Claims:1. We provide an innovative solution to this problem by introducing the current popular photovoltaic system into the UAV Power System design.
2. We focused on electrical system design and the product will be the platform for future growth in solar powered UAVs. The design should be modular for easy module upgrade and modification.
3. The UAV type selected for this work is called Quadrotter Helicopter or Quadcopter, for its advantage it is easy to configure and has space to place the solar panel.
4. A prototype software aircraft controller will also be designed as an interface between the human and the electrical system.
, Description:The present invention relates to this problem by introducing the current popular photovoltaic system into the UAV Power System design.
[02] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Drones, in English Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), are unmanned aerial vehicles on board. Having variable degrees of autonomy (staff on the ground serving to direct them or only to supervise the mission) and also variable sizes (from a few centimeters to several meters or even tens of meters in wingspan), they were first developed and used in the military sector for so-called 3D missions (Dull, Dirty, Dangerous) often too long and/or too dangerous for pilots on board (long-term surveillance, in a hostile environment, . . . ). Their use in the civilian world and their democratization are recent, and mainly take the form of the performance of services such as the inspection of works of art, the shooting or monitoring of site. Drones are a common sight today and are being used in a wide range of applications from selfies to pesticide spraying to military surveillance. Well the problem with surveillance/monitoring is that many applications require long time surveillance. Drones do provide a good view for surveillance monitoring but have a huge drawback. This is the drone battery life.
The major fear a drone pilot faces in surveillance is that the battery may run out and drone may land on a tree or building or some inaccessible area from where it cannot be retrieved and thus cannot be charged. This is also the case in military surveillance, the possibility of battery life running out and drone being inaccessible creates limitations for drone pilots during surveillance/monitoring.
[03] SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
A working power management system is designed, fabricated and tested in this project. Such power management system is able to prolong the flight time of quadcopter, as opposed to that with only battery on board. The electrical system is also designed and assembled for functionality testing. Besides, a prototype software flight controller is designed for future development.
[04] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein:
FIG 1 shows the top Level System Block Diagram.
FIG 2 shows the Flight Controller Block Diagram with Interface and Ground Station.
FIG 3 shows the Motion Update Flow Chart.
FIG 4 shows the Current vs Throttle.
FIG 5 shows the Thrust vs Throttle.
FIG 6 shows the Power from battery vs power consume by motor.
FIG 7 shows the Drone during testing in real-time.
FIG 8 shows the Drone’s Front View.
FIG 9 shows the Drone’s Side View.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Well we here develop a drone with solution to these problems using solar power to constantly charge the drone to increase its flight time as well as the ability to land the drone anywhere and automatically its battery remotely to take flight later. This will lead to improved flight time as well as automatic battery charging of drones in inaccessible areas so that it can take off from the same spot on charging.
This solar powered drone provides the following advantages:
• Increased flight time
• Solar changing capability
• Anywhere daytime charging without chargers
• Easy To Use and no manual efforts
• No worries of battery run out over inaccessible areas
[05] Components
• Drone Motors
• Drone body
• Solar Cells
• Wifi Camera
• RC Controller
• RC Receiver
• Controlling Circuitry
• Buttons & Switches
• Electrical & Wirings
• Mounts and Joints
• Supporting Frame Screws and Fittings
[06] PROBLEMS
The major fear a drone pilot faces in surveillance is that the battery may run out and drone may land on a tree or building or some inaccessible area from where it cannot be retrieved and thus cannot be charged. This is also the case in military surveillance, the possibility of battery life running out and drone being inaccessible creates limitations for drone pilots during surveillance/monitoring. It is a battery.
[07] SOLUTION
Well we here develop a drone with solution to these problems using solar power to constantly charge the drone to increase its flight time as well as the ability to land the drone anywhere and automatically its battery remotely to take flight later. This will lead to improved flight time as well as automatic battery charging of drones in inaccessible areas so that it can take off from the same spot on charging.
[08] SOLAR POWER
This solar powered drone provides the following advantages:
• Increased flight time
• Solar charging capability
• Anywhere daytime charging without chargers
• Easy To Use and no manual efforts
• No worries of battery run out over inaccessible areas
[09] Applications
• Filming & Videography
• Military & Other Surveillance
[010] Disadvantages:
• It cannot charge as much as is discharged during flight
• It requires sunlight for charging
The drone is a quad rotor drone that makes use of 4 x high powered drone motors with propellers to provide required lift to the drone. The drone body is integrated with solar panels for high efficiency charging during idle time as well as during flight time for improved flight times.
The drone is integrated with a wifi camera that can be monitored over an android smartphone using wifi connection. It makes use of a rc remote controller to receive control commands for the user. The drone onboard rc receiver is used to receive control commands from the user and operate drone motors to achieve desired flight. System Block Diagram is shown in FIG 1.

[011] Electrical Components
Motor
A lightweight yet powerful DC motor is desired for this application. The motor needs to have low KV rating, thus higher torque capability, for heavy payload carrying. The specific motor chosen is Turnigy Aerodrive SK3 1185kv Brushless Outrunner Motor. And the detailed specifications are tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1 Specifications for Turnigy Aerodrive SK3 1185kv Brushless DC Motor
Name Value
RPM/V 1185kv
Internal resistance 0.024Ohm
Max Voltage 15V
Max Current 49A
Max Power 730W
Shaft Diameter 5.0mm
Weight 141g
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
The electronic speed controller functions as the motor drive and the speed is set by 50Hz 1ms to 2ms square wave signal, which could be obtained from Arduino. The ESC for this work is required to carry 15A, including ripple current, without overheating. The specific ESC chosen is Turnigy dlux 40A SBEC Brushless Speed Controller. This model has large heat sink for heat dissipation, high current rating and low battery protection function. The specifications for this ESC are tabulated in Table 2 below.
Table 2 Specifications for Turnigy dlux 40A SBEC Brushless Speed Controller
Name Value
Max Cont. Current 1185kv
Max Burst Current 0.024Ohm
Max Voltage 24V
Size 45.5 x 33 x 23mm
Weight 54g

Battery
The battery is required to have high current capability and large capacity. The specific battery chosen for this work is Turnigy nano-tech 5000mah 65~130C Lipo Battery. The battery contains three LiPo in series, each having 3.7V. And the battery can output maximum current of 325A.
Flight Controller and Interface
This prototype flight controller is based on the Objective-C language and is object-oriented on the iOS operating system. Four main objects have been constructed up to the date of writing this report. They are the Central Intelligence Agency, Operational Assistant, Communication Assistant and Arduino Assistant as shown in FIG 2.
At the start of the application, the Central Intelligence Agency is automatically assigned and launched. It then boots the other three items aside and connects accordingly. All products operate independently when needed, occasionally interacting with each other.
Motion Update Loop
The information flow from Motion Assistant to Flight Controller Interface through Arduino Assistant creates the Motion Update Loop. This process is characterized by the flow chart depicted in FIG 3.
The feedback loop consists of one PI controller for attitude and one PID controller for rotation rate. This feedback loop is experimental and is not part of this work. After the stable control inputs are generated, they will be mixed into four throttle values for four motors according to equation below, assuming X-mode configuration.

Finally, the motor throttle values will be packed using the predefined protocol, as shown in Table 3, and sent to Arduino.
Table 3 Protocol for Transmitting Motor Throttle Packets

Communication with Ground Station
The communication with ground station is based on iOS GameKit framework and utilizes Bluetooth for transmitting packets. This function is easily achieved through implementing encoding and decoding protocols required by GameKit framework..
[012] Requirements and Verifications
Power Management System
Requirements
• The system bus voltage should be constant at 12V, with variations less than ±5%.
• It should enable charging to the battery when there is power surplus in the system and stop charging when the battery is full.
• PV modules output maximum power possible at any time.
Test Cases and Procedures
20W, which is under 1000W/ m2 of radiation, the PV module is connected to the MPPT circuit input connectors. The output connectors of the MPPT circuits are connected to a constant current of 2A electronic load. In addition, a 12 V DC power supply that simulates the battery is connected to the electronic load. A 1200W lamp was used to simulate sunlight. The PV module, borrowed from Power Lab, was labeled with a maximum voltage of 9.5V.
Results
The data recorded by Arduino are tabulated in Table 4 and shown below.
Table 4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Test Results
Time (s) D (%) Vpv (V) Ipv (A) Pout (W) Vout (V)
0 100 0.29 0 0 11.88
5 96 5.19 0.53 2.75 11.84
10 90 5.34 1 5.34 11.84
15 84 5.36 1.02 5.47 11.88
20 69 5.54 1.02 5.65 11.88
25 47 6.94 1 6.94 11.91
30 32 8.47 0.87 7.37 11.95
35 20 9.76 0.77 7.52 11.95
40 19 9.89 0.75 7.42 11.91
45 20 9.76 0.77 7.52 12.06
[013] Discussion
As can be seen from the table above, the power output from the solar module continued to increase until it reached 7.5W as the duty ratio increased. Then the tax rate was fixed at about 20%. This confirmed the fact that our circuit was able to find maximum power. Also, the input voltage is stabilized at 9.8V, which is very close to the rated value, which is 9.5V. This is another proof that our MPPT circuit was able to detect the maximum power of the solar module.
The reason for not getting the rated power at 20W may come from a better light source. The lamp consumed 1.2 kW of input power, but because an incandescent light bulb was not very efficient it produced much less power in the form of visible light than that. Thus, it is not surprising to find that power generation is very low.
Electrical Components
Requirements
• The battery should be able to provide 600W power output when the PV module is completely offline.
• Four motors when paired with 15inches propeller with 4inches pitch should be able to provide more than 2kg of thrust with less than 600W of power consumption.
• Each ESC should be able to handle 15A of continuous current without failing when the power system is operating at max power condition (600W).
Test Procedures
Step 1: Install each motor in the test bracket, which is placed on the weights respectively.
Step 2: Set the ESC according to the user manual so that the propeller generates a force downwards and pushes the weight scale.
Step 3: Load the servo test program into the Arduino Mega, which allows the user to control the throttle output via the system.
Step 4: Connect the battery to the Power Distribution Board with a watt meter that connects to four ESCs with watt meters that measure the individual current flowing through each channel.
Step 5: Connect the JR connectors on the ESCs with pin2, pin5, pin12 and pin13 on the Arduino board.
Step 6: Record the measurements from the weight scale and wattmeter.
[014] Results
FIG 4 shows the current flowing into the ESC at 10% to 60% throttle. 4 motors behave almost the same with minor variations. Maximum current motor draws at 60% throttle is 11.7A
This FIG 5 shows the thrust each motor can generate from 10% to 60% throttle. 4 motors behave almost the same. Thrust each motor can generate at 60% throttle is approximately 1kg, which is equal to 10N.
This FIG 6 shows power coming out from battery collected from reading of wattmeter and power consumed by four motors using P=VI.
FIG 7 shows the Drone during testing in real-time. FIG 8 shows the Drone’s Front View. FIG 9 shows the Drone’s Side View.