Description:Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to a sustainable nanocomposite material designed for the efficient removal of fluoride from water, leveraging renewable resources and nanotechnology for enhanced water treatment.
Background
The background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental necessity for health and well-being. However, the presence of contaminants such as fluoride in water supplies poses a significant public health challenge. Excessive fluoride concentrations in drinking water, a common issue in regions with natural high fluoride geological deposits agricultural runoff, can lead to severe health conditions, including dental and skeletal fluorosis.
While methods such as adsorption, precipitation, and coagulation exist for fluoride removal, they often come with drawbacks like high operational costs, limited efficiency, and the generation of secondary pollutants, which diminish their effectiveness and sustainability.
The urgency for an approach to water purification is underscored by the ongoing struggle faced by many communities, particularly in developing regions, where fluoride contamination remains a persistent threat. There is a critical demand for a solution that not only removes fluoride efficiently but is also environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and versatile across various water sources.
Current methods for addressing fluoride contamination are insufficient, as they may not adapt well to the varying conditions presented by different water systems. Moreover, the financial and environmental costs associated with said methods are often prohibitive, leading to a need for a more sustainable and economically viable option.
Summary
The following presents a simplified summary of various aspects of this disclosure to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements nor delineate the scope of such aspects. Its purpose is to present some concepts of this disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The following paragraphs provide additional support for the claims of the subject application.
The present disclosure relates to development of a system Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for fluoride removal in water treatment. Said system comprises a mixing vessel that receives graphene oxide and ethylene glycol to form a mixture. A first dispenser unit is provided for adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the mixture within the mixing vessel. Associated with the mixing vessel, a stirring unit is present for stirring the mixture.
Sodium hydroxide is dispensed into the mixing vessel by a pH adjustment means to adjust the pH. To precipitate the nanocomposite particles, a cooling module cools the reaction mixture. A filtration unit separates and collects the precipitated nanocomposite material from the reaction mixture. The collected nanocomposite particles are washed at a washing station with ethanol and subsequently dried to yield a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
The mixing vessel is equipped with a temperature control means to maintain the reaction mixture at a predetermined temperature during the reaction. Furthermore, a control unit is provided to automate the sequential operation of the first dispenser unit, the stirring unit, the pH adjustment means, the cooling module, the filtration unit, the washing station, and the drying station to produce the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
Moreover, a secondary dispenser unit is included for adding a dispersant agent into the mixing vessel to facilitate the uniform dispersion of graphene oxide in the ethylene glycol. Additionally, the drying unit comprises a vacuum drying feature for drying of the washed nanocomposite particles. The production of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite by said method enables efficient fluoride removal in water treatment. By employing a controlled reaction process facilitated by the sequential operation of the apparatus components, uniformity in the nanocomposite particles is achieved.
The incorporation of a dispersant agent ensures the homogeneous mixture of graphene oxide in the ethylene glycol, enhancing the quality of the nanocomposite produced. The vacuum drying feature of the drying further ensures the integrity of the nanocomposite particles by facilitating thorough drying under reduced pressure conditions. Said aspects collectively contribute to the production of a high-quality Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, which is effective for fluoride removal in water treatment applications.
Disclosed a method for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for water treatment to remove fluoride. The method comprises dispersing graphene oxide in ethylene glycol. Following said dispersion, iron nitrate and strontium nitrate are added to the dispersion. The mixture is then stirred, and the pH is adjusted using sodium hydroxide to produce a reaction mixture. To precipitate nanocomposite particles, the reaction mixture is cooled. The precipitated nanocomposite particles are washed with ethanol and dried to obtain a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. Additionally, the process for producing graphene oxide involves combining graphite powder with a mixture of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate. Potassium permanganate is then added to the mixture under stirring conditions to produce a reaction blend. Said blend is cooled, followed by the addition of hydrogen peroxide to obtain a dark paste. The dark paste is diluted with water and heated. Subsequently, the diluted paste is deposited on a substrate to form a thin layer, which is then dried to obtain graphene oxide.
The method disclosed ensures the production of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite with properties suitable for water treatment applications, particularly for fluoride removal. By employing specific steps for the dispersion of graphene oxide and the addition of nitrates, followed by pH adjustment, cooling, washing, and drying, a controlled process is established. Said process facilitates the formation of nanocomposite particles with desirable characteristics. The inclusion of a detailed procedure to produce graphene oxide as a precursor for the nanocomposite indicates an approach to material preparation, ensuring the quality of the final product. The sequential steps outlined in the method contribute to the effective removal of fluoride from water, offering a practical solution for water treatment purposes.
Provided herein a water purification device incorporating the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite produced by the apparatus. Said device comprises a housing with an integrated water inlet and a treated water outlet for the passage of water. An internal chamber within the housing is designed to hold a quantity of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for the adsorption of fluoride ions. A fluid distribution unit is engineered to channel water from the inlet, uniformly across the nanocomposite within the chamber, thereby ensuring maximal contact and fluoride ion removal efficiency.
A monitoring unit, equipped with sensors located at the water inlet and treated water outlet, is configured to measure fluoride ion concentration levels in the water entering and exiting the device, thereby evaluating the treatment efficacy. Mechanical sealing elements are incorporated to prevent bypass flow and ensure that all incoming water interacts with the nanocomposite. Additionally, a maintenance access port is provided, allowing for the replacement or replenishment of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite to maintain the effectiveness of the device over time.
The integration of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite into the water purification device enables efficient fluoride ion removal from water, enhancing water quality for consumption or use. By channeling water uniformly across the nanocomposite within the chamber, the device ensures optimal contact between water and nanocomposite, resulting in high fluoride ion removal efficiency. The monitoring unit's ability to measure fluoride ion concentration levels at both the water inlet and treated water outlet allows for real-time evaluation of the treatment efficacy, providing assurance of water safety and quality.
The incorporation of mechanical sealing elements further ensures the thorough treatment of all incoming water by preventing bypass flow. The provision of a maintenance access port facilitates easy replacement or replenishment of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, ensuring sustained effectiveness of the water purification process over time. Said device represents a significant advancement in water treatment technology, offering a practical solution for the removal of fluoride ions from water.

Brief Description of the Drawings

The features and advantages of the present disclosure would be more clearly understood from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a system for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for fluoride removal in water treatment, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 illustrates a method for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for water treatment to remove fluoride, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process of production of Graphene oxide (GO), in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure.
Fig. 4 illustrates a process for synthesizing strontium ferrite graphene nanocomposite, in accordance with embodiment of present disclosure.
Fig. 5 illustrates powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) of the nanocomposite, conducted over a 2-theta range of 5 to 80 degrees, revealed key structural insights, in accordance with embodiment of present disclosure.
Fig. 6 showcases microscopic characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy- Analysis (SEM-) analysis of graphene oxide and Strontium ferrite and graphene oxide-based nanocomposite, in accordance with embodiment of present disclosure.
Fig. 7 showcases microscopic characterization through transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis of graphene oxide and Strontium ferrite and graphene oxide-based nanocomposite, in accordance with embodiment of present disclosure.

Detailed Description
In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to claim those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and “at least one” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The use of the term “at least one” followed by a list of one or more items (for example, “at least one of A and B”) is to be construed to mean one item selected from the listed items (A or B) or any combination of two or more of the listed items (A and B), unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Pursuant to the "Detailed Description" section herein, whenever an element is explicitly associated with a specific numeral for the first time, such association shall be deemed consistent and applicable throughout the entirety of the "Detailed Description" section, unless otherwise expressly stated or contradicted by the context.
The present disclosure relates to an apparatus 100, designed for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, which is utilized for the removal of fluoride in water treatment. According to a pictorial illustration of FIG. 1, showcasing an architectural paradigm of the system 100 that can comprise functional elements, yet not limited to a mixing vessel 102, a first dispenser unit 104, a stirring unit 106, a pH adjustment means 108, a cooling module 110, a filtration unit 112, a washing station 114, and a drying station 116. Each of said components plays a crucial role in the production process of the nanocomposite. A person ordinarily skilled in art would prefer those elements or components of the system 100, to be functionally or operationally coupled with each other, in accordance with the embodiments of present disclosure.
In an embodiment, the mixing vessel 102 relates to a container in which graphene oxide and ethylene glycol are received to create a mixture. The mixing vessel 102 is equipped with a temperature control means to maintain the reaction mixture at a predetermined temperature during the reaction. Said temperature control is crucial for ensuring the optimal conditions for the reaction to occur.
In an embodiment, the first dispenser unit 104 relates to a dispensing module for adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the mixture within the mixing vessel 102. The accurate dispensing of said chemicals is essential for achieving the desired chemical composition of the nanocomposite. The stirring unit 106 can relate to a device associated with the mixing vessel 102 for stirring the mixture. Effective stirring ensures the homogenous distribution of reactants within the vessel 102, which is crucial for the uniformity of the nanocomposite particles.
In an embodiment, the pH adjustment means 108 relates to a component for dispensing sodium hydroxide into the mixing vessel 102 to adjust the pH of the mixture. The pH level is a vital parameter that influences the formation and size of the nanocomposite particles. The cooling module 110 is designed to cool the reaction mixture to precipitate the nanocomposite particles. Controlled cooling is essential for the formation of nanocomposite particles of the desired size and morphology.
In an embodiment, the term filtration unit 112 to separate and collect the precipitated nanocomposite particles from the reaction mixture. Efficient separation is crucial for the purity of the final product. The washing station 114 relates to a washing facility wherein the collected nanocomposite particles are washed with ethanol. Washing removes any residual reactants or byproducts, ensuring the high quality of the nanocomposite. The drying station 116 facilitates the drying the washed nanocomposite particles. The drying station 116 comprises a vacuum drying feature for the efficient drying of the particles, which is important for the stability and storage of the nanocomposite.
In an embodiment, the apparatus 100 for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for fluoride removal in water treatment comprises a series of components that work in unison to synthesize the nanocomposite. The process begins in the mixing vessel 102, where graphene oxide and ethylene glycol are combined to form a mixture. Following the mixing vessel 102, the first dispenser unit 104 adds iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the mixture, initiating the chemical reaction necessary for nanocomposite formation.
In an embodiment, the stirring unit 106 ensures that the mixture remains homogenous, promoting the even distribution of reactants. The pH adjustment means 108 dispenses sodium hydroxide into the mixture, optimizing the pH for nanocomposite particle formation. After the reaction, the cooling module 110 cools the mixture, causing the nanocomposite particles to precipitate.
In an embodiment, after precipitation, the filtration unit 112 separates the nanocomposite particles from the reaction mixture, and the washing station 114 cleans the particles with ethanol to remove any impurities. Finally, the drying station 116 dries the washed particles, yielding Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, ready for application in water treatment processes for fluoride removal.
In an embodiment, the mixing vessel 102 is equipped with a temperature control means to maintain the reaction mixture at a predetermined temperature during the reaction. Said temperature control feature ensures that the reaction conditions are optimal for the formation of the nanocomposite, resulting in particles with the desired chemical and physical properties.
In another embodiment, a control unit is configured to automate the sequential operation of the first dispenser unit 104, the stirring unit 106, the pH adjustment means 108, the cooling module 110, the filtration unit 112, the washing station 114, and the drying station 116 to produce the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. Automation enhances the efficiency and reproducibility of the production process.
In a further embodiment, a secondary dispenser unit is included for adding a dispersant agent into the mixing vessel 102 to facilitate the uniform dispersion of graphene oxide in the ethylene glycol. Uniform dispersion is important for the homogeneity of the final nanocomposite.
In yet another embodiment, the drying station 116 comprises a vacuum drying feature for drying of the washed nanocomposite particles. Vacuum drying enhances the drying efficiency, ensuring that the particles are thoroughly dried and suitable for storage and application in water treatment.
Referring to one or more preceding embodiments, the apparatus 100 and the components, as described, provide significant technical effects and advantages. The temperature control in the mixing vessel 102 ensures the reaction takes place under optimal conditions, enhancing the quality of the nanocomposite. The automation of the production process through the control unit increases the efficiency and consistency of the product. The addition of a dispersant agent via the secondary dispenser unit improves the uniformity of the graphene oxide dispersion, which in turn enhances the properties of the nanocomposite. Lastly, the vacuum drying feature of the drying station ensures thorough drying of the particles, which is crucial for their stability and effectiveness in water treatment applications.
Disclosed herein a method 200 relates to a series of procedural steps designed for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, utilized for the removal of fluoride in water treatment. Said method 200 encompasses several important steps. Referring to a diagrammatic depiction put forth in FIG. 2, representing a flow diagram of the method 200 that can comprise steps of, yet not restricted to, (at step 202) dispersing graphene oxide in ethylene glycol, (at step 204) adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate, (at step 206) stirring the mixture and adjusting the pH, (at step 208) cooling the reaction mixture, (at step 210) washing the precipitated nanocomposite particles, and (at step 212) drying the washed particles to obtain the final product. Said steps of the method 200 can be performed or executed, collectively or selectively, randomly, or sequentially or in a combination thereof, in accordance with the embodiments of current disclosure.
In yet another embodiment, the step of dispersing graphene oxide in ethylene glycol (step 202) involves the homogeneous mixing of graphene oxide with ethylene glycol to ensure a uniform dispersion. Said step (step 202) is foundational for the subsequent chemical reactions and the quality of the final nanocomposite.
In yet another embodiment, the step of adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the dispersion (step 204) introduces said salts into the graphene oxide dispersion, initiating the formation of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. The precise addition of said reagents is crucial for the stoichiometry of the reaction.
In yet another embodiment, the step of stirring the mixture and adjusting the pH using sodium hydroxide to produce a reaction mixture (step 206) ensures the uniformity of the reaction mixture and optimizes the pH for nanocomposite formation. Said step (step 206) is pivotal for controlling the size and morphology of the nanocomposite particles.
In yet another embodiment, the step of cooling the reaction mixture to precipitate nanocomposite particles (step 208) involves the controlled reduction of the mixture's temperature to induce the precipitation of the nanocomposite particles. Said step (step 208) is significant for separating the nanocomposite particles from the reaction mixture.
In yet another embodiment, the step of washing the precipitated nanocomposite particles with ethanol (step 210) is performed to purify the nanocomposite particles by removing any residual reactants or byproducts. Said step (step 210) ensures the high purity of the nanocomposite, which is essential for the effectiveness in water treatment.
In yet another embodiment, the step of drying the washed nanocomposite particles to obtain a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite (step 212) involves the removal of any remaining solvent or moisture from the washed particles. Said step (step 212) is vital for the stability and storage of the nanocomposite.
In yet another embodiment, the method 200 for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for water treatment to remove fluoride begins with the dispersion of graphene oxide in ethylene glycol (step 202), ensuring a uniform mixture. Following said step (step 202), iron nitrate and strontium nitrate are added to the dispersion (step 204), initiating the chemical reaction necessary for nanocomposite formation.
In yet another embodiment, the mixture is stirred, and the pH is adjusted using sodium hydroxide to produce a reaction mixture (step 206), optimizing conditions for the nanocomposite particle formation. The reaction mixture is then cooled to precipitate the nanocomposite particles (step 208), enabling the separation of the nanocomposite particles from the mixture.
In yet another embodiment, after precipitation, the nanocomposite particles are washed with ethanol (step 210) to remove any impurities, followed by drying of the washed nanocomposite particles (step 212) to obtain the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. Said method 200 ensures the production of high-quality nanocomposite suitable for fluoride removal in water treatment applications.
In an embodiment, the graphene oxide is produced by a specific procedure that involves combining graphite powder with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate, adding potassium permanganate under stirring conditions to produce a reaction blend, cooling the reaction blend, and adding hydrogen peroxide to obtain a dark paste. Said paste is then diluted with water, heated, deposited on a substrate to form a thin layer, and finally, the thin layer is dried to obtain graphene oxide. Said procedure for producing graphene oxide is crucial for the quality of the graphene oxide used in the nanocomposite production process, affecting the overall effectiveness of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite in water treatment.
Referring to one or more preceding embodiments, the described method 200 and the procedural steps provide significant technical effects and advantages. The uniform dispersion of graphene oxide ensures the homogeneity of the final nanocomposite, while the precise addition of iron and strontium nitrates controls the chemical composition of the product. The pH adjustment and stirring optimize the reaction conditions, influencing the particle size and morphology. Controlled cooling facilitates the precipitation of the desired nanocomposite particles, and the subsequent washing and drying processes ensure the purity and stability of the nanocomposite. The dependent claim further enhances the quality of the graphene oxide used, directly impacting the nanocomposite's effectiveness in removing fluoride from water.
In an embodiment, the term "water purification system " as used throughout the present disclosure relates to a system designed to remove fluoride ions from water using Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. Said device includes a housing with integrated water inlet and outlet, an internal chamber for the nanocomposite, a fluid distribution unit, a monitoring unit with sensors, mechanical sealing elements, and a maintenance access port. Each component plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficient and effective removal of fluoride ions from water, thereby enhancing the quality of the treated water.
In an embodiment, the housing can relate to the external structure of the water purification device, which includes an integrated water inlet and a treated water outlet. The housing is designed to facilitate the passage of water through the device and to protect the internal components from external environmental factors.
In an embodiment, the internal chamber can relate to a compartment within the housing designed to hold a quantity of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. The internal chamber is critical for the adsorption of fluoride ions, since said chamber ensures that the water encounters the nanocomposite.
In an embodiment, the fluid distribution unit engineered to channel watesr from the inlet, uniformly across the nanocomposite within the chamber. Said uniform distribution of water is crucial for ensuring maximal contact between the water and the nanocomposite, thereby enhancing fluoride ion removal efficiency.
In an embodiment, the monitoring unit equipped with sensors located at the water inlet and treated water outlet. The monitoring unit is configured to measure fluoride ion concentration levels in the water entering and exiting the device, thereby evaluating the treatment efficacy. The mechanical sealing elements designed to prevent bypass flow of water within the device. Said elements ensure that all incoming water interacts with the nanocomposite, enhancing the efficiency of fluoride ion removal.
In an embodiment, the maintenance access port allowing for the replacement or replenishment of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite. The maintenance access port is crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of the device over time, as the access port enables easy access to the internal chamber for service or replacement of the nanocomposite.
In an embodiment, the water purification device incorporates Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for the removal of fluoride ions from water. The device is comprised of a housing with an integrated water inlet and a treated water outlet, facilitating the passage of water through the device. Within the housing, an internal chamber is designed specifically to hold the nanocomposite, providing a critical function in the adsorption process of fluoride ions.
In an embodiment, the fluid distribution unit is engineered to ensure that water is channelled uniformly across the nanocomposite within the chamber, maximizing contact and thus the efficiency of fluoride ion removal. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment, a monitoring unit with sensors is equipped at both the water inlet and the treated water outlet, measuring fluoride ion concentration levels in the water entering and exiting the device.
In an embodiment, the mechanical sealing elements are incorporated to prevent bypass flow, guaranteeing that all incoming water interacts with the nanocomposite. Additionally, a maintenance access port is included to allow for the nanocomposite's replacement or replenishment, ensuring the long-term effectiveness of the water purification device.
Referring to one or more preceding embodiments, the water purification system , as described, provides significant technical effects and advantages. The design of the housing and internal chamber ensures optimal interaction between water and the nanocomposite, leading to efficient fluoride ion adsorption. The fluid distribution unit enhances said interaction by ensuring uniform water flow over the nanocomposite, which is crucial for the consistency of water treatment. The monitoring unit offers real-time data on the device's performance, enabling the evaluation of treatment efficacy and ensuring that water quality standards are met. Mechanical sealing elements enhance the device's overall efficiency by preventing bypass flow, thus ensuring all water is adequately treated. Lastly, the maintenance access port facilitates easy servicing of the device, contributing to the long-term usability and effectiveness in water treatment applications.
Fig. 3 illustrates an exemplary process of production of Graphene oxide (GO), in accordance with embodiment of present disclosure. In the beginning stage of the synthesis, two grams of graphene powder were taken as the starting material. Said powder was combined with two grams of potassium nitrate (KNO₃), serving as an oxidizing agent. The mixture was then added to a 1000 millilitre (ml) round-bottom flask containing one hundred millilitres of concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) with a concentration of 98% weight/weight (w/w). To maintain the reaction temperature and control the exothermic nature of the subsequent steps, the flask was placed in an ice bath, with the temperature regulated between 0–5 degrees Celsius (°C).
After allowing the mixture to stir for approximately ten minutes, ensuring full integration of the reactants, twelve grams of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) were slowly introduced. Potassium permanganate acts as a strong oxidant, essential for the oxidation of graphite powder to GO. The slow addition is crucial to control the reaction's exothermicity and to prevent a sudden temperature spike which could lead to undesirable by-products. Upon the complete addition of KMnO₄, the mixture was then transferred to a round-bottomed flask for further reaction. The mixture was subjected to continuous magnetic stirring for an additional hour while maintaining a steady temperature of 35°C. During said phase, the mixture transformed into a thick, dark paste indicative of the oxidation process proceeding towards the formation of GO. The subsequent step involved the careful addition of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).
Said reagent was added dropwise into the solution after diluting the mixture with 400 ml of distilled water. The mixture was then stirred continuously at a temperature of 90°C for 30 minutes. The dropwise addition of H₂O₂ serves to terminate the oxidation reaction by reducing any excess KMnO₄ to Mn²⁺ ions, thereby preventing over-oxidation of the graphene oxide. After a dark solution was obtained, signaling the end of the chemical oxidation process, the resultant mixture was filtered and thoroughly washed with distilled water. Said filtration step was repeated until the filtrate reached a neutral pH, signifying the removal of acid and other soluble by-products. The filtered material, often referred to as the 'cakes', was then subjected to a mild sonication process in water. Said filtration step, conducted for one hour using a Sonicator, helps to exfoliate and further disperse the GO. The suspension was then centrifuged twice, each time for ten minutes at a speed of 4000 revolutions per minute (RPM).
The centrifugation process serves to separate the larger GO sheets from the smaller fragments and water-soluble by-products. The supernatant, containing the smaller GO fragments and soluble by-products, was decanted. The sediment, primarily composed of larger GO sheets, was retrieved and subjected to air drying. Said final step resulted in the formation of dry GO films, ready for further applications or incorporation into composite materials for various uses, such as in the field of water treatment for fluoride removal.
Fig. 4 illustrates a process for synthesizing strontium ferrite graphene nanocomposite, in accordance with embodiment of present disclosure. Initially, graphene oxide (GO), in the amount of 0.9 grams, is subjected to ultrasonication within a mixture of 80 milliliters of ethylene glycol. The ultrasonication process, executed for approximately 6-7 hours, ensures the complete dissolution of GO in the ethylene glycol medium. Said ultrasonication step is critical to achieve a homogenous distribution of GO particles, which is essential for the subsequent formation of the nanocomposite.
Following the dissolution of GO, the reaction mixture is prepared for the addition of metal nitrates. Specifically, 1.72 grams of iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate (Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O), 0.95 grams of strontium nitrate hexahydrate (Sr(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), and 1.5 grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are introduced into the GO-ethylene glycol solution. Said reagents are selected for their roles in the formation of the Strontium Ferrite component of the nanocomposite. The addition of NaOH serves to precipitate the ferrite material from the solution. The mixture is then subjected to continuous stirring for 60 minutes. Said stirring is conducted at a sufficient temperature to promote the reaction between the metal nitrates and the GO, leading to the formation of the desired nanocomposite structure. After the completion of the stirring period, the reaction mixture is carefully transferred into a 100 millilitres Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave.
The Teflon lining is essential to prevent any reaction between the mixture and the autoclave material. The sealed autoclave is then placed in an oven and maintained at a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius for a duration of 6 hours. Said hydrothermal treatment facilitates the chemical interaction necessary to synthesize the nanocomposite. Once the hydrothermal process is concluded, the autoclave is allowed to cool to ambient temperature naturally. Said gradual cooling process is important to ensure the proper formation of the nanocomposite particles. The resultant black precipitate, which contains the synthesized Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, is then separated from the reaction medium. To purify, the nanocomposite is washed several times with ethanol (EtOH).
The washing process serves to remove any unreacted starting materials and by-products. Finally, the washed precipitate is transferred to a vacuum oven where the washed precipitate is dried at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius. The drying under vacuum ensures the removal of all solvent traces and results in the obtainment of the final product, a dry, free-flowing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite powder. Saidmaterial, owing to the unique composition and structure, is particularly suitable for the removal of fluoride ions from water, addressing a crucial need in the realm of water purification.
Fig. 5 illustrates powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) of the nanocomposite, conducted over a 2 theta range of 5 to 80 degrees, revealed key structural insights. A 001 reflection at approximately 10 degrees indicates a basal spacing of 8.80 Å, characteristic of oxygen-containing functional groups (-OH, -COOH) acquired during the oxidation of graphite. Minor peaks at 2 theta values of 25.2° and 42.7° correspond to interlayer spacings of 4.001 Å and 2.128 Å, respectively, highlighting the material's semi-crystalline and amorphous nature. In the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Oxide Composite (SF-GOC), a prominent peak at 25.6 degrees with a 3.47 Å spacing, along with additional peaks at 29.8°, 35.0°, 42.6°, 43.9°, 49.7°, and 56.7°, showcases varied interplanar spacings from 2.99 to 1.62 nm. Said findings suggest successful deposition of strontium ferrite onto the GO, forming a composite material devoid of detectable GO signatures, indicative of a well-structured surface.
Fig. 6 showcases microscopic characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis (SEM) analysis of graphene oxide and Strontium ferrite and graphene oxide-based nanocomposite.
Fig. 7 showcases microscopic characterization through transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis of graphene oxide and Strontium ferrite and graphene oxide-based nanocomposite.
According to Table 1 illustrated below, tabulates the adsorption capacity of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Oxide Composite for fluoride removal was studied under various conditions (such as, Fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 4 g/L, pH: 6.7, stirring rate: 180 rpm) is illustrated. Contact time proved vital; removal efficiency increased substantially from 42.9% at 15 minutes to a plateau of 97.5% from 180 minutes onward.
Reaction time (min)
Fluoride Removal efficiency (%)

15
42.9

30
45.9

45
68.4

60
82

75
84.6

90
86.7

120
88.9

180
97.5

240
97.5

300
97.5

Table 1
Operations in accordance with a variety of aspects of the disclosure is described above would not have to be performed in the precise order described. Rather, various steps can be handled in reverse order or simultaneously or not at all.
While several implementations have been described and illustrated herein, a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein may be utilized, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the implementations described herein. More generally, all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific implementations described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing implementations are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, implementations may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Implementations of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

I/We claims:

1. A system 100 for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for fluoride removal in water treatment, the apparatus 100 comprising:
a mixing vessel 102 receives graphene oxide and ethylene glycol to create a mixture;
a first dispenser unit 104 for adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the mixture within the mixing vessel;
a stirring unit 106 associated with the mixing vessel for stirring the mixture;
a pH adjustment means 108 for dispensing sodium hydroxide into the mixing vessel to adjust the pH;
a cooling module 110 to cool the reaction mixture to precipitate the nanocomposite particles;
a filtration unit 112 to separate and collect the precipitated nanocomposite particles from the reaction mixture;
a washing station 114 to wash the collected nanocomposite particles with ethanol; and
a drying station 116 for drying the washed nanocomposite particles to yield a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixing vessel is equipped with a temperature control means to maintain the reaction mixture at a predetermined temperature during the reaction.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a control unit configured to automate the sequential operation of the first dispenser unit, the stirring unit, the pH adjustment means, the cooling module, the filtration unit, the washing station, and the drying station to produce the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a secondary dispenser unit for adding a dispersant agent into the mixing vessel to facilitate the uniform dispersion of graphene oxide in the ethylene glycol.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the drying station comprises a vacuum drying feature for drying of the washed nanocomposite particles.
6. A method 200 for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for water treatment to remove fluoride, the method 200 comprising:
(at step 202) dispersing graphene oxide in ethylene glycol;
(at step 204) adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the dispersion;
(at step 206) stirring the mixture and adjusting the pH using sodium hydroxide to produce a reaction mixture;
(at step 208) cooling the reaction mixture to precipitate nanocomposite particles;
(at step 210) washing the precipitated nanocomposite particles with ethanol; and
(at step 212) drying the washed nanocomposite particles to obtain a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
7. The method 200 as claimed in claim 6, wherein the graphene oxide is produced by:
combining graphite powder with a mixture of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate;
adding potassium permanganate to the mixture under stirring condition to produce a reaction blend;
cooling the reaction blend;
adding hydrogen peroxide to the cooled reaction blend to obtain a dark paste;
diluting the dark paste with water and heating the diluted paste;
depositing the diluted paste on a substrate to form a thin layer; and
drying the thin layer to obtain graphene oxide.
8. A water purification device incorporating the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite produced by the apparatus 100, the device comprising:
a housing with an integrated water inlet and a treated water outlet for the passage of water;
an internal chamber within the housing designed to hold a quantity of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, for the adsorption of fluoride ions;
a fluid distribution unit engineered to channel water from the inlet, uniformly across the nanocomposite within the chamber, thereby ensuring maximal contact and fluoride ion removal efficiency;
a monitoring unit equipped with sensors located at the water inlet and treated water outlet, configured to measure fluoride ion concentration levels in the water entering and exiting the device, thereby evaluating the treatment efficacy;
mechanical sealing elements to prevent bypass flow and ensure that all incoming water interacts with the nanocomposite; and
a maintenance access port allowing for replacement or replenishment of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite to maintain the effectiveness of the device over time.

SUSTAINABLE FLUORIDE REMOVAL NANOCOMPOSITE FOR WATER TREATMENT

The present disclosure provides an apparatus for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for fluoride removal in water treatment. The apparatus comprises a mixing vessel that receives graphene oxide and ethylene glycol to create a mixture, a first dispenser unit for adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the mixture, a stirring unit associated with the mixing vessel for stirring the mixture, and a pH adjustment means for dispensing sodium hydroxide into the mixing vessel to adjust the pH. Additionally, a cooling module cools the reaction mixture to precipitate the nanocomposite particles, a filtration unit separates and collects the precipitated nanocomposite particles, a washing station washes the collected nanocomposite particles with ethanol, and a drying station dries the washed nanocomposite particles to yield a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.

Drawings
/
FIG 1

/
Fig 2
/
FIG. 3
/
FIG. 4
/

FIG. 5

/
FIG. 6

/
FIG. 7

, Claims:I/We claims:

1. A system 100 for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for fluoride removal in water treatment, the apparatus 100 comprising:
a mixing vessel 102 receives graphene oxide and ethylene glycol to create a mixture;
a first dispenser unit 104 for adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the mixture within the mixing vessel;
a stirring unit 106 associated with the mixing vessel for stirring the mixture;
a pH adjustment means 108 for dispensing sodium hydroxide into the mixing vessel to adjust the pH;
a cooling module 110 to cool the reaction mixture to precipitate the nanocomposite particles;
a filtration unit 112 to separate and collect the precipitated nanocomposite particles from the reaction mixture;
a washing station 114 to wash the collected nanocomposite particles with ethanol; and
a drying station 116 for drying the washed nanocomposite particles to yield a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixing vessel is equipped with a temperature control means to maintain the reaction mixture at a predetermined temperature during the reaction.
3. The system of claim 1, further comprising a control unit configured to automate the sequential operation of the first dispenser unit, the stirring unit, the pH adjustment means, the cooling module, the filtration unit, the washing station, and the drying station to produce the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a secondary dispenser unit for adding a dispersant agent into the mixing vessel to facilitate the uniform dispersion of graphene oxide in the ethylene glycol.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the drying station comprises a vacuum drying feature for drying of the washed nanocomposite particles.
6. A method 200 for producing Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite for water treatment to remove fluoride, the method 200 comprising:
(at step 202) dispersing graphene oxide in ethylene glycol;
(at step 204) adding iron nitrate and strontium nitrate to the dispersion;
(at step 206) stirring the mixture and adjusting the pH using sodium hydroxide to produce a reaction mixture;
(at step 208) cooling the reaction mixture to precipitate nanocomposite particles;
(at step 210) washing the precipitated nanocomposite particles with ethanol; and
(at step 212) drying the washed nanocomposite particles to obtain a Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite.
7. The method 200 as claimed in claim 6, wherein the graphene oxide is produced by:
combining graphite powder with a mixture of sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate;
adding potassium permanganate to the mixture under stirring condition to produce a reaction blend;
cooling the reaction blend;
adding hydrogen peroxide to the cooled reaction blend to obtain a dark paste;
diluting the dark paste with water and heating the diluted paste;
depositing the diluted paste on a substrate to form a thin layer; and
drying the thin layer to obtain graphene oxide.
8. A water purification device incorporating the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite produced by the apparatus 100, the device comprising:
a housing with an integrated water inlet and a treated water outlet for the passage of water;
an internal chamber within the housing designed to hold a quantity of Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite, for the adsorption of fluoride ions;
a fluid distribution unit engineered to channel water from the inlet, uniformly across the nanocomposite within the chamber, thereby ensuring maximal contact and fluoride ion removal efficiency;
a monitoring unit equipped with sensors located at the water inlet and treated water outlet, configured to measure fluoride ion concentration levels in the water entering and exiting the device, thereby evaluating the treatment efficacy;
mechanical sealing elements to prevent bypass flow and ensure that all incoming water interacts with the nanocomposite; and
a maintenance access port allowing for replacement or replenishment of the Strontium Ferrite Graphene Nanocomposite to maintain the effectiveness of the device over time.

SUSTAINABLE FLUORIDE REMOVAL NANOCOMPOSITE FOR WATER TREATMENT