts of suifoalkylated ign s organic acids (e.g., hydrosycarboxy acids),
copolymers that comprise acrylic acid or ma!eic acid, and combinations thereof. One
example of a suitable suifoalkylated lignin comprises a su!fomethyiated lignin. Suitable set
retarding additives are disclosed in more detail in Unite States Patent No Re 1, 0, the
entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable set retarding
additives are commercially available from Halliburton Energy Services, nc. under the
trademarks f i * 4, 5, HR* 7, * 2, R¾ 5, HR*2S, R 60I SCR™ 00, and
SCR™ 500 retarders. Generally, where used, the set retarding additive may be included in
the settable compositions of the present invention i an amount sufficient to provide the
desired set retardation. In some embodiments, the set retarding additive may be present in
the settable compositions of the present invention an amount in the range of about. 0. % to
about 5% by weight of cemeniitious components, including an amount ranging between
any of and or including any of about 0.5%, about i%, about 2%, about 3%, or about 4% by
weight of cemeniitious components. On of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefi t of this
disclosure, will recognize the appropriate amount of the set retarding additive to include for
chosen application.
Embodiments of the settable compositions further may include water. The water
tha ay be used in embodiments of the settable compositions include, for example,
freshwater, saltwater (e.g., water containing one or more salts dissolved therein), brine
(e.g., saturated saltwater produced from subterranean formations), seawater, or
combinations thereof Generally, the water may be from any source, provided that the
water does not contain an excess of compounds that may undesirably affect other
components in the settable composition. n so e embodiments, the water may be included
in an amount sufficient to form a pumpable slurry. In some embodiments, the water may
be included in the settable compositions of the present invention in an amount in the .range
of abou 40% to about 200% by weight of cementitious components. For example, the
water may be present in an amount ranging between an of and/or including any of about
50% about 75%, about 100%, about 1.25%, about 150%, or about 175% by weight of
cementitious components. In specific embodiments, the water may be included in an
amount in the range of about 40% to about 1 0% b weight of cementitious components.
One of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, wi l recognize the
appropriate amount of water to include for a chosen application.
Optionally, other additional additives may be added to the settable compositions of
the present invention as deemed appropriate by one skilled .in the art, with the benefit of
this disclosure. Examples of such additives include, but are not limited to, strengthretrogression
additives, set accelerators, weighting agents, lightweight additives, gasgenerating
additives, mechanical property enhancing additives, lost-circulation materials,
filtration-control additives, dispersants, fluid loss control additives, defoa i g agents,
foaming agents, oi welfable particles, water-swellable particles, th xoi pie additives, and
combinations thereof. Specific examples of these, and other, additives include crystalline
silica, amorphous silica, fumed silica, salts, fibers, hydratahle clays, microspheres, rice
husk ash, elastomers, e asto e c particles, resins, latex, combinations thereof, and the like.
Aperson having ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, will readily be
able to determine the typ an amount of additive useful for a particular application and
desired result. Embodiments of th settable compositions may be foamed and/or extended
as desired by those of ordinary skill in the art.
The settable compositions of the present invention should have a density suitable
for a particular application as desired by those of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit
of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the settable compositions may have a density in
the range of from about 8 pounds per gallon ("lb/gal") to about 16 lb/gal. In other
embodiments, the settable compositions ay be foamed to a density in the range of from
about 8 lb/gal to about lb/gal.
As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, embodiments of the
settable compositions may be used in a variety of subterranean applications, including
primary a d remedial cementing. The settable compositions o f the present invention also
may be used in surface applications, for example, construction cementing. Embodiments
ma include providing a settable composition and allowing the settable composition to set
in some embodiments, the settable composition may be allowed to set in a locatio that is
above ground, for example, in construction cementing. In other embodiments, the settable
composition may be introduced into a well bore and allowed to set. For example, the
settable composition may be placed into a space between a subterranean formation and a
conduit located in the well bore. Embodiments of the settable compositions may comprise,
for example, water and one or more of perlite, D, or p m ite. Embodiments of the
settable compositions may comprise, for example, perlite interground with hydraulic
cement (e.g., Portland cement).
In primary cementing embodiments, for example, a settable composition may b
introduced into a space between a subterranean formation and a conduit (e.g., pipe strings,
liners located in the well bore. The settable composition be allowed to se to form an
annular sheath of hardened cement in the space between the subterranean formation and the
conduit. Among othe things, the set settable composition may form a barrier, preventing
the migration of fluids in the well bore. The set settable composition also may, for
example support the conduit in the well bore.
I remedial cementing embodiments, a settable composition may be used, for
example, i squeeze-cementing operations or in the placement of cement plugs. B way of
example, the settable composition may be placed n a wel bore to plug a void or crack in
the formation, in a gravel pack, h the conduit, in the cement sheath, and/or a micro nnu s
between the cement sheath and the conduit.
To facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, the following examples
of certain aspects of embodiments are given in no wa should the following
examples be read to limit, or define, the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
A series of samples were prepared and subjected to 24-hour crush strength tests in
accordance with AP Specification 10 to analyze force resistance properties of settable
compositions that comprise unexpanded perlite. The sample compositions were allowed to
cure in a water bath at the temperature indicated in the table below for twenty-four hours.
immediately alter removal from the water bath, crush strengths were determined using a
Ttnius Olsen tester. The results of the crush strength tests are set forth in the table below.
Test os. I~6 were performed on samples with a 14.2 ppg and containing water,
Portland class H cement, ground unexpanded perlite, lime, and water, as indicated in the
table below. The grou d unexpanded perlite was 1M-3.25 from Hess Pumice Products with
a particle size of about 325 U.S. Standard Mesh.
Test Nos. 7-8 were performed on samples with a density of ,2 ppg and containing
water, Portland class cement, pumieite, and lime, as indicated in he table be ow The
pumictte was about 200 U.S. Standard Mesh in size.
Test Nos 9- 4 were performed on samples with a density of 14.2 ppg and
containing water, a ground eement/pumicite mixture (F neC * 925 ce ent) unexpended
perlite, time, and water, as indicated in the table below. The ground cenient/pumicite
mixture comprised Portland Type V cement (a o t4Q by weight) interground with
pumieite abo t60 by weight). The ground ement pumici e raixture had a mean particle
size in the range of about 1to about 4 microns. The ground unexpanded perlite was Ϊ -325
from Hess Pumice Products with a particle size of about 325 U.S. Standard Mesh.
the following table, percent by weight is based on the weight of the Portland
cement, cement/pumicite mixture, pumieite, and unexpanded perlite in the sample, and
gallons p r sack (gal/sk) is based on a 94-ponnd sack of the Portland cement,
eentent/purmcite mixture, pumieite, and unexpanded perlite.
TABLE I
Crush Strength Tests
Example 1 thus indicates that replacement of at least a portion of the Portland
cement with unexpanded perlite may increase the crush strength of the se ta ie
compositions. At J40 F, for example, the Test Nos. 2 and 4 w th unexpanded perlite had
crush strengths of 886 psi and 77 psi a compared to a crush .strength of 674 psi for Test
No I with 0 Portland cement by weight
Example 1 further indicates that the ground pumicite/eement mixture in
combination with the unexpended perlite may have synergistic effects on the settahle
composition, in tha this combination may provide increased crush strengths at elevated
temperatures. At 40° F, for exa ple Test os. 2 and 14 with the ground
pumieite/ce-ment mixture and unexpanded perlite had crush strengths of 2740 psi and 26
psi This crush strength is markedly higher than the crush strengths for compositions with
00% Portland cement (674 psi a 0 F) and compositions with Portland cement and
pumtcite that were not ground to fine particle sizes (835 psi and 734 psi at 40 ) This
increased compressive strength for combinations of ground pu ici e cement ixtur and
unexpanded perlite cannot be attributed solely to the addition of expanded perlite as the
combination had significantly higher crush strength than seen with addition of unexpended
perlite to Portland cement (777 psi and 88 psi at 140 . in addition, this increased
compressive strength for combinations of ground pumicite/cement. mixture- and unexpended
perlite cannot be attributed solely to the addition of expanded perlite as the combination
had significantly higher crush strength than seen w th the ground pumicite/cement mixture
alone (1877 at 14 F)
EXAMPLE 2
An additional series of sample sellable compositions were prepared and tested to
analyze the force resistance properties of sellable compositions that comprise CKD and
unexpanded perlite. The sample compositions were allowed to cure in a water bath at the
temperature indicated in the table below for either 24 or 72 hours immediately after
removal from the water bath, crush strengths were determined using a Tinius Olsen tester.
results of the crush strength tests are set forth n the table below.
Test Nos. 15-28 were performed on samples with a density of 14,2 ppg and
containing water, CKD, ground unexpanded perlite, a d lime, as indicated n the table
below. The samples further contained a cement set retarder (CF ~3 cement set retarder,
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.) in an amount of about 0,4% by weight. The ground
unexpanded perlite was Ϊ -325 from Hess Pumice Products with a particle size of about
325 U.S. Standard Mesh.
n the following table, percent b weight is based on the weight of the CKD a d
unexpanded perlite in the sample, and gallons per sack (ga s ) is based on a 94-pound sack
of the CKD and unexpanded perlite.
TABLE 2
Crush Strength
Example 2 thus indicates that unexpanded perlite ay be used to enhance the crush
strength o CKD-containing compositions. in addition, this: effect is particularly
pronounced at increased temperatures. At . 0° , for example. Test No. 22 with 75%
CKD and 25% unexpanded perlite had a 72-hour crush strength of 04 ps as compared to
a 72-hour crush strength of 457 psi for Test No. 8 with 100% CKD.
EXAMPLE 3
An additional series o f sample settable compositions were prepared and tested to
further analyze the force resistance properties of settable -compositions that comprise CKD
and unexpanded perlite. The sample compositions were allowed to cure in a water bath at
the temperature indicated in the table below for 24 hours. Immediately after removal from
the water bath, crush strengths were determined using a Tini s Olsen tester. The results of
the crush strength tests are set forth n the table below.
Test Nos. 29-37 were performed on samples with a density of 14 .2 ppg and
containing water, CKD. ground unexpanded. perlite. and lime, as indicated in the table
below. The samples further contained a cement dispersani in an amount of about 0,4% by
weight The ground unexpanded perlite was M -325 fro Hess Pumice Products with a
particle size of about 325 U.S. Standard Mesh.
I the following table, percent by weight is based on the weight of the CKD and
unexpended perhte in the sample, and gallons per sack ga sk) is based o a 94-pound sack
of the CKD and unexpended perlite.
TABLE 3
Crush Strength Tests
Example 3 thus indicates that unexpended perlite may be used to enhance the crush
strength of C - on aining compositions. For example, as indicated in the table above,
th crush strength of the samples steadily increased as the concentration of unexpended
perlite in the sample was increased from 0% by weight to 40% by weight,
EXAMPLE 4
An additional series of sample settable compositions were prepared and tested to
further analyze the force resistance properties of settable compositions that comprise CKD
and unexpended perlite. The sample compositions were allowed to cure in a water bath at
the temperature indicated in the table below fo 24 hours immediately after removal from
the water bath, crush strengths were determined using a T n us O sen tester. The results of
the crush strength tests are set forth in the table below.
Test Nos 38-43 were performed on samples with a density of 14 . ppg and
containing water, CKD, perlite, and lime, as indicated n the table below. The samples
further contained a cement d s ersant in an amount of about 0.4% by weight. Test Nos 38
and 39 contained a ground unexpanded perlite ( -325) from Hess Pumice Products with a
particle siz of about 325 U.S. Standard Mesh. Test Nos. 40 and contained unground
perlite ore having a mean particle size (dSO) of about 0 microns. Test Nos, 42 and 43
contained expanded perlite.
the following table, percent by weight is based on the weight of the CKD and
perlite in the sample, and gallons per sack (ga /s i based o a 94-pound sac of the CKD
and perlite.
TABLE 4
rush Strengt Tests
Example 4 thus indicates that unexpanded perlite provides superior strength
enhancement to KD containi g compositions when compared o unground perlite ore and
expended perlite. indeed, the sample with the expanded perlite could not even be tested
due to mixability problems.
EXAMPLE 5
An additional series of sa pl settable compositions were prepared and tested to
further analyze settable compositions that comprise CKD and unexpanded -perlite. The
sample compositions were allowed to cure in a water bath at the temperature indicated in
the table below for 24 hours. Immediately after removal from the water bat crush
strengths were determined using a Tinius Oisen tester. The results of the crush strength
tests are set forth in the table below. The thickening time for each sample was also
determined at 0 3 F in accordance with API Specification 10.
Test os 44-56 were performed on samples with a density of .5 ppg and
containing CKD, perlite, and lime, as indicated in the table below. The samples further
contained cement dispersant in a amount of about 0.4% by weight and a cement set
retarder ( R -' 5 cement retarder, Halliburton Energy Services, nc.). Test Nos. 45, 48, 5.1,
and 54 contained a ground unexpanded perlite (i -325) from Hess Pumice Products with a
particle size of about 3 4 U.S. Standard Mesh. Test Nos 46, 49, 52, and 55 contained
unground perlite ore having a mean particle size (d5 ) of about 190 Test Nos. 47, 50, 53,
and 56 contained expanded perlite.
V)
I the following table, percent by weight is based on the weight of the CKD and
perlite in the sample, and gallons per sack (ga /s is based o a 94-pound sac of the CKD
and per e
TABLE 5
Crush » T i k g Time Tests
Example 5 thus indicates that unexpanded perlite provides enhanced sirenglh to
C D ontamin compositions when compared to unground perlite ore and expanded
perlite. In a similar man er to the preceding example, the samples with expanded perlit
could not even be tested due to mixability problems
EXAMPLE
An additional series of sample sellable compositions were prepared and tested to
further analyze settable compositions that comprise CKD and unexpanded perlite. The
sample compositions were allowed to cure in a water bath at the temperature indicated in
the table below for 24 hours. Immediately after removal from the water bath, crush
strengths were determined using a Tinius O sen tester. The results of the crush strength
tests are set forth n the table be ow
Test No, 57 was performed on a sample wil l) a density of . .5 ppg and containing
water, Portland Type V cement, CKD, unground perlite ore, and p rnic te, as indicated in
the table below. The unground perlite ore had a mean particle size d50) of about S90. The
pumtelle had a mean particle size (d50 of about. 4 .microns.
Test No. 5 was performed o a sample with a density of 12.5 ppg and containing
water, ground cemen pumici e mixture pomicite, CKD, an ground unexpanded perlite.
The grou d cementfpumieite mixture comprised Portland Type V cement (about 40% by
weight) i tergro nd with purnicite (about 60% by weight). The ground emen pumicite
mixture had a mean particle size of about -4 microns. The ground unexpanded perlite was
IM-325 fr o t Hess Pumice Products with a particle size of about 325 U.S. Standard Mesh,
n the following table, percent by weight is based on the weight o f the CKD,
cement, perlite, pumicite, and/or pumicite/cemenl mixture in the sample, and gallons per
sack (ga sk) is based on a 94-pound sack of the CKD, cement, perlite, pumicite, and/or
pumic te een ent mixture in the sample.
TABLE 6
Crush Strength Tests
Portίan Ground
d Type Pumieit
e C Perlit j 24-Hr
( . e en Pumicit. Cement D Ground Ore | Crush
Tes Water j t e Mixture ( Unexpa de (% j Tem Strengt
t (gal/sk ( by ( by ( by b y d Perlite by h
No ) t) t) t) t) ( by wt) t) j (psi)
57 0.52 [ 20 30 25 25 14 2 1
5 9.72 1 50 25 25 1 140 1086
Example 6 thus indicates that unexpanded perlite combination with grou d
pumicite provides enhanced strength to CKD-co.otat.ning compositions in comparison to
compositions with standard cement, pumicite, and unground peri ore.
EXAMPLE 7
An additional series of sample suitable compositions were prepared and tested to
analyze sellable compositions that comprised interground perlite and hydraulic cement.
The sample sellable compositions were formed by mixing the components n the
amounts set forth n the table below. The interground pumicite and cement comprised
pumicite (about 60% by weight) and Portland 'Type V cement (about 40% by weight) and
ha a mean particle size of about -4 microns. The interground pumicite and cement ar
available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., under the trade name FmeCem' 925
cement. The interground perlite and cement comprised ground unexpended perlite (about
0% by weight) and Portland Type V cement (about 40% by weight) and had a himodal
particle size distribution with peak particle sizes of about 4 microns and about 10 microns.
The interground perlite and cement was obtained from Hess Pumice Products, a ad City,
Idaho. The ime was hydrated lime, obtained from Univar USA.
The sample compositions were subjected to 24-hour crush strength tests in
accordance with API Specification iO The sample compositions were allowed to cure in a
water bath at the temperature indicated in the table below for 24 hours. Immediately after
removal from the water bath, crush strengths were determined using a T nius O s n tester.
The results of the crush strength tests are set forth in the table be ow .
TABLE 7
rush Strength Tests
j Interground interground j 24-Hr
Pumiciie and Perlite and j Crush
Test Density Water | Cement Cement j Lime Temp. Strength
No, (ib/ga!) ( b c ) j (%bwc) ( bwe) ¾bw F I (psi)
59 .4 .2 52.46 . 0 0 — 40 2870
60 4 .2 52.46 j oo i — 140 98
6 12 5 92,49 j 00 5 140 128
62 2, 5 92.49 ! mo j 5 0 J 1489
63 2.5 88.9 50 50 i — 140 j i i
64 12.5 92.49 50 | 50 | 5 140 1023
5 1 159,58 j 100 140 3 1
I 159.58 100 j — 140 j 408
6 .5 204.84 i00 — 140 105.9
68 10.5 j 204.84 j loo j — 40 j 5.
¾e term "% w " refers to b weight of cement, which in th example is e her by
weight of the interground pumicite and cement or by weight of the interground perlite and
ceme
1.2 grams of CFR.-3' friction reducer were added to the sample seitable composition for
Test No. 60.
Example 7 thus indicates that interground perlite and hydraulic cement generally
provides enhances compressive sirength development as compared to interground pumicite
and hydraulic cement. It should be noted that the CF -3' included in Test No. 60 retarded
the setting resulting in the lower 24-hour crush strength as compared t Test No. 59 with
the interground pun c e and cement.
EXAMPLE 8
An additional series of sample seitable compositions were prepared and tested to
further analyze sellable compositions that comprised interground perlite and hydraulic
cement.
The sample sellable compositions were formed by mixing the components n the
amounts set forth in the table below. The interground pumicite and cement comprised
pumicite (about 60% by weight) and Portland Type V cement (about 40% by weight) and
had a mean particle size of about 1-4 microns. The interground pumicite and cement are
available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., under the trade name i eCen 925
cement. The interground perlite and cement comprised ground unexpended perlite (about
60% by weight) and Portland Type V cement (about 40% by weight) and ad a b odal
particle size distribution with peak particle sizes o about 4 microns and about .microns.
The interground periite and cement was obtained from Pumice Products, a ad C ty,
Idaho.
The sample compositions were subjected to 24-hour crush strength tests in
accordance with AP Specification 10. The sample compositions were allowed to cure in a
water bath at the temperature indicated in the table below for 24 hours, immediately after
removal from the water bath, crush strengths were determined using a Tin s Olsen tester.
The thickening time fo r each sample was also determined at 0 F n accordance with API
Specification
The results of the crush strength and thickening time tests are set forth in the table
below.
TABLE 8
Crush Strength and Thickening Time Tests
The abbreviation '*% bwc refers to by weight of cement, which in this example is either
by weight of the interground pumicite and cement or by weight of the interground periite
and cement,
The abbreviation "Be" refers to Bearden units of consistency.
Example 8 thus indicates that sellable compositions comprising interground periite
and hydraulic cement may have acceptable thickening times for use in subterranean
applications. Example 8 further indicates that interground periite and hydraulic cement
generally provides enhanced compressive strength development and can be similarly
controlled with retarders as compared to interground pumicite and hydraulic cement.
EXAMPLE 9
An additional series of sample sellable compositions were prepared and tested to
further analyze sellable compositions that comprised intergrouiid periite and hydraulic
cement,
The sample seitable compositions were formed by mixing the components in the
amounts set forth n the table below. e interground pumicite and cement comprised
pumicite (about 60% y weight) a d Portland Type V cement (about 40% by weight) and
had a mean particie size of about -4 microns. The interground pumicite and cement are
available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., under the trade name FineCeni' 925
cement. The interground periite and cement comprised ground unexpended periite (about
60% by weight) and Portland T p e V cement (about 40% by weight) an had a b mod l
particie i distribution with peak particie sizes of about 4 microns and about 10 microns.
Th interground periite and cement was obtained from Hess Pumice Products, a!ad City.
Idaho.
Free water data was then gathered for each sample composition in accordance with
API Specification 10. The tree water data is set forth the table below.
TABLE 9
:-ree Water Data
The abbreviation *'% bwc" refers to by weight of cement, which in this examp e is either
by weight of the interground pumicite and cement or by weight of the interground periite
and cement.
The abbreviation c refers to cubic centimeters.
Example 9 thus indicates that settable compositions comprising interground periite
and hydraulic cement may have provide lower levels of free water as compared to
interground pumicite and hydraulic cement.
it should be understood that the compositions and methods are described in terms
of "comprising," "containing," or "including" various components or steps, the
co positio s and methods can a so co sist essentially of or "consist of the various
components and steps.
For the sake o brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein.
However, ranges from any lower lira it may be combined with any upper limit to recite a
range not explicitly recited, as well as, ranges from any lower limit may b combined with
any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges fro
any upper limit may be combined with any other upper li it to recite a range not explicitly
recited. Additionally, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit s
disclosed, any number and any included range falling withi the. range is specifically
disclosed. In particuiar, every range of values (of the form, "from about to about b " or,
equivaiently, "from approximately a to h, or, equivalent^, "from approximately a-h")
disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number a d range encompassed
within the broader range of values even if not explicitly recite. Thus, every point or
individual value ma serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point
or individual value or an other lower or upper li it to recite a .range not explicitly recited.
Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages
mentioned as well a those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed
above are illustrative only, as the present invention may he modified and practiced in
different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit o
the teachings herein. Although individual e bodiment are discussed, the invention covers
all combinations of a those embodiments. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the
details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below.
Also, the terms i the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly
and clearly defined by the patentee. t is therefore evident that the particular illustrative
embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified an all suc variations ar
considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
CLAIMS
What is claimed is:
- A method of cementing comprising:
providing a settabie composition comprising periite, hydraulic cement, and
water, wherein the periite and hydraulic cement are interground prior to combination with the
water to form the sellable composition; and
allowing the settabie composition to set
2. The method of claim wherein the periite comprises unexpended periite.
3. The method of claim wherein the periite a d the hydraulic cement were
interground to a mean particle about microns to about 400 microns.
4. The method o claim 1 wherein the periite and the hydraulic cement were
interground to a mean particle about 0.5 microns to about 10 microns .
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the periite s present in an amount of about
40% to about 80% by weight of the periite and hydraulic cement, and wherein the hydraulic
cement is present in an amount of abou 20% to about 60% by weight of the periite and
hydraulic cement.
6. The method of claim i wherein the hydraulic cement comprises at least one
cement selected from the group consisting of a Portland cement, a pozzo!ana cement,
gypsum cement, a high-aiuniina-content cement, a slag cement, a silica/lime cement, and any
combination thereof.
7. The method of claim .! wherein the hydraulic cement comprises a Portland
cement.
8. The method of claim wherein the periite a d the hydraulic cement were
interaround with at least one additional component selected from the group co sistin of
cement kiln dust and purnieite.
9. The method of claim I wherein the settabie composition further comprises
cement kiln dust.
10. The method of claim ί wherein the settabie composition further comprises
pumicite.
1. The method of claim . wherein the settabie composition further comprises at
least one additive selected from the group consisting of lime, fly ash, slag cement, metakaolin,
shale, zeolite, crystalline silica, amorphous silica, fumed silica, salt, fiber, hyd ah clay,
microsphere, rice husk ash, elastomer, elastonieric particle, resin, late x, and any combination
thereof
. Th method of claim wherein the settabie composition further comprises at
least one additive selected from the group consisting of a set retarding additive, a strengthretrogression
additive, a set accelerator, a weighting agent, a lightweight additive, a gasgenerating
additive, a mechanical property enhancing additive, a lost-circulation material, a
filtration-control additive, a dispetsant, a fluid loss control additive, a detoaming agent, a
foaming agent, an oii-sweilabie particle, a water-swe!labie particle hixotropic additive, a d
any combination thereof
13 . The method of claim 1 further comprising introducing the settabie composition
into a well bore,
1 The method of claim 13 wherein the settabie composition is allowed to set in
the wel bore in an annu s between a subterranean formation and a conduit in the well bore,
5. The method of claim 3 further comprising squeezing the settabie composition
in an opening, the opening comprising at least one opening selected from the group consisting
of an opening in a subterranean formation, an opening n a gravel pack, an opening in a
conduit, and a . i ro a l between a cement sheath and a conduit.
S6 A method of cementing comprising:
providing a settabie composition comprising unexpanded perlite, hydraulic
cement, and water, wherein the unexpe ded perlite and hydraulic cement are intergronnd prior
to combination with the water to form the sellable composition;
introducing the settabie composition into a well bore; a d
allowing the settabie composition to set
7 . The method of claim 6 wherein the perlite and hydraulic cement were
interground to a mean particle about 0.5 microns to about 10 microns,
8. The method of claim wherein th perlite is present in an amount of about
40% to about 80% by weight of th perlite and hydraulic cement, and wherein the hydraulic
cement in an amount of about 20% to about 60% by weight o the perlite and hydrau c
ceme ,
1 The metho of claim wherein the hydraulic cement comprises at least on
cement selected from the group consisting of a Portland cement, a poz ola cement, a
gypsum cement, a high-alumina-content cement, a s ag cement, a si cadi e cement, a d any
combination thereo
20. The method of claim wherein the hydraulic cement comprises a Portland
cement.
2 . Th method of claim 16 wherein the perlite a d the hydraulic cement were
interaround with at least one additional component selected from the group consisting o f
cement k ln and pumicite.
22. The method of claim 16 wherein the settable composition further comprises
cement kiln dust.
23. The method o f claim wherein the settable composition further comprises
pumicite.
24. The method o f claim wherein the settable composition -further comprises at
least one additive selected from the group consisting of lime, fly ash, slag cement, metakaoliu,
shale, zeolite, crystalline silica, amorphous silica, fumed silica, salt, fiber, hydratable clay,
microsphere, rice husk ash, elastomer, elastomeric particle, resin, latex, and any combination
thereof
25. The method of claim wherein the settable composition further comprises at
least one additive selected fro the group consisting of a set retarding additive, a strengthretrogression
additive, a set accelerator, a weighting a en , a light-weight additive, a . gasgenerating
additive, a mechanical property enhancing additive, a lost-circulation material, a
filtration-control additive, dispersani, a fl uid loss control additive, a defoaming agent, a
foaming agent, a i - we ab e particle, a water-swellabie panicle, a thixotropic additive, and
any combination thereof
26. I 'he method of claim 16 wherein the settable composition is allowed to set in
the we l bore in an annulus between subterranean formation and a conduit in the well bore.
27. The method of claim further comprising squeezing the settable composition
in an opening, the opening comprising a least one opening selected from the group consisting
o f an opening in a subterranean formation, an opening n a gravel pack, an opening in a
conduit, and a .raicroannulus between a cement sheath and. conduit
28. A composition comprising;
interground perlite and hydraulic cement