DESCRIPTION
Title of the invention: Solid-state hyperfrequency amplifier and power combiner
comprising four such solid-state amplifiers
[0001] The invention relates to a solid state power amplifier and to a power combiner
comprising four such solid state amplifiers.
[0002] The invention lies in the field of solid state power amplifiers SSPA.
[0003] Amplification systems, such as SSPAs and traveling-wave tube amplifiers
TWTA, with spatial or conventional combination that all exhibit major drawbacks are
known.
[0004] Specifically, these amplification systems exhibit problems of compactness, of
efficiency, of repair, of maintainability, of assembly, of assembly and development
costs, of upgradability and of power limitation.
[0005] Tube amplifiers or traveling-wave tube amplifiers TWTA which use a heated
filament, producing a liberation of electrons by thermionic emission, are known.
These electrons are then accelerated in a vacuum by way of a high-intensity electric
field generated by a very high voltage VHV. Once accelerated, these electrons are
focused in a beam which interacts with a microwave. Little by little, the continuous
current, or direct current DC, contained in the electron beam is gradually converted
into microwave energy as the electrons pass through the interaction line. This energy
is then transmitted outside the tube, whereas the rest of the energy is transmitted to
the collector and dissipated in the form of heat.
[0006] These amplifiers are very compact and operate with high efficiency, but on an
all-or-nothing basis, and in the event of a fault, the products are out of service. They
require a very high voltage VHV, are highly technical, are very expensive to produce,
and very difficult to maintain.
[0007] Monolithic solid state amplifiers SSPA that are spatially combined by way of
Vivaldi-type antipodal lines which then radiate into cavities are also known.
[0008] These cavities form the input points of a conical-cavity combiner. This type of
amplifier, for example described in document US 10 340 574 B2, exhibits satisfactory
compactness, quite low losses, and an absence of inter-stage interconnection
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problems. However, they have a radial combination which renders the management
of the heat dissipation very complex, optimal operation in pulsed mode virtually
impossible since the energy reserve capacitors cannot be positioned as close to the
monolithic microwave integrated circuits MMIC as possible.
[0009] Solid state amplifiers SSPA with hybrid combination or T configuration in
which monolithic microwave integrated circuits MMIC are combined by way of hybrid,
Wilkinson or T-junction couplers are also known.
[0010] Such amplifiers are relatively inexpensive, but exhibit relatively high losses, an
absence of upgradability (power limitation), and are very difficult to repair due to the
chip and wire assembly.
[0011] Therefore, none of the existing solutions mentioned above are satisfactory
because they all exhibit major defects.
[0012] Document EP0074613A1 which uses a ribbon link, as illustrated in figure 1 at
reference 28, is also known. This embodiment uses the ridge power supply function,
as illustrated in figure 1 corresponding to figure 3B of document EP0074613A1 with
references 24, 25, 26 and 27. This ribbon link has the advantage of being flexible, but
does not permit easy repair because the implementation of such a ribbon requires a
return to the factory and the use of specific machines.
[0013] An aim of the invention is to overcome the problems cited above, and notably
to facilitate the repairability, the compactness and the upgradability.
[0014] Thus, according to a first aspect of the invention, there is proposed a solid
state power amplifier comprising at least one interconnection, between a propagation
line and a linearized impedance matching waveguide ridge, said interconnection
being provided with a clamping device that guarantees direct contact between the
ridge and the propagation line.
[0015] Such a system makes it possible to improve the repairability, the compactness
and the upgradability.
[0016] According to one embodiment, the clamping device comprises at least one
pressure screw.
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[0017] Thus, the clamping of this screw makes it possible to constrain the ridge of the
guide and to keep its end in contact with the propagation line on a printed circuit, thus
offering a flexible and easily repairable link.
[0018] For example, the pressure screw comprises a spherical end or a flat end.
[0019] In one embodiment, the clamping device comprises a pressure support
stiffener.
[0020] Thus, the stiffener system will confer a degree of elasticity on the pressure
device which will guarantee the absence of deformation, and the flat-end pressure
screw will not perforate the material integral with the ridge.
[0021] According to another aspect of the invention, there is also proposed a power
combiner comprising four solid state power amplifiers as claimed in one of the
preceding claims, which are connected in an H configuration by a magic T device.
[0022] Thus, the arrangement in an H configuration allows a direct interconnection of
the amplification modules to the combination system without the need to have to
employ guided links, thus limiting the losses and improving the distribution of hot
points.
[0023] In one embodiment, the elements of the combiner are mounted flat.
[0024] This makes it possible to easily manage the thermal environment and the
maintenance, and also to stack several functions.
[0025] According to one embodiment, the magic T device is in one piece (in the
sense that the line-to-guide transitions, the two-to-one basic magic Ts of the magic T
device, the impedance matching sections and the bidirectional coupler are fused).
[0026] This makes it possible to assemble the various elements without losses by
simple screw fastening, and to reduce the costs and the size.
[0027] For example, the one-piece magic T device comprises an S-flange, a
bidirectional coupler, three two-to-one basic magic Ts, line-to-guide transitions and
guide-to-coaxial links transitions.
[0028] The invention will be better understood from studying a number of
embodiments described by way of entirely non-limiting examples and illustrated by
the attached drawing in which:
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[0029] [Fig. 1] schematically illustrates a solid state power amplifier according to the
prior art;
[0030] [Fig. 2] schematically illustrates a solid state power amplifier according to one
aspect of the invention;
[0031] [Fig. 3] schematically illustrates a solid state power amplifier according to one
aspect of the invention;
[0032] [Fig. 4] schematically illustrates a solid state power amplifier according to
another aspect of the invention;
[0033] [Fig. 5] schematically illustrates a solid state power amplifier according to
another aspect of the invention;
[0034] [Fig. 6] schematically illustrates a solid state power amplifier according to
another aspect of the invention;
[0035] [Fig. 7] schematically illustrates a power combiner according to another aspect
of the invention.
[0036] In all of the figures, elements having identical references are similar.
[0037] A solid state power amplifier according to one aspect of the invention is
illustrated in figure 2.
[0038] By contrast to the principle of transition between a strip acting as propagation
line and the waveguide ridge as described in the prior art of figure 1, said transition
being implemented by a micro-ribbon link between the ridge of the guide and the
microstrip, the present invention implements this transition by direct contact between
the ridge and the propagation line, which is ensured by a clamping device comprising,
for example, at least one pressure screw.
[0039] The solid state power amplifier comprises an upper part 0 of a waveguide, a
linearized impedance matching ridge 1, and a lower part 2 of the waveguide, which
lower part may, in certain cases, itself also have a linearized impedance matching
ridge.
[0040] The solid state amplifier comprises a printed circuit 3 provided with a
propagation line or microstrip 6, at least one pressure screw 4, and a pressure
support stiffener 5. The amplifier also comprises a support base 7 and a cavity 8 of
the guide. In the figures, only a device with a pressure screw 4 is shown, but in a
non-limiting manner.
[0041] The solid state amplifiers of the prior art all use wired (ribbon link),
connectorized (coaxial link) or radiated (antennae) interconnections.
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[0042] Figures 3 and 4 show sectional views of a solid state amplifier according to
one aspect of the invention, in a front view and side view, respectively.
[0043] The object of the solid state amplifier of the invention is to transmit an
electromagnetic signal from a propagation line or microstrip 6 to a guide section or
section of the cavity 8 of the guide.
[0044] This transmission may be implemented as a narrowband transmission by
means of a single ridge 1. In order to widen the bandwidth to 6-18 GHz, it is
necessary to utilize a double-ridge linearized impedance matching system 3, 6 as
illustrated in figures 3 and 4. In order for this transmission to be effective, it is
necessary to guarantee electrical contact between the ridge 1 and the microstrip 6.
[0045] However, due to production and assembly tolerances of the mechanical
components and of the printed circuit 3 mounted on its printed circuit base 7 (there is
therefore a printed circuit 3 mounted on a metallic base), a thin residual space
separating the two transmission lines or ridges (ridge 1 and microstrip 6) remains
which has to be bridged.
[0046] In order to ensure electrical contact over the entire temperature range (taking
account of expansion effects) and during any intended use (requirements of
resistance to vibrations and ability to withstand knocks), at least one pressure screw
4 is anchored in a pressure support stiffener 5 and deforms the cavity 8 by pressing
on the ridge 1 while remaining in the elastic domain.
[0047] The pressing on the ridge 1 makes it possible to establish contact between its
lower end and the propagation line or microstrip 6.
[0048] Proper operation of the amplifier is conditional on:
- the pressing on the ridge 1, which has to be controlled, and the deformation, which
has to be limited so as to not notably modify the dimensions of the cavity 8 (impact
on the quality of the propagation);
- the printed circuit with which the ridge 1 is in contact has to be tough and has to
have a line or microstrip width that is compatible with the width of the ridge at its end;
- the type of printed circuit has to be able to reach the expected power (50W CW)
over the entire range of temperatures, ranging from -40° to +85°C;
- the operating time of the solid state amplifier should not lead to degradation of the
printed circuit, such that it remains in the elastic domain;
- the link has to be able to be mounted and removed by simple screwing and
unscrewing without altering the performance.
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[0049] Preferably, the substrate is resistant to deformations below a minimum
pressure of 500 MPa, and is made of Al2O3 or duroid (registered trademark) of the
RO4350 or RO4003 type, and the tightening torque of the screw should not lead to
irreversible deformation by remaining within the limits of the elastic domain.
[0050] In a preferred embodiment, the mechanical tolerances and assembly
tolerances are compatible with the type of substrate used and therefore with its
dielectric permittivity ɛr. Consequently, the maximum permissible dimension of the
gap G1, as illustrated in figures 5 and 6, is 0.1 mm in order to make sure to remain
within the elastic domain of the clamping device or clamp. The tolerances Tx and Tz
are then smaller than 0.1 mm. The architecture illustrated in figure 7 allows the
printed circuit to be brought into abutment against the lower part 2 of the guide, thus
resulting in G2=0, a crucial element for proper microwave operation. Thus: G1, Tx,
Tz and Ty < 0.1 mm and G2 = 0.
[0051] As shown in figure 5, the tolerance Tz of the Z alignment between the lower
guide 2 and the support base 7 remains much smaller than the thickness H of the
substrate, with

> 5.
[0052] Equally, it is important that the bearing zone of the ridge 1 is aligned with the
microstrip, as shown in figure 6. Also, preferably, the tolerance Tx of the x alignment
between the ridge 1 and the microstrip 6 remains much smaller than the width Wr of
the ridge 1 at the contact zone with the printed circuit, or the width Wl of the
microstrip 6 is larger than Wr to which the assembly tolerance of 0.1 mm is added.
Simulations therefore imply that is necessary to have:

< 4
> + 0.1
[0053] Thus, the target value ɛr of the substrate of the printed circuit is given by the
following relationship:

ℎ
< 1 =
60

8ℎ

+

4ℎ
with =
!"#$
%
+
!"&$
%
'(1 + 12 *
+
,
&
-
. + 0.04 (1 − +
*
,
%
0
[0054] The substrate is preferably also a low-loss substrate, that is to say it has to
offer the lowest possible tan delta (tan δ) (conventionally <0.001) in order to limit
heating by linear losses and to offer excellent thermal conductivity.
[0055] As illustrated in figure 7, there is also proposed a power combiner comprising
four solid state power amplifiers 10 as described above, which are connected in an H
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configuration by a magic T 11, referred to as four-to-one with H topology which has
the particular feature that one half is fused with a frame 12 and the other half is
assembled by screw fastening 13. The combiner comprises a bidirectional coupler 14.
Furthermore, the upper part of the combiner device covers both the lower part of the
combiner that is fused with the frame and the four solid state amplifier modules.
[0056] The pressure screws 4 make it possible to guarantee contact between the
amplifiers 10 and the entries of the magic T 11.
[0057] The H configuration of the combiner makes it possible to optimize the footprint
and the distribution of hot points. The four-to-one magic T is in one piece (S-flange
and bidirectional coupler 14 are machined integrally) and incorporates microstrip-todouble-ridge guide transitions with non-standard impedance matching which allow
optimal compactness without transition. The losses are therefore minimal and the
efficiency is maximized.
[0058] The power amplifiers 10, the magic T device 11 and the bidirectional coupler
14 are assembled and removed very easily by simple screw fastening. Maintenance
and repairability are thus greatly facilitated.
[0059] The interconnections of the combiner device are not hyperstatic.
[0060] The combiner device also comprises a conductor module or "driver" 18 to preamplify the signal.
[0061] The "flat" mounting configuration of the elements of the combiner device
allows thermal factors to be managed easily. The modular design permits low-cost
upgradability in addition to easy maintenance.
[0062] The combiner device offers isolation between channels which makes it
possible to implement graceful degradation.
[0063] In this example, the substrate used is an alumina of thickness H=0.6 mm and
the line thickness of which is Wl=0.6 mm for a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms.
On the side of the abutting ridge, the width is Wr=0.4 mm and the length of overlap is
S=0.8 mm.
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CLAIMS
1. A solid state power amplifier comprising at least one interconnection, between
a propagation line (6) and a linearized impedance matching waveguide ridge
(1), said interconnection being provided with a clamping device (4) that
guarantees direct contact between the ridge (1) and the propagation line (6).
2. The solid state power amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the clamping
device comprises at least one pressure screw (4).
3. The solid state power amplifier as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pressure
screw (4) comprises a spherical end or a flat end.
4. The solid state power amplifier as claimed in one of the preceding claims,
wherein the clamping device comprises a pressure support stiffener (5).
5. A power combiner device comprising four solid state power amplifiers as
claimed in one of the preceding claims, which are connected in an H
configuration by a magic T device (11).
6. The power combiner device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the elements are
mounted flat.
7. The power combiner device as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the magic T
device (11) is in one piece.
8. The power combiner device as claimed in claim 7, wherein the one-piece
magic T device comprises an S-flange, a bidirectional coupler, three two-toone basic magic Ts, line-to-guide transitions and guide-to-coaxial links
transitions.