DESC:Synergistic Herbicidal Combination of Glufosinate Ammonium and Paraquat Dichloride
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising the combination of glufosinate and paraquat in EC / WDG / SC / SL / OD / OS / Solid Granules and other formulations in different percentages. More precisely, the subject of the present invention is a synergistic herbicidal composition based on a combination of glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride optionally with at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient which will facilitate in the preparation of desired formulations. The present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of synergistic herbicidal composition thereof and use of this combination for contending weeds and protecting the crop from being affected with such weeds during its growth.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Crop protection is the practice of protecting the crop yields from pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that damage agricultural crops, which is critical from early stages of crop development. Preventing weed growth in the entire crop cycle, i.e., from root development to maturing crop, leads to increased crop quality and yield. The control of weeds is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Unwanted vegetation causes significant damage to vegetables, fields, cereal, fruit and other crops that compete with crops for nutrients, water, and sunlight leading to reduction in productivity, yield and quality of the crops. Herbicides help to minimize this damage by controlling the growth of weeds. The use of two or more appropriate active ingredient combinations in specific dose ratios leads to synergism in crop protection. In addition to this, often highly destructive weeds can be difficult to control and may develop resistance to commercial herbicides. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but there is still a continues need to develop new herbicidal combinations which are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer and have different sites of action.
The biggest challenge in field of crop protection is to reduce the dosage rate of active ingredients in order to diminish or circumvent environmental or toxicological effects without compromising on effective crop protection against weeds, in addition to long lasting and broad spectrum of weed control. Another challenge is to reduce the excessive application of solo chemical compounds or herbicides which invariably helps in rapid selection of weeds and aid in developing natural or adapted resistance against the active compound in question.
Therefore, it is indeed necessary to use the herbicide combinations in lower doses, fast acting with the different mode of action that can provide long lasting control against broad spectrum weed control and check the resistance development in weeds. The composition should have high synergistic action, no cross resistance to existing herbicides, avoid excess loading of the toxicant to the environment and negligible impact to environmental safety. A need also exists for synergistic herbicidal compositions which could be physico-compatible formulations in the form of storage stable, safely packed, ready to use formulation.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is to provide an herbicide mixture or combination which solves at least one of the major problems discussed above like reducing the dosage rate, broadening the spectrum of activity, or combining activity with prolonged weed control and resistance management with improved environmental safety by reducing toxicity and residue deposit in soil and in crops.
The details of one or more embodiments of this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying description below and other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure / specification refers to a synergistic herbicidal composition and the process for the preparation for crop protection.
The term “combination” can be replaced with the words “mixture” or “composition” defined or refers to as combining two or more active ingredients formulated in desired formulations.
The term “pesticide” as used in this specification refers to a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or weeds which causes damage to the crop. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are mainly used as pesticides which control weeds and insect pests and disease-causing pathogens respectively that eventually leads to high yield of crops.
The term “Herbicides” as used in this specification refers to a substance or mixture of substances used to kill, control or eliminate unwanted plants or vegetation, commonly known as weeds that causes economic damage to crops and ornamental plants.
The term “synergism” as used in this specification refers to the interaction between two or more active compounds or other factors to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. The present invention involves the mixture of two active ingredients which has increased efficacy when compared to individual use and admixture of those components.
Conventional herbicides have typical spectrums and effects, are limited to certain weeds only and their controlling activities are sometimes poor and not satisfactorily maintained for prolonged period of time, and those satisfactory herbicidal effects cannot be practically achieved. Even though, some herbicides may bear satisfactory herbicidal effects, they require improvements in respect of environment & health safety and are also demanded to achieve a high herbicidal effect at a smaller dosage and lack of resistance management.
We found that this objective in part or as a whole can be achieved by the combination of active compounds defined at the outset. The present inventors have intensively studied to solve these problems. We have found that by combining herbicide composition having glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride in different formulation and percentages have astonishing effects of controlling weeds and by reducing amount of dosage than in a case of using an active compound alone and admixture of those compounds.
This combination can be developed in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation and with different percentages and can be used as early-post or post-emergent herbicidal combination for foliar applications or soil applications. This herbicidal combination can also effectively check the weeds and resistance development of weeds in various crops.
The present invention involves the mixture of two active ingredients which are glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are described herein thereof.
Glufosinate ammonium (IUPAC name: 2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl] butanoate, molecular formula: C5H15N2O4P, molecular weight: 198.16 g/mol) also known as phosphinothricin, primarily used as a post-emergent herbicide and systemic herbicide. Glufosinate controls weeds by inhibiting glutamine synthetase leads to several immediate metabolic dysfunctions there by control growth of the weeds.

Paraquat (IUPAC name: 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium; molecular formula: C12H14Cl2N2, ¬molecular weight: 257.16 g/mol) is a widely known bipyridyl herbicide that acts by targeting chloroplast and transferring electrons from photosystem I to molecular oxygen to generate toxic reactive oxygen species, which efficiently induce membrane damage and cell death. Paraquat is commonly used in the form of its dichloride salt. It is used for broad-spectrum control of broad-leaved weeds and grasses and for inter-row weed control in many crops. It is also used for general weed control on non-crop land.
The present invention provides a novel synergistic herbicide composition having glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride and purpose thereof. This herbicidal composition acts by interference/inhibition of associated enzyme glutamine synthetase and induces membrane damage. Herbicide composition can be used as early post and post-emergent composition and enable broad spectrum satisfactory weed control and protect the several crop from sedges, annual grasses and broad leaf weeds for prolonged period of time at lower dose with no phytotoxic effect. It also prevents the weed crop from rejuvenation and further regeneration.
The first embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising:
glufosinate ammonium and
paraquat dichloride.
First aspect of the first embodiment, the synergistic herbicidal composition comprising a combination of glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride; wherein glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-40).
The second embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising:
glufosinate ammonium;
paraquat dichloride; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
First aspect of the second embodiment, the synergistic herbicidal composition comprising a combination of glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride; wherein glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-40).
Second aspect of the second embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to liquid medium, surfactant, stabilizer, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, dispersing agent, adjuvant and antibacterial agent. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, liquid medium acts as a carrier for the active ingredients and provides a stable environment for suspension selected form but not limited to water and organic solvents; preferably water.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, surfactant includes anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant, cationic surfactant and amphoteric surfactant.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anionic surfactant selected from but not limited to alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates and sodium lauryl sulfate,
Further aspect of the second embodiment, nonionic surfactants selected from but not limited to alkyl polyglucosides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, sorbitan esters; preferably alkyl polyglucosides; more preferably decyl glucoside.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, cationic surfactants selected from but not limited to alkyl trimethyl ammonium salts and alkyl benzyl ammonium salts.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, amphoteric surfactants selected from but not limited to cocamidopropyl betaine, coco betaine and sodium lauroamphoacetate.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizer includes antioxidant, chelating agent, pH adjusters, UV absorber, stabilizing polymers and inert.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antifreezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and urea; preferably propylene glycol.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, dispersing agents selected from but not limited to polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, sodium polyacrylate, sodium lignosulfonate, ammonium polyacrylate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, ethoxylated alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and sodium tripolyphosphate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate), gum arabic, carbomer and polyacrylic acid.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, adjuvant includes but not limited to spreader, colorant, sticker, penetrant, preservative, drift control agent, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binders and safener.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, colorant is water soluble anionic blue dye.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and sodium salt (DBSA); preferably benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).
The third embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising:
glufosinate ammonium;
paraquat dichloride;
liquid medium;
nonionic surfactant;
antifreezing agent;
colorant; and
antibacterial agent.
First aspect of the third embodiment, the synergistic herbicidal composition comprising a combination of glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride; wherein glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-40).
Second aspect of the third embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to liquid medium, surfactant, anti-freezing agent, colorant and antibacterial agent. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, liquid medium acts as a carrier for the active ingredients and provides a stable environment for suspension selected form but not limited to water and organic solvents; preferably water.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, surfactant includes nonionic surfactant.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, nonionic surfactants selected from but not limited to alkyl polyglucosides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, sorbitan esters; preferably alkyl polyglucosides; more preferably decyl glucoside.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, antifreezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and urea; preferably propylene glycol.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, colorant is water soluble anionic blue dye.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and sodium salt (DBSA); preferably benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).
The fourth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising:
glufosinate ammonium and
paraquat dichloride.
The first aspect of fourth embodiment, the synergistic herbicidal composition comprising a combination of glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride; wherein glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-40).
Second aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of the fourth embodiment comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient thereof which is / are used in preparation desired formulation.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of the fourth embodiment is formulated as soluble liquid (SL).

The fifth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising:
glufosinate ammonium;
paraquat dichloride;
water;
decyl glucoside;
propylene glycol;
water soluble anionic blue dye; and
benzisothiazolin-3-one.
First aspect of the fifth embodiment, the synergistic herbicidal composition comprising a combination of glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride; wherein glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-40); more preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-40).
Further aspect of the fifth embodiment, the composition of fifth embodiment is formulated as soluble liquid (SL).
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of an herbicidal formulation comprising:
add water into premix vessel,
add glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride to the above vessel and stir to get clear solution.
Add anti-freezing, surfactant, colorant, anti-bacterial agent to the above vessel under continuous stirring to get clear solution.
then material is transferred into the post blender and mixed well until a homogenous slurry is obtained. Pack the formulation and seal it.
Another embodiment of the present invention, a method of controlling annual grasses, sedges and broad leaf weeds comprising synergistic herbicidal composition applying to the location of weed in effective amount.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the herbicidal composition obtained from the present used to control broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in rice, paddy, wheat, pineapple, sugarcane, maize and bananas crops. It is also used in multiple crops, including cereal and grains, grasses, IVM and grape orchards and thereof.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the herbicidal composition obtained from the present shows synergistic effects of better weed control with minimum herbicidal resistance and improved crop yield and quality.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the synergistic herbicidal composition can be applied to early post-emergence or post-emergence stages by conventional spraying methods, such as foliar application etc., over the target areas of weeds or vegetation at same time avoiding excessive drift or runoff of the composition securing thorough coverage.
Advantages of the Present Invention:
The synergistic herbicidal composition of present invention can be used in both early post-emergence and post-emergence stages for effective weed control to increase the yield of crops compare to single component of composition and market standards.
The novel, innovative and synergistic herbicidal composition of present invention provides better weed management in agricultural and non-agricultural fields.
The synergistic herbicidal composition of present invention is effective and efficacy composition compared to a single component of composition and market standards.
The synergistic herbicidal composition of the present invention avoids or reduces the damage of crops and shows no phytotoxicity.
Higher efficacy against broader spectrum of unwanted weeds compared to single component and market standards without any environmental pollution.
The best mode of carrying present invention is described in the below given examples. These examples are merely for illustrative purpose only, not to determine the scope of the invention and in no way limit the scope or spirit of the present invention.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE 1: SOLUBLE LIQUID (SL) FORMULATION OF SYNERGISTIC HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION:
TABLE 1:
S. No Ingredient Weight / Weight %
1 Glufosinate ammonium 13.5
2 Paraquat dichloride 25
3 Decyl glucoside 10
4 Propylene glycol 20
5 Water soluble anionic blue dye 0.01
6 Benzisothiazolin-3-one 0.2
7 Water QS
Total 100
EXAMPLE 2: PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE LIQUID (SL) OF SYNERGISTIC HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION.
Add water, glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride into the pre blender in the above-mentioned ratios and mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained. add surfactants, anti-freezing agent, colorants and anti-bacterial agent in the above-mentioned ratios into the above mixture and mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained.
EXAMPLE 3: BIO EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY TESTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
Presently to evaluate the efficacy of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL formulation against grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds as post emergent herbicide in cotton and to test phytotoxicity of the molecule on the crop have been conducted. Along with glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL. The test molecule is tested at three dose levels viz., low, medium, and high along with the sole molecule as individual treatments and their efficiency comparison is done with the current competitive market standards. To justify the results, the overall effect and other parameters are calculated over untreated check. The cotton crop is first divided into plots for each treatment and replicated three times following randomized block design. The spraying method followed was foliar application with the help of a knapsack sprayer and the sprays are done in cotton as post emergent herbicide.
Method of Observations:
No. of weed /1 sq meter area: Take 4 sticks/pipes of 1 metre each and tie their ends/joints so that they make a square shape. Before taking the weed counts, the square should be placed in the treated plot randomly and the number of weed species in the 1metre area is counted.
Take the observation of individual weed species to understand or draw conclusions on the efficacy of the herbicide against individual weeds. The observations were taken at 15, 30 and 45 days after application (DAA).
Take the observation on the crop safety of the herbicide i.e., phytotoxicity / softener observation of herbicide after application at 5 and 10 days after application.
Parameters of Observations:
The weeds controlled in each treatment are calculated as percent weed controlled over untreated or controlled plot. The percent weed control is calculated by the following formula –
% weed control = (No.of weeds in control plot-No.of weeds in treated plot )/(No.of weeds in control plot)× 100
The effect of these herbicides when applied on cotton is assessed based on the yield (tons per hectare).
Results:
The different types and species of weeds found in this experiment in cotton field were enlisted below,
Grasses: Eleusine indica and Brachiaria eruciformis.
Broad Leaved Weeds: Amaranthus viridis, Phalaris minor and Euphorbia hirta
Sedges: Cyprus rotundus

Table 1. Efficacy of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL formulation against grassy weeds.
Treatments Dose /
ha
(gm/L) Pre-Count 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 35 Days Average Percent
Weed
Control
E.i B.e E.i B.e E.i B.e E.i B.e E.i B.e E.i B.e E.i B.e
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2000 48 20 10 1 3 5 8 12 13 15 16.4 10.6 79.08 81.27
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2500 50 19 7 0 1 0 5 7 12 10 15 7.2 80.87 87.28
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 3000 47 18 3 0 0 0 0 3 5 6 11 5.4 85.97 90.46
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL 2500 49 20 20 6 7 14 12 19 18 22 21.2 16.2 72.96 71.38
Paraquat 25% SL 2500 46 19 21 5 9 17 15 20 19 22 22 16.6 71.94 70.67
Glufosinate ammonium 13.4%+Oxyfluorfen 4.8% EW 3000 47 20 26 7 10 18 16 25 20 28 23.8 19.6 69.64 65.37
Indaziflam 1.65%+ Glyphosate Isopropylammonium 44.63% SC 3500 50 19 25 8 17 18 19 27 24 36 27 21.6 65.56 61.84
Untreated control -- 50 20 65 39 80 53 91 72 106 99 78.4 56.6
DAA – Days after application
E. i – Eleusine indica
B. e – Brachiaria eruciformis
The grassy weeds found in the cotton agro-ecosystem in this experiment were Eleusine indica and Brachiaria eruciformis respectively. The weed population before spraying ranged between 46-50 weeds/sq.m in E. indica and 18-20 weeds/sq.m in B. eruciformis. After the application of different herbicide treatments, the herbicide combination treatments glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000ml/ha and 2500ml/ha showed maximum reduction in weed population. The weed population recorded were 3 (E. indica), 0 (B. eruciformis) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000ml/ha) and 7 (E. indica), 0 (B. eruciformis) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2500ml/ha) at 7 days after application, 0 weeds/m2 in both species (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000ml/ha) at 14 Days after spraying. At 28 days after spraying the weed population recorded was 0, 5 weeds/m2 (E. indica) and 3, 7 weeds/m2 (B. eruciformis) when glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL applied at 3000ml/ha and 2500ml/ha. At 35 days after spraying the weed population recorded was 5, 12 weeds/m2 (E. indica) and 6, 10 weeds/m2 (B. eruciformis) when glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL applied at 3000ml/ha and 2500ml/ha. The average weeds population after the entire spraying was recorded he lowest in glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2000 ml/ha with 13 E. indica weeds/m2 and 15 B. eruciformis weeds/m2 at 35 DAA which were performing superior to market standards. The percent weed control recorded in all the treatments proved that glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000 ml/ha were showing maximum weed control 85.97% (E. indica) and 90.46% (B. eruciformis) and at 2500 ml/ha recorded 80.87% (E. indica) and 87.28% (B. eruciformis) of weed control there by proving that these molecules when applied in combination at the doses of 3000, 2500 ml/ha showed synergistic activity and weeds control superior to market standard. Even the treatment glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 2000 ml/ha (lowest dose of the herbicide combination) also showed percent weed control of 79.08% (E. indica) and 81.27% (B. eruciformis) which is also superior to the market standard.
Table 2. Efficacy of Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL formulation against broad leaved weeds.
Treatments Dose/ ha
(gm/L) Pre-Count 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 35 Days Average Percent Weed Control
A.v P.m E.h A.v P.m E.h A.v P.m E.h A.v P.m E.h A.v P.m E.h A.v P.m E. h A.v P.m E. h
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2000 140 30 33 18 2 1 28 9 9 37 14 15 43 18 19 31.5 10.75 11 80.56 75.84 79.91
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2500 142 28 32 15 0 0 22 8 9 33 15 17 38 17 20 27 10 11.5 83.33 77.53 79.00
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 3000 140 30 35 10 0 0 15 0 1 18 5 9 20 12 11 15.75 4.25 5.25 90.28 90.45 90.41
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL 2500 141 29 34 41 11 12 22 8 5 35 14 16 46 29 20 36 15.5 13.25 77.78 65.17 75.80
Paraquat 25% SL 2500 140 28 32 56 17 13 25 10 9 40 19 19 51 26 22 43 18 15.75 73.46 59.55 71.23
Glufosinate ammonium 13.4%+Oxyfluorfen 4.8% EW 3000 142 27 35 64 18 17 35 13 11 45 21 23 58 25 25 50.5 19.25 19 68.83 56.74 65.30
Indaziflam 1.65%+ Glyphosate Isopropylammonium 44.63% SC 3500 142 29 33 70 15 20 44 15 17 56 24 28 62 28 30 58 20.5 23.75 64.20 53.93 56.62
Untreated control -- 142 30 35 160 45 50 151 35 49 162 47 56 175 51 64 162 44.5 54.75
A.v – Amaranthus viridis
P.m – Phalaris minor
E.h – Euphorbia hirta
The broad-leaved weeds species identified in the cotton field were Amaranthus viridis, Phalaris minor and Euphorbia hirta. The population before spraying ranged between 140-142 weeds/m2 in A.viridis, 27-30 weeds/m2 in P. minor and 32-35 weeds/ m2 in E.hirta. After the application of different herbicide treatments, the herbicide combination treatments glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000ml/ha and 2500 ml/ha showed maximum reduction in weed population with 10 (A.viridis), 0 (P. minor and E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000ml/ha) and 15 (A.viridis), 0 (P. minor and E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2500ml/ha) at 7 days after application. At 14 DAA, 15 (A.viridis), 0 (P. minor), 1 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000ml/ha) and 22 (A.viridis), 8 (P. minor), 9 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2500ml/ha. At 28 days after spraying the weed population recorded was 18 (A.viridis), 5 (P. minor), 9 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000ml/ha) and 33 (A.viridis), 15 (P. minor), 17 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2500ml/ha. At 35 days after spraying the weed population recorded was 20 (A.viridis), 12 (P. minor), 11 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000ml/ha) and 38 (A.viridis), 17 (P. minor), 20 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 (glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2500ml/ha. The average weeds population after the entire spraying was recorded, the lowest in glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000 ml/ha with 15.75 (A.viridis), 4.25 (P. minor), 5.25 (E.hirta) weeds/m2 which were performing superior to market standards. The percent weed control recorded in all the treatments proved that glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000 ml/ha were showing maximum weed control 90.28% (A.viridis), 90.45% (P. minor), 90.41% (E.hirta) and at 2500 ml/ha recorded 83.33% (A.viridis), 77.53% (P. minor), 79% (E.hirta) of weed control there by proving that these molecules when applied in combination at the doses of 3000, 2500 ml/ha showed synergistic activity and weeds control superior to market standard. Even the treatment glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 2000 ml/ha (lowest dose of the herbicide combination) also showed percent weed control of 80.56% (A.viridis), 75.84% (P. minor), 79.91% (E.hirta) which is also superior to the market standard.

Table 3. Efficacy of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL formulation against Sedges.
Treatments Dose / ha
(gm/L) Pre-Count 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days 35 Days Average Percent
Weed Control
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2000 25 7 2 9 15 8.25 85.33
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2500 23 5 1 6 10 5.5 90.22
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 3000 25 3 1 4 8 4 92.89
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL 2500 24 9 8 10 15 10.5 81.33
Paraquat 25% SL 2500 25 12 10 13 19 13.5 76.00
Glufosinate ammonium 13.4% + Oxyfluorfen 4.8% EW 3000 23 15 10 14 19 14.5 74.22
Indaziflam 1.65% + Glyphosate Isopropylammonium 44.63% SC 3500 22 18 13 15 21 16.75 70.22
Untreated control -- 25 35 48 62 80 56.25
C.r – Cyperus rotundus
The sedge weeds species found in the cotton field in this experiment belong to single species i.e., Cyperus rotundus. The population before spraying ranged between 22-25 weeds/m2. After the application of different herbicide treatments, the herbicide combination treatments glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000 ml/ha and 2500ml/ha showed maximum reduction in weed population of 3, 5 weeds/m2 at 7 Days after spraying, 1 weeds/m2 in glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000 ml/ha and 2500 ml/ha at 14 days after spraying. At 14 DAA 4, 6 weeds/m2, in glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000 ml/ha and 2500 ml/ha. At 35 Days 8 weeds/m2, 10 weeds/m2 in glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000 ml/ha and @ 2500ml/ha in the weed species viz., C. rotundus. The average weeds population after the entire spraying was recorded the lowest in glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 3000 ml/ha with 4 weeds/m2 and followed by glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL @ 2500 ml/ha with 5.5 weeds/m2 which were performing superior to market standards. The percent weed control recorded in all the treatments proved that glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000 ml/ha were showing maximum weed control 92.89% and at 2500 ml/ha recorded 90.22% of weed control. Even the treatment glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL when applied at 2000 ml/ha (lowest dose of the herbicide combination) also showed percent weed control of 85.33% which is also superior to the market standard.
Table 4. Phytotoxicity of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL formulation on cotton.
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL @ 2000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL @2500ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL @3000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL @ 2500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paraquat 25% SL @2500ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glufosinate ammonium 13.4%+Oxyfluorfen 4.8% EW @ 3000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Indaziflam 1.65% + Glyphosate Isopropylammonium 44.63% SC @ 3500ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated control 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the herbicide combination i.e., Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL on cotton was tested after 5 and 10 Days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present herbicide combination can be considered a safe molecule.
Table 5. Effect of glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + paraquat 25% SL formulation on cotton yield
Treatments Dose / Ha
(gms/ml) Yield
(T/Ha)

Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2000 1.95
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 2500 1.97
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL 3000 2
Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL 2500 1.85
Paraquat 25% SL 2500 1.7
Glufosinate ammonium 13.4% + Oxyfluorfen 4.8% EW 3000 1.5
Indaziflam 1.65% + Glyphosate Isopropylammonium 44.63% SC 3500 1.4
Untreated control -- 1
The cane yield among different herbicide treatments showed, Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% + Paraquat 25% SL when applied at 3000ml/ha, 2500ml/ha and 2000ml/ha recorded the highest yield of 2 t/ha, 1.97 t/ha and 1.95 t/ha which shows that the herbicidal combination when applied at three different doses viz., high, medium, and low have similar positive effect on the cane yield of cotton. While the same herbicides when applied alone i.e., Glufosinate ammonium 13.5% SL @ 2500 ml/ha gave 1.85 t/ha, Paraquat 25% SL @ 2500 ml/ha gave 1.7 t/ha. It is evident based on the results the herbicide combination has a synergistic effect when applied together especially improved the crop quality in the current case.
It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to a particular compositions or specific constituents, which can, of course, vary and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting the scope of the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the disclosure(s), specific examples of appropriate materials and methods are described herein. The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinarily skilled in the art a complete description of how to make and use the embodiments of the compositions or specific constituents, methods of practice, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention that is obvious to persons skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
While specific embodiments of the present invention are explicitly disclosed herein, the above specification and examples herein are illustrative and not restrictive. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the embodiments below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the embodiments, along with their full scope of equivalents and the specification, along with such variations. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS:
We Claim:
A synergistic herbicidal composition comprising:
glufosinate ammonium;
paraquat dichloride; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the herbicidal composition glufosinate ammonium and paraquat dichloride are present in the weight ratio of (1-40): (1-40).
The composition as claimed in claim 1, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from liquid medium, surfactant, antifreezing agent, colorant and/or antibacterial agent.
The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the herbicidal composition is formulated as soluble liquid (SL).
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the herbicidal composition is used for to control annual grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds and in rice, wheat, fruits, roots, tubers, vegetables, maize, grains, sugarcane, cereals, field crops and various other crops for general weed control.
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, composition is applied to early-post and post-emergence stages of crops by conventional methods.