The present disclosure relates generally to water bottle. More specifically, the present invention relates to a smart bottle including a filtration assembly that facilitates in filtering the liquid stored therein based on health condition of user.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art. [0003] People are becoming more conscious of their health nowadays. While the complexities involving health are increasing, it becomes essential for an individual to keep a check on the quality and quantity of water one is taking in. As a user, who travels a lot, there is no handy means to purify the water while traveling and keep a check on the content quality of the water. In case, the person wants to consume pure water, he needs to buy mineral water bottles on the go. [0004] Generally, consumption of water from bottles is increasing, since tap water is not considered to be tasty or is more or less polluted. These circumstances cause negative effects. A big share of the bottles is plastic bottles. Such plastic bottles emit substances hazardous to health. Further, the environment is polluted by plastic bottles.
[0005] In the heat the summer the plastic bottle may get very hot, even during delivering the bottle to a customer. Thereby, even more substances hazardous to health can be emitted from the plastic to the water. Plastic is a nutrient medium for bacteria multiplying in the heat of the bottle. Accordingly, the quality of water in the bottle is unknown.
[0006] Though several techniques are available to get a good quality of water by deploying several filtration techniques. These techniques vary from Reverse Osmosis to UV filtrations and it is evident that they were successful in doing so. But these are not portable and cannot be carried by a user every time.

[0007] However, there are many smart water bottles available in the market. These smart bottles are costly as there is less competition and every company is providing different features. Smart water bottles are now the most emerging thing in market after smart watch and smart bands. The smart water bottle is overcoming many needs of different people by implementing it in just one fabric which can be used in day-to-day life and no extra things needed. [0008] Existing smart water bottles having many disadvantages such as they may be used by an individual, cannot filter water based on every user need. Also, none of the smart bottle is supported by solar batteries. None of the smart bottle was supported by solar batteries. Also, the purification module is also not available in the bottles.
[0009] There is a need to overcome above mentioned problem and other limitation of existing and utilized techniques by bringing a solution which is, providing purified water based on each user health condition.
OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE
[0010] Some of the objects of the present disclosure, which at least one
embodiment herein satisfies are as listed herein below.
[0011] An object of the present disclosure is to provide a smart bottle to keep
liquid content quality and quantity intake as per the personalized requirements.
[0012] Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a smart bottle
that purifies the water based on user health condition.
[0013] Yet another object of the proposed disclosure is to provide a smart
bottle that is used by many users.
[0014] Yet another object of the proposed disclosure is to provide a smart
bottle that is carried by the user easily, and enable the user to get purified liquid
every time and anywhere even while you are traveling.
[0015] Yet another object of the proposed disclosure is to provide a smart
bottle that effectively utilize internet of things to assess the quality of water in real
time along with customized solution

[0016] Yet another object of the proposed disclosure is to provide a smart
bottle that is low cost, portable, user friendly and may be operated on any mode
i.e. solar, cell batteries or detachable chargeable battery wires.
[0017] Yet another object of the proposed disclosure is to provide a smart
bottle that purifies the water collected from any water source as per the
requirements of the individual.
[0018] Yet another object of the proposed disclosure is to provide a smart
bottle that enables an individual to achieve its fitness goals.
SUMMARY
[0019] Various aspect of the present disclosure relates to water bottle. In particular the present disclosure relates to a smart bottle including a filtration assembly that facilitates in filtering the liquid stored therein based on health condition of user.
[0020] An aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a bottle with a filtration assembly for storing liquid therein, the bottle may include a body portion defining an internal cavity configured to store and retain a liquid therein, a lid portion may be configured to fit on the body portion, the lid portion may include a top portion having a display unit configured to display information of liquid stored, a first sensor may be coupled to the lid portion, and configured to receive one or more biometric parameters of a user, and correspondingly generate a first set of signals, a processing unit may be configured to analyze the generated first set of signals, and upon identifying the user, correspondingly acquire one or more health parameters of the user from a wearable device of the user, and correspondingly generate a second set of signals.
[0021] In an aspect, a filtration assembly may be configured to the lid portion and operatively coupled to the processing unit, and upon receiving the second set of signals from the processing unit, the filtration assembly may facilitates in filtering the liquid stored in the bottle based on the received one or more health parameters of the user.

[0022] In an aspect, a second sensor may be positioned in the body portion of
the lid portion and the second sensor may be configured to receive information
related to liquid intake by the user from the bottle.
[0023] In an aspect, the filtration assembly may have one or more candle
filters which are immersed in the liquid stored in the bottle.
[0024] In an aspect, the processing unit may be configured to receive
information including liquid intake by the user and one or more health parameters
of the user, analyse the received information using one or more learning
techniques, and correspondingly filter the liquid stored in the bottle, and generate
a warning signal when liquid intake by the user found below a predefined limit.
[0025] In an aspect, a communication unit may be communicatively coupled
to the processing unit, and the communication unit may enable communication in
between bottle and the wearable device.
[0026] In an aspect, the communication unit may include any or combination
of Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Module, Bluetooth Module, Li-Fi Module, Wireless
Local Area Network (WLAN), and ZigBee.
[0027] In an aspect, a bottom portion may be detachably coupled beneath to
the body portion, and configured to receive waste received from the liquid stored
in the bottle.
[0028] In an aspect, an alert unit may be positioned on the bottle and actuated
upon receiving the waning signal generated by the processing unit, and the alert
unit may be selected from a group of light emitting diode, vibration unit, and
buzzer.
[0029] In an aspect, one or more solar panels may be fabricated on outer side
of the bottle and configured to produce electricity.
[0030] In an aspect, a power source may be configured to supply electricity to
bottle, wherein the power source is selected from the one or more solar panels,
rechargeable battery, NiCad battery, lithium (Li) ion cell, solar battery, and
electrochemical cells.
[0031] Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive
subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description

of preferred embodiments, along with the accompanying drawing figures in which like numerals represent like components.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure depicted in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments are in such detail as to clearly communicate the disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
[0033] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. [0034] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary view of proposed bottle with a filtering assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. [0035] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of filtering the liquid stored in the bottle with a filtering assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036] The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the disclosure depicted in the accompanying drawings. The embodiments are in such detail as to clearly communicate the disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
[0037] In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present

invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. [0038] Embodiments explained herein relates to water bottle. In particular the present disclosure relates to a smart bottle including a filtration assembly that facilitates in filtering the liquid stored therein based on health condition of user. [0039] The proposed disclosure disclosing a bottle adapted to be used to store water and filter the water based on user's health. The bottle can be communicatively coupled with a wearable device such as smart watch to receive health parameter of the user and correspondingly filter the liquid stored. In addition, the bottle can include sensors to authenticate a user and to check intake of the liquid by the user, and accordingly display liquid intake statistics on a display unit.
[0040] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary view of proposed bottle with a filtering assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. [0041] As depicted in FIG. 1, a bottle 100 of the present invention provides filtration of the liquid stored in the bottle based on health condition of the user. For example, a person having kidney stones needs to drink the water that have minimum calcium content , thus the bottle 100 check user's health and accordingly include perform filtration to control quantity of one or minerals in the stored liquid. The bottle 100 can include a body portion 102, a lid portion 104, and a bottom portion 106. The lid portion 104 and the bottom portion 106 can be detachably coupled to the body portion 102.
[0042] In an embodiment, the body portion 102 can define an internal cavity that can be configured to store and retain a liquid, one or more liquids such as water, juice, drinks, sport drinks and etc. The bottle 100 can of a shape and size that is adapted to be handled or carried by a user, and the shape of the bottle 100 can be but not limited to round, oval, square, rectangle, and polygonal. Also length of the bottle 100 is not limited, it can be varied.
[0043] In an embodiment, the lid portion 104 can be configured to be fitted on top side of the body portion 102. The lid portion 104 can include various components including a display unit 110, a first sensor 112, a processing unit 116,

a filtration assembly 118, and a communication unit 120. All these components are covered in such a way, that quality of liquid cannot be altered. In addition, a lid portion 104 can enable the user to close and open an opening of the bottle 100 to drink the liquid stored therein.
[0044] In an embodiment, the body portion 102 and the lid portion 104 can be formed substantially from any or a combination of BPA-free material, dishwasher safe material, metal such as stainless steel, glass, ceramics or porcelain, thereby, it can be insured that the bottle 100 cannot contaminate the liquid in it. Furthermore, the manner in which the lid portion 104 can be selectively released from engagement with the body portion 102 can vary as one having ordinary skill in the art would understand. The lid portion 104 can be threadedly attached and released from the body portion 102 or may fit within the upper end of the body portion 102 with a frictional interference fit including a sealing gasket.
[0045] In an exemplary embodiment, the components can be attached to bottle 100 to allow for cleaning of bottle 100 without disturbing the components such as sensor(s) and the power source 126 that can be damaged if contacted by water during washing and cleaning. While not shown, it is contemplated that the components can be carried by a housing that nests within a recessed formed the lid portion 104 facilitating the easy removal during cleaning. [0046] In an embodiment, the display unit 110 can be positioned at a top portion 108 of the lid portion 104, and configured to display various information on it. The display unit can be made of any or a combination of organic light emitting diodes (OLED), light emitting diode (LED), liquid crystal display (LCD), and the likes.
[0047] In an embodiment, a first sensor 112 can be coupled to the lid portion 104 and configured to authenticate the user. The first sensor 112 can be any biometric sensor such as finger print scanner, eye scanner, and the likes. More than one person can use the same bottle 100 to drink the liquid, thus the first sensor 112 can be configured to recognize each individual and correspondingly filter the liquid based on health condition of the user. When the user provide one or more biometric parameters to the bottle 100 through the first sensor 112, a first

set of signals can be generated and transmitted to the processing unit 116 to identify the user.
[0048] In an embodiment, the filtration assembly 118 having one or more candle filters which are immersed in the liquid stored in the bottle. For example, a user with kidney stones required consuming less calcium content and this bottle facilitates in filtering the stored water in the bottle 100 by reducing calcium content.
[0049] In an embodiment, the bottle 100 include a second sensor 114 to detect level of water in the bottle, the second sensor 114 can be a water level sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and the likes. The second sensor 114 can be configured to receive information related to liquid intake by the user from the bottle 100. In another embodiment, the processing unit can be further configured to receive information including liquid intake by the user and one or more health parameters of the user, analyse the received information using one or more learning techniques, and correspondingly filter the liquid stored in the bottle 100. [0050] In an embodiment, the processing unit 116 can be further configured to generate a warning signal when liquid intake by the user found below a predefined limit. The warning signal can pertain to recommendation to remind the user to drink water.
[0051] In an embodiment, the bottle 100 can include an alert unit 122 that can be selected from a group of light emitting diode (LED), vibration unit, buzzer, and etc. Upon receiving the warning signal from the bottle 100, the processing unit 116 can actuate the alert unit 122 to notify the user to drink liquid. For example, the LED positioned on the bottle 100 blinks to notify the user. Also, light emitting diode can emit light having different colors.
[0052] In an embodiment, the power source 126 can contemplated including, but not limited to, rechargeable battery, NiCad battery, lithium (Li) ion cell, rechargeable cells, solar cell, solar battery, electrochemical cells, storage battery, secondary cell, etc. The power source 126 can be operatively coupled with the first sensor 112, the second sensor 114, the display unit 110, and the processing unit 116. In another embodiment, solar panels 124 can be fabricated on outer layer

of the bottle 100. The solar panels 124 can be configured to produce electricity that can be used to operate various components of the bottle 100. [0053] In an exemplary embodiment, the bottle 100 can be communicatively coupled with one or more mobile computing devices through the communication unit 120, the mobile computing devices can include any or a combination of smart phone, PDA, and the smart watch. The bottle 100 can notify the user to drink more water.
[0054] In an embodiment, the bottom portion 106 can be detachably coupled beneath the body portion 102. The body portion 102 can include thread that facilitate in coupling the bottom portion 106 with the body portion 102. The bottom portion 106 can be configured to receive and accommodate waste material extracted out from the water, and it can be detached from the body portion, and can be clean easily by the user.
[0055] In an embodiment, the processing unit 116 can be operatively coupled with the first sensor 112, and upon receiving the generated first set of signals from the first sensor 112, identify the user. Upon identification of the user, acquire one or more health parameters of the user from a wearable device of the user in a form of second set of signals through a communication unit 120. The communication unit 120 can include any or combination of Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Module, Bluetooth Module, Li-Fi Module, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), ZigBee, and etc.
[0056] In an embodiment, the processing unit 116 can include one or more processor(s). The one or more processor(s) can be implemented as one or more microprocessors, microcomputers, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, central processing units, logic circuitries, and/or any devices that manipulate data based on operational instructions. Among other capabilities, the one or more processor(s) can be configured to fetch and execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory of the processing unit 116. The memory can store one or more computer-readable instructions or routines, which may be fetched and executed to create or share the data units over a network service. The memory can include any non-transitory storage device including, for example, volatile memory

such as RAM, or non-volatile memory such as EPROM, flash memory, and the like.
[0057] In an embodiment, the processing unit 116 can also include an interface(s). The interface(s) can include a variety of interfaces, for example, interfaces for data input and output devices, referred to as I/O devices, storage devices, and the like. The interface(s) may facilitate communication of the processing unit 116 with various devices coupled to the processing unit 116. The interface(s) may also provide a communication pathway for one or more components of processing unit. Examples of such components include, but are not limited to, processing engine(s) and database.
[0058] In an embodiment, the processing engine(s) can be implemented as a combination of hardware and programming (for example, programmable instructions) to implement one or more functionalities of the processing engine(s). In examples described herein, such combinations of hardware and programming may be implemented in several different ways. For example, the programming for the processing engine(s) may be processor executable instructions stored on a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium and the hardware for the processing engine(s) may include a processing resource (for example, one or more processors), to execute such instructions. In the present examples, the machine-readable storage medium may store instructions that, when executed by the processing resource, implement the processing engine(s). In such examples, the processing unit 116 can include the machine-readable storage medium storing the instructions and the processing resource to execute the instructions, or the machine-readable storage medium may be separate but accessible to processing unit 116 and the processing resource. In other examples, the processing engine(s) may be implemented by electronic circuitry. The database can include data that is either stored or generated as a result of functionalities implemented by any of the components of the processing engine(s).
[0059] In an embodiment, the processing engine can be configured to extract biometric parameter such as fingerprint from the received first set of signals to identify the user. When the user is identified, the communication unit establish

communication in between the bottle 100 and the wearable device of the identified user and acquire one or more health parameters of the user in the form of second set of signals. The second set of signals can be analyzed and value of one or more health parameters are extracted, and correspondingly the processing engine activate the filtration assembly 118 that facilitates in filtering the liquid stored in the bottle 100 based on the received value of one or more health parameters of the user.
[0060] In an embodiment, wherein the processing unit 116 can be further configured to receive information including liquid intake by the user and one or more health parameters of the user from the wearable device and one or more mobile computing devices. The received information can be analysed using one or more learning techniques, and correspondingly the liquid stored in the bottle can be filtered. In an exemplary embodiment, the processing engine can be further configured in the form of a learning engine like the following, but not limited to machine learning algorithms and deep learning algorithms. In an exemplary embodiment, the processing engine can include deep learning algorithms such as but not limited to support vector machines, decision trees, artificial neural networks, and convolutional neural networks.
[0061] In an exemplary embodiment, the mobile computing device such as smart phone is associated to the user and carried by the user. The smart phone can be coupled with a smart watch. The smart phone and/or the smart watch can monitor the physical activity of the user, such as the number of steps. Further, the smart phone and/or the smart watch can monitor the heart frequency. Based on the physical activity of the user the mobile app running on the smart phone and/or on the smart watch can calculate amount of liquid, type of minerals and/or amount of minerals that have to be supplied to the user. The user may also enter food consumed into the mobile app running on the smart phone such that the mobile app can calculate amount of beverage, minerals and/or type of minerals that have to be supplied to the user also based on the food consumed. [0062] In an exemplary embodiment, when the user is required to take less calcium, due to some disease, the filtration assembly 118 can filter the water

accordingly. The disease information can be collected from a mobile app installed on the mobile computing device and through the wearable device. [0063] In an embodiment, when user is found dehydrated i.e. liquid intake by the user found below a predefined limit, the processing unit 116 can generate a warning signal to notify the user to drink fluid. Upon generation of the warning signal, the processing unit 116 can actuate the alert unit 122 that activate the LED, which blinks and the user can see these LEDs easily, and can drink the fluid. Thereby, it can be ensured that the user of the bottle 100 does not get dehydrated, since the user can be informed that he has to drink liquid, before he gets dehydrated.
[0064] In an exemplary embodiment, the bottle 100 can be communicatively coupled with the smart watch, and both the bottle 100 and the smart watch needs to be associated to the same user. The bottle 100 can determine an amount and/or type of liquid to be recommended to the user based on the health condition of the user. Since the portable bottle 100 can determine amount of liquid drunken by the user and the watch can determine the physical activity of the user, thus it can be determines, how much liquid and what type of liquid, the user has to drink. Particularly, the user may be informed how much water he has to drink, and which type of minerals needs to be present in the water. Also, the type of minerals and amount of minerals can be displayed at the display unit 110 as a symbol indicating the type of minerals and amount of minerals in the liquid. The symbols may comprise text or a graphical symbol relating to a type of mineral water that comprises the proposed type of minerals and amount of minerals. [0065] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary flow diagram of filtering the liquid stored in the bottle with a filtering assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0066] In step 202, liquid such as water can be filled in the bottle 100, and when a user needs to drink the liquid, biometric is required. When biometric parameter of the user is received at step 204, a processing unit 116 compare the received biometric parameter with already registered user, and when authentication condition found met in step 206 (YES in step 206) i.e. the user is

found authenticated, the process is advanced to the step 208 to communicate with
a wearable device of the authenticated user to receive one or more health
parameters of the user. Further, at step 210, the received one or more health
parameters can be analysed using one or more learning techniques to determine
health condition of the user.
[0067] When determination is NO in step 206, the process of step 208 is not
performed, and the process is advanced to step 204 again.
[0068] In an exemplary embodiment, only the authenticated user can drink the
liquid from the bottle, the lid portion 104 can be locked by the processing unit
116, when the user is not authenticated.
[0069] In step 212, water intake of the user is checked, and if liquid intake
condition is not low (NO in step 212), the process is advanced to the step 214, and
filtration assembly 118 can be activated to filter the liquid based on health
condition of the user and display unit 110 display liquid intake stats, quality of
water, and health condition of the user.
[0070] When the liquid intake is found low (YES in step 212), an alert unit
122 can be actuated (i.e. LED blink) at step 216 to notify the user that liquid
intake is low, drink more liquid, and the filtration assembly 118 can be activated
to filter the liquid based on health condition of the user.
[0071] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the foregoing specific
exemplary processes and/or devices and/or technologies are representative of
more general processes and/or devices and/or technologies taught elsewhere
herein, such as in the claims filed herewith and/or elsewhere in the present
application.
[0072] The features described with respect to one embodiment may be applied
to other embodiments or combined with or interchanged with the features of other
embodiments, as appropriate, without departing from the scope of the present
invention.
[0073] Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in
the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention
disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered

as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE
[0074] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle to keep liquid content
quality and quantity intake as per the personalized requirements.
[0075] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that purifies the liquid
based on user health condition.
[0076] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that is used by many
users.
[0077] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that is carried by the
user easily, and enables the user to get purified liquid every time and anywhere
even while you are traveling.
[0078] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that effectively utilize
internet of things to assess the quality of water in real time along with customized
solution.
[0079] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that is low cost,
portable, user friendly and may be operated on any mode i.e. solar, cell batteries
or detachable chargeable battery wires.
[0080] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that purifies the water
collected from any water source as per the requirements of the individual.
[0081] The present disclosure provides a smart bottle that enables an
individual to achieve its fitness goals.

We Claim:

1. A bottle with a filtration assembly for storing liquid therein, the bottle 100
comprising:
a body portion 102 defining an internal cavity configured to store and retain a liquid therein;
a lid portion 104 configured to fit on the body portion, the lid portion comprising:
a top portion 108 having a display unit 110 configured to display information of liquid stored;
a first sensor 112 coupled to the lid portion 104, and configured to receive one or more biometric parameters of a user, and correspondingly generate a first set of signals;
a processing unit 116 configured to analyze the generated first set of signals, and upon identifying the user, and correspondingly acquire one or more health parameters of the user from a wearable device of the user, and correspondingly generate a second set of signals; and
a filtration assembly 118 configured to the lid portion and operatively coupled to the processing unit, wherein upon receiving the second set of signals from the processing unit, the filtration assembly facilitates in filtering the liquid stored in the bottle based on the received one or more health parameters of the user.
2. The bottle with the filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, a second sensor 114 positioned in the body portion of the lid portion wherein the second sensor is configured to receive information related to liquid intake by the user from the bottle.
3. The bottle with the filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the filtration assembly 118 having one or more candle filters which are immersed in the liquid stored in the bottle.

4. The bottle with the filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the
processing unit 116 is configured to:
receive information including liquid intake by the user and one or more
health parameters of the user;
analyse the received information using one or more learning techniques,
and correspondingly filter the liquid stored in the bottle; and
generate a warning signal when liquid intake by the user found below a
predefined limit.
5. The bottle with the filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein a communication unit 120 communicatively coupled to the processing unit, wherein the communication unit enables communication in between bottle and the wearable device.
6. The bottle with the filtration assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the communication 120 unit comprises any or combination of Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Module, Bluetooth Module, Li-Fi Module, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and ZigBee.
7. The bottle with filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein a bottom portion 106 is detachably coupled beneath to the body portion, and configured to receive waste received from the liquid stored in the bottle.
8. The bottle with filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein an alert unit 122 is positioned on the bottle and actuated upon receiving the waning signal generated by the processing unit, and wherein the alert unit 122 is selected from a group of light emitting diode, vibration unit, and buzzer.
9. The bottle with filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein one or more solar panels 124 are fabricated on outer side of the bottle and configured to produce electricity.

10. The bottle with filtration assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein a power source 126 is configured to supply electricity to bottle, wherein the power source is selected from the one or more solar panels, rechargeable battery, NiCad battery, lithium (Li) ion cell, solar battery, and electrochemical cells.