Various methods have been developed to produce metallic nanoparticles. Two synthetic methods have been identified, namely top-down and bottom-up methods. Top-down methods include milling, photolithography, and repeat cooling. This method cannot control the size and structure of the particles well. The bottom-up method is the most common method used by scientists in nanoparticle synthesis because it involves building materials from below: atoms, molecules, and groups. Several chemical routes have been identified to synthesize colloidal metal nanoparticles from different precursors using reducing chemical agents in solvents (aqueous and non-aqueous). Chemical pathways that have been studied for various applications include electrochemical methods, sonochemical methods, radiolysis methods, and photochemical methods.
Preparation of Nanoparticles
Innovative developments in science and engineering have made very rapid progress in the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are different from those of bulk materials. The particle exhibits interesting properties in dimensions below 100 nm, mainly due to two physical effects. These two physical effects are the quantification of electronic states, which can lead to very sensitive size-related effects such as optical and magnetic properties, and the high surface area-to-volume ratio can change thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of the material.
OBJECTIVES OF INVENTION
The present disclosure generally relates to the fields of medicine and pharmacy. In particular, it relates to compositions and methods for the manufacture of in situ self-assembled nanoparticles (ISNP). More specifically, it relates to lipid-based nanoparticle compositions. A variety of therapeutic agents require additional preparation, such as nanoparticle formulations, to provide sufficient therapeutic activity of the therapeutic agent. Many drugs are hydrophobic in nature, so additives are needed to increase the ability of the drug to dissolve in the body. Although they can be used to improve therapeutic activity, nanoparticles generally have difficulty in formulation because nanoparticles are generally unstable for long-term storage, cause further degradation of the therapeutic agent over time, and tend to aggregate to reduce the effectiveness of the nanoparticles. These problems of nanoparticle formulations make it difficult to use in a wide range of therapeutic applications. In addition, traditional nanoparticle compositions cannot be formulated into solid forms that can be administered as capsules or tablets. Therefore, nanoparticle and proto-nanoparticle formulations that solve aggregation and storage problems and can be formulated into solid, parenteral, and topical formulations have commercial interest.

Field of the invention
Preparation and applications of self-assembled natural and synthetic nanostructures ;
The preparation of self-assembled natural and synthetic nanostructures and the application of science and technology to nanostructures has become the most fascinating field in this era of research. It is a very multidisciplinary and extraordinary field of research, and will have emerging applications in the coming years. Nanostructured materials are those whose dimensions are in the nanometric range. Nanostructured Materials appear primarily in the form of layered (layered) films, atomic clusters, and linear structures. We focus on nanostructures such as nanotubes, nanofibrils, nanowires, and spherical vesicles. These materials have very extraordinary properties, such as their material strength, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, and exhibit behaviors intermediate between classical and quantum research. They also have extraordinary flexibility, the most important thing is their catalytic behavior. Due to these compelling properties, it performs well in the pharmaceutical field. The synthesis of nanomaterials uses two main methods: top-down and bottom-up techniques. Self-assembly is the spontaneous assembly of components to form complex nanostructures without significant external intervention. There are two types of self-assembly-intermolecular self-assembly and intramolecular self-assembly. The bridge node self-assembles, allows two main ways to synthesize different structures based on molecular order, interactions, and building block trends: one is bottom-up at, where the block is organized into rules by using local structures The pattern or structure, forces to find the lowest energy state. In top-down manufacturing, we use certain technologies to bring bulk materials into the nanoscale range. Self-assembly is very useful because it provides a way to aggregate structures. These structures are very small, can be individually modified into an organized pattern.
PREPARATION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOSTRUCTURE :
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Various natural and artificially prepared self-assembled nanostructures are very important fcnd
demanded in biomedical applications. For example, bone tissue, natural laminate compounds
found in shells, peptide matrix and its derivatives and cell membranes are natural Of self-
assembling materials. Langmuir Blodgett's film, surfactant-oriented non-porous materials and
molecule-oriented films, compounds, nanotubes, nanofibrils, nanowires, spherical vesicles and
template-assisted growth are all artificially prepared self-assembled nanostructures. Here, we
briefly discuss the synthesis of those nanostructures that exist in nature. These nanostructures are
artificially prepared to meet certain requirements.
Physical methods
1 Plasma. Plasma method is another method that is used to produce nanoparticles
2 Chemical vapor deposition. The chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) involves a chemical reaction
3 Microwave irradiation }
4 Pulsed laser method . j
5 Sonochemical reduction f
6 Gamma radiation x^Ff=

We claimed as : j
t
1. Due to the natural manufacturing steps of these materials, the mechanical properties of a large number of natural materials (such as bone and seashells) are very complicated. As in the case of the shells, the assembly is carried out by means of brick-concrete layering. But knowing exactly how nature allows these self-assembled structures to exist is not an easy task. Scientists would like to know the existence of complex structures in bones and shells. For 444.4 billion years, nature has secretly prepared a plan to put together such a small aggregate. Miraculously combine them to form building blocks like organic protein and the most famous inorganic calcium carbonate. In this way, synthesizes such an extraordinary composite material with high strength, high hardness, and toughness, which is a lifetime.
2. As per describe in the claim 1, it is describe that ARTIFICIALLY PREPARED SELF-ASSEMBLED NANOSTRUCTURES, The synthesis of self-assembled nanostructures for different applications has ushered in a new era of patterns.
3. As per describe in the claim 1, it is describe that These devices are very useful in the formation of computer controlled programmable devices. Self-assembly technology holds great promise for forming nanostructured materials.
4. As per describe in the claim 1, it is describe that In the synthesis of self-assembled nanostructures, certain atoms, molecules, particles, biological components, monomers, and other building block materials are organized into a patterned structure, the energy of the which is in a stable state. ,
5. As per describe in the claim 1, it is describe that These structures are arranged so perfectly that by using of a subunit, we can restore the entire nanostructure using it as a 4,444 particle molecule.
6. As per describe in the claim 1, it is describe that Important factors affecting self-assembled nanostructures are driving forces that lead to inter-subunit interaction. Some of these forces are column interactions, such as ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, van der Waals interactions (such as dipole induced permanent dipole interactions (Debye interaction), permanent dipole permanent dipole interaction (Debye interaction), permanent dipole permanent dipole interaction (Keesom interaction), induced dipole induced dipole interaction (London interaction)), short-range interaction and total interactive potential.
7. As per describe in the claim 1, it is describe that A self-assembly can be used to form "nanocrystalline solids" with desired tunable orientation characteristics. Based on this concept, several types of nanocrystalline self-assembled structures were synthesized, including Au, Ag, Pt, CdSe, CdS, InP, Co, Ti02, Fe203, and Ag2S. Manufacturing solids with custom nanocrystals paves the way for better performance.