DESC:Synergistic Insecticidal Combination of Profenofos and Indoxacarb
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising the combination of organophosphate insecticides and indoxacarb in EC / WDG / SC / SL / OD / OS / Solid Granules and other formulations in different percentages. More precisely, the subject of the present invention is a synergistic insecticidal composition based on a combination of profenofos and indoxacarb optionally with at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient which will facilitate in the preparation of desired formulations. The present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of synergistic insecticidal composition thereof and use of this combination for combating insecticides in and on the seeds and plants at different growth stages for crop protection and good yields.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Crop protection is the practice of protecting the crop yields from pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that damage agricultural crops, which is critical from early stages of crop development. Preventing pests and diseases in the entire crop cycle, i.e., from root development to maturing crop, leads to increased crop quality and yield. The control of insects is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Generally, insects are very destructive to crop plants and can significantly reduce crop yields and quality. Insecticides help to minimize this damage by controlling insect pests. The use of two or more appropriate active ingredient combinations in specific dose ratios leads to synergism in crop protection. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but there is still a continues need to develop new insecticidal combinations which are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer and have different sites of action.
The biggest challenge in the field of crop protection is to reduce the dosage rate of active ingredients to diminish or circumvent environmental or toxicological effects without compromising on effective crop protection against insects, in addition to long lasting and broad-spectrum of protection from insects. Another challenge is to reduce the excessive application of solo chemical compounds or insecticides which invariably helps in rapid selection of insects and aid in developing natural or adapted resistance against the active compound in question.
Therefore, it is indeed necessary to use the insecticidal combinations in lower doses, fast acting with the different mode of action that can provide long lasting control against broad spectrum of insects and check the resistance development in insects. The composition should have high synergistic action, no cross resistance to existing insecticides, avoid excess loading of the toxicant to the environment and negligible impact to environmental safety. A need also exists for synergistic insecticidal compositions which could be physico-compatible formulations in the form of storage stable, safely packed, ready to use formulation.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is to provide an insecticidal mixture or combination which solves at least one of the major problems discussed above like reducing the dosage rate, broadening the spectrum of activity, or combining activity with prolonged pest control and resistance management with improved environmental safety by reducing toxicity and residue deposit in soil and in crops.
The details of one or more embodiments of this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying description below and other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure / specification refers to a synergistic insecticidal composition and the process for the preparation for crop protection.
The term “combination” can be replaced with the words “mixture” or “composition” defined or refers to as combining two or more active ingredients formulated in desired formulations.
The term “pesticide” as used in this specification refers to a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or weeds which causes damage to the crop. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are mainly used as pesticides which control weeds and insect pests and disease-causing pathogens respectively that eventually leads to high yield of crops.
The term “insecticide” as used in this specification refers to a type of chemical compound or substance specifically designed to protect crops and kill or control insects in various agricultural, residential, and public health settings. Integrated pest management practices are encouraged, combining multiple strategies, including cultural, biological, and chemical methods, to reduce reliance on insecticides solely and promote pest control.
The term “synergism” as used in this specification refers to the interaction between two or more active compounds or other factors to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. The present invention involves the mixture of two active ingredients which has increased efficacy when compared to individual use and admixture of those components.
Conventional insecticides have poor activity, limited to certain insects, and are not satisfactorily maintained for prolonged periods. Even though some insecticides may bear satisfactory insecticidal effects, but they require improvements in respect of environment and health safety and are also required to achieve a high insecticidal effect at a smaller dosage and lack resistance management.
We found that this objective in part or complete can be achieved by the combination of active compounds defined at the outset. Thus, the present inventors have intensively studied to solve these problems and have found that by combining insecticide composition having profenofos and indoxacarb in different formulation and percentages have astonishing effects of controlling insects and by reducing amount of dosage than in a case of using an active compound alone and admixture of those compounds.
Therefore, the present invention provides a novel synergistic insecticidal composition having profenofos and indoxacarb and purpose thereof. The synergy of insecticidal composition has the main effective components of profenofos and indoxacarb, acts by inhibition of enzyme, acetylcholinesterase and voltage-dependent sodium channel blocking, respectively and can generate efficient synergism in continuous nerve stimulation and leads to the disruption of insect metabolism, and can enable broad spectrum satisfactory insect control and protect the several crop from sucking, chewing, caterpillars, borer pests and soil insects for prolonged period at lower dose with no phytotoxic effect.
This combination can be developed in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation and with different percentages for foliar applications or soil applications.
This insecticidal combination can effectively control sucking, chewing, caterpillars, borer insects and soil insects and check the resistance development in insects in several crops. This combination is also helpful in controlling insect vectors which transmit viral diseases in plants, and it can also be used in public health and household purposes for pest control. This can be a unique insecticide combination than the existing ones.
The present invention involves the mixture of two active ingredients which are classified under organophosphate insecticides and indoxacarb are described herein thereof.
Organophosphates (OP) are chemical substances produced by the process of esterification between phosphoric acid and alcohol. Organophosphates insecticides exert their effects by irreversibly binding with acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibits its activity. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme is responsible for hydrolysis of acetylcholine (Ach) in the nervous system. When an organophosphate inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme, excessive acetylcholine accumulates in the synapse, leading to overstimulation and eventual death.
Profenofos (IUPAC name: 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-[ethoxy(propylsulfanyl) phosphoryl] oxybenzene); molecular formula: C11H15BrClO3PS) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate (OP), non-systemic insecticide and acaricide which exhibits a translaminar effect and has ovicidal properties used for insect and mite control on a wide variety of crops and outstanding profile of low mammalian toxicity. Profenofos involves inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via phosphorylation of the serine residue at the active site of the enzyme. This inhibition leads to accumulation of acetylcholine and ultimately cause neurotoxicity in the central and/or peripheral nervous system leads to death of pest. It is used to control tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, armyworms (fall, beet), cotton aphid, spider mites, plant bugs, flea hoppers, and whiteflies on cotton, maize, sugar beet, soya beans, potatoes, vegetables, tobacco, and other crops.
Indoxacarb (IUPAC name: methyl 4aS-7- chloro-2-[methoxycarbonyl-[4-(trifluoro methoxy) phenyl] carbamoyl]-3,5-dihydro indeno [1,2e] [1,3,4] oxadiazine-4a-carboxylate; Molecular formula: C22H17ClF3N3O7) is an oxadiazine insecticide. It has a role of voltage-gated sodium channel blocker resulting in paralysis and death of targeted pests. It inhibits sodium channels and certain subtypes of nicotinic receptors. It is used as broad-spectrum insecticide to control pest, worm, caterpillars, weevils, leafhoppers, plant bugs, maggot, corn rootworm, in vegetables, tree fruits, corn soybeans, grapes etc., relatively low impact on non-target organisms and the environment.
The first embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
a) organophosphate insecticide; and
b) indoxacarb.
First aspect of the first embodiment, the organophosphate insecticide is selected from the group comprising azothoate, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, chlorthiophos, cyanophos, cythioate, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, etaphos, famphur, fenchlorphos, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, heterophos, jodfenphos, mesulfenfos, parathion, parathion-methyl, phosnichlor, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprofos, temephos, trichlormetaphos-3, and trifenofos; preferably profenofos.
Second aspect of the first embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of organophosphate insecticide and indoxacarb; wherein organophosphate insecticide and indoxacarb insecticide are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-60): (1-20).
The second embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
a) organophosphate insecticide;
b) indoxacarb; and
c) at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
First aspect of the second embodiment, the organophosphate insecticide is selected from the group comprising azothoate, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, chlorthiophos, cyanophos, cythioate, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, etaphos, famphur, fenchlorphos, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, heterophos, jodfenphos, mesulfenfos, parathion, parathion-methyl, phosnichlor, profenofos, prothiofos, sulprofos, temephos, trichlormetaphos-3, and trifenofos; preferably profenofos.
Second aspect of the second embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of organophosphate insecticide and indoxacarb; wherein organophosphate and indoxacarb are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-60): (1-20).
The third aspect of the second embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to the group comprising liquid medium, surfactant, stabilizer, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, anticaking agent, dispersing agent, adjuvant, and antibacterial agent. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, liquid medium acts as a carrier for the active ingredients and provides a stable environment for suspension selected form but not limited to water and organic solvents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, surfactant includes wetting agent and emulsifier.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, cationic emulsifier, non-ionic emulsifier, amphoteric emulsifier, phospholipids, and glyceryl esters.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, cationic emulsifier selected from but not limited to cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and stearalkonium chloride.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, non-ionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, amphoteric emulsifier selected from but not limited to cocamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, ethoxylated nonylphenol (nonylphenol ethoxylate), ethoxylated sorbitan esters, and ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, wetting agent selected from but not limited to alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, alkyl polyglucosides, polyethylene glycol esters, polysorbate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated vegetable oils, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, propylene glycol esters, sodium lauryl sulfate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and block copolymers selected from the but not limited to styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBS), butyl based block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO), poly(butadiene)-poly(styrene) (PB-PS), poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(butadiene)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-PB-PMMA), poly(capro lactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG), and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG).
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizer includes antioxidant, chelating agent, pH adjuster, UV absorber, stabilizing polymer, and inert.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizer selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil and sesame oil and their oxidized forms.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, pH adjuster is triethanolamine.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anti-freezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and urea.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antifoaming agent selected from but not limited to silicone-based antifoams, polyethylene glycol-based antifoams, mineral oil-based antifoams, ethylene glycol-based antifoams, polysorbate-based antifoams, dimethicone-based antifoams, polypropylene glycol-based antifoams, vegetable oil-based antifoams, alkyl siloxane-based antifoams and fatty acid-based antifoams.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, dispersing agent selected from but not limited to polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, poly acrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, poly ethoxylated alcohol, poly ethoxylated fatty acids, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate), gum arabic and carbomer and/or their comb polymers.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, adjuvant includes but not limited to spreader, modifier, sticker, penetrant, drift control agent, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binder, and safener.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, thickener selected from but not limited to polysaccharides / carboxymethyl cellulose / bentonite clay, hydroxy propyl cellulose montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate and attapulgite.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and sodium salt (DBSA).
The third embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
a) profenofos;
b) indoxacarb;
c) emulsifier;
d) stabilizer; and
e) adjuvant.
The first aspect of the third embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of profenofos and indoxacarb; wherein profenofos and indoxacarb are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-60): (1-20).
The second aspect of the third embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to the group comprising emulsifier, stabilizer, and adjuvant. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, and non-ionic emulsifier.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate; preferably calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, non-ionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters; preferably polyaryl sulfate esters.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, stabilizer selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil and sesame oil and their oxidized forms.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, pH adjuster is triethanolamine.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, adjuvant includes but not limited to spreader, modifier, sticker, penetrant, drift control agent, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binders and safener.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, thickener selected from but not limited to polysaccharides, carboxymethyl cellulose, bentonite clay, hydroxy propyl cellulose montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate, and attapulgite; preferably bentonite.
The fourth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
a) profenofos; and
b) indoxacarb.
First aspect of the fourth embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of profenofos and indoxacarb; wherein profenofos and indoxacarb are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-60): (1-20).
Second aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of the fourth embodiment comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient thereof which is / are used in preparation desired formulation.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of fourth embodiment is formulated as oil dispersion (OD).
The fifth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
a) profenofos;
b) indoxacarb;
c) calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate;
d) polyaryl sulfate esters;
e) vegetable oil;
f) bentonite; and
g) triethanolamine.
First aspect of the fifth embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of profenofos and indoxacarb; wherein profenofos and indoxacarb are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-60): (1-20); more preferably in the ratio of (1-40): (1-10).
Further aspect of the fifth embodiment, the composition of fifth embodiment is formulated as oil dispersion (OD).
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of an insecticidal formulation comprising:
a) add vegetable oil into premix vessel,
b) add profenofos and indoxacarb to the above mixture and stirred for 30-60 minutes to get homogenous mixture.
c) after mixing the above material, optionally mill or grind to get the desired particle size and remove any oversized particles or agglomerate.
d) add emulsifier and stabilizer to the above mixture and stir for 45 minutes.
e) then add thickener up to get desired viscosity, mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained, pack the formulation and seal it.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition obtained from the present used to control and destroys insect pests such as but not limited to aphids, whiteflies, trims, leafhoppers, leaf miners, sawflies, mole cricket, white grubs, jassids, thrips, lace bugs, billbugs, beetles, mealybugs, sawfly larvae, fleas, cockroaches, ticks, ants, carpet beetles, and mosquitoes on several crops.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition obtained from the present used to controls the insects in numerous crops such as but not limited to paddy, cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants, trees, field crops and others. Fruit crops such as apples, citrus fruits, grapes, and berries. Vegetable crops include tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and leafy greens. Field crops like corn, soybeans, cotton, and wheat.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition further comprises at least another agrochemical selected from a fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, biocide, nutrient, plant growth regulator, plant activator, fertilizers and likewise.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition obtained from the present shows synergistic effects of better pest control with minimum resistance and resurgence and improved crop yield and quality.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the synergistic insecticidal composition can be used for prophylactic application and control the pests by applying effective amount of insecticidal composition over the target areas by conventional spraying methods, such as foliar application, soil drenching etc., and avoiding excessive drift or runoff of the composition, securing thorough coverage.
Another embodiment of the present invention, synergistic insecticidal combination decreases natural hazardous effect of single active ingredient and minimizes the residue deposition in environment.
Advantages of the Present Invention:
1. The synergistic insecticidal composition of the present invention can be used for prophylactic application and control the pests to increase the yield of crops compare to single component of composition, market standards and admixture of those components.
2. It has enhanced efficacy by combining insecticides with different modes of action, the mixture can effectively control a broader spectrum of insect pests and reduce the likelihood of resistance development and resurgence.
3. These insecticides may exhibit synergistic effects when combined, meaning their combined action is more potent than the sum of their individual actions. This synergy can improve the overall effectiveness of pest control, leading to better pest management outcomes.
4. The synergistic insecticidal composition of the present invention will bring down pest load by targeting pests with a mixture of insecticides thereby reducing crop damage with increased yield.
5. The synergistic insecticidal composition of the present invention shows flexibility under different environmental conditions or against different pest species. By using a combination of insecticides, farmers and pest control operators can adapt their pest management strategies based on specific pest load and environmental factors.
6. The synergistic insecticidal composition of present invention has cost-effectiveness by combining insecticides with different properties may reduce the overall amount of each individual insecticide needed for effective pest control, potentially lowering the cost.
The best mode of carrying present invention is described in the below given examples. These examples are merely for illustrative purposes only, not to determine the scope of the invention and in no way limit the scope or spirit of the present invention.
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE 1: OIL DISPERSION (OD) FORMULATION OF SYNERGISTIC INSECTICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION:
TABLE 1:
S. No Ingredient Weight / Weight %
1 Profenofos 45
2 Indoxacarb 8
3 Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate 2
4 Polyaryl sulfate esters 8
5 Bentonite SD-2 1.5
6 Triethanolamine 2
7 Vegetable oil QS
Total 100

EXAMPLE 2: BIO EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY TESTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
2.1 PADDY – LEAF FOLDER
(i) FIRST SPRAY
Table 1. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against paddy leaf folder (larval population = larvae/plant) during first spraying:
Treatments PRE 1DAS 4DAS 7DAS 10DAS AVG %Reduction
Profenofos + indoxacarb @675ml/ha 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 58.33
Profenofos + indoxacarb @750ml/ha 0.8 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.36 62.5
Profenofos + indoxacarb @825ml/ha 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0.2 79.17
Profenofos @2000 ml/ha 1 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.66 31.25
Indoxacarb @500ml/ha 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.44 54.17
Chlorantraniliprole @150 ml/ha 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.52 45.83
Emamectin benzoate @220 gm/ha 1 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.58 39.58
Untreated 1 0.9 0.9 1 1 0.96
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The results presented in table 2. elucidates the efficiency of the combination product profenofos and indoxacarb when applied at three different doses viz., high dose, moderate dose, and low dose. The efficacy of this combination mixture was compared with solo molecule and with market standards. The larval population recorded before spraying was ranging in between 0.8 to 1 larva per plant. The combination mixture when applied at high dose of 825 ml/ha the larval population reduced from 0.9 larvae before treatment to 0.1 larva at 1 day after spraying followed which the larval population recorded up to 10 days after spraying. The second dose 750ml/ha recorded 0.4 larvae/plant at 1 day after spraying, followed by 0 larvae at 4 days after spraying while the larval population increased from 0 to 0.4 larvae/plant at 7 days after spraying and to 0.8 larvae/plant at 10 days after spraying. At the end of first spraying the average larval population recorded per plant was lowest in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha with 0.20 larva/plant and the percentage of reduction in larval population was 79.17% followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha with 0.36 larva/plant and the percentage of reduction in larval population was 62.50%. The three doses of profenofos + indoxacarb recorded larval population was lower than the market standards.
(ii) SECOND SPRAY
Table 3. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against paddy leaf folder (larval population = larvae/plant) during second spraying:
Treatments Pre 1 DAS 4 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS Avg % Reduction
Profenofos + indoxacarb @675 ml/ha 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.08 92.68
Profenofos + indoxacarb@750 ml/ha 0.4 0.1 0 0 0 0.03 97.56
Profenofos + indoxacarb@825 ml/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 100.00
Profenofos@2000 ml/ha 0.6 0.4 0 0 0.3 0.18 82.93
Indoxacarb@500 ml/ha 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.20 80.49
Chlorantraniliprole@150 ml/ha 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.30 70.73
Emamectin benzoate@220 gm/ha 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.33 68.29
Untreated 1 1 1 1 1.1 1.03
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The pre-treatment population of leaf folder larvae was the same population recorded at 10 days after spraying of first spray. The larval population recorded at the end of first spray is considered as pre-treatment larval population of second spraying. The larval population was already 0 in the treatment profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha it continued to be 0 till the end of the second spraying. Similarly, the larval population recorded in the treatment profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha was 0.4 larva/plant at the pre-treatment and after spraying the larval population reduced to 0.1 larva/plant at 1 day after spraying and then reduced to 0 till the end of second spraying. The average larval population after the entire spraying schedule was found to be the lowest in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha as 0 larva/plant, followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha with 0.03 larva/plant and @ 675ml/ha with 0.08 larva/plant. While the market standards recorded 0.30 larvae/plant (chlorantraniliprole @150ml/ha) and 0.33 larva/plant (emamectin benzoate @ 220gm/ha). The percentage of reduction in larval population showed 100% control with profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha, followed by 97.56% in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha and 92.68% in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675ml/ha. While the same molecules tested individually, the percentage of reduction is 80.49% in case of indoxacarb @ 500ml/ha and 82.93% in case of profenofos @ 2000ml/ha. This proves that the two molecules when applied in combination even at lower quantities showed an accelerated synergistic activity there by controlling the pest completely proving the superiority of the combination product over the control done by solo molecules (Table 3.).
Table 4. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against paddy yield:
Treatments Dose (ml or gm / ha) Yield (q/ha)
Profenofos + indoxacarb 675 45.67
Profenofos + indoxacarb 750 47.7
Profenofos + indoxacarb 825 50.98
Profenofos 2000 44.66
Indoxacarb 500 43.42
Chlorantraniliprole 150 44.61
Emamectin benzoate 220 40.88
Untreated - 32.71
The yield of paddy recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 4.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha with 50.98q/ha, followed by profenofos + Indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha with 47.7 q/ha and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675 ml/ha with 45.67 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 40-44 q/ha which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments (Table 4).
Table 5. Phytotoxicity of profenofos + indoxacarb OD formulation on Paddy:
Treatments DAS Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Profenofos + indoxacarb @675ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos + indoxacarb @750ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos + indoxacarb @825ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos@2000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Indoxacarb @ 500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chlorantraniliprole @ 150 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Emamectin benzoate@220 gm/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The phytotoxicity effect of the insecticide combination i.e., profenofos + indoxacarb on paddy was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present insecticide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 5.).
2.2 CHICKPEA/GRAM – POD BORER
(i) FIRST SPRAY
Table 6. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against gram pod borer (larval population = larvae/plant) during first spraying:
Treatments Pre 1 DAS 4 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS AVG %Reduction
Profenofos + indoxacarb @675 ml/ha 1.9 1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.78 59.75
Profenofos + indoxacarb @750 ml/ha 1.8 1 0.4 0 0.4 0.72 62.85
Profenofos + indoxacarb @825 ml/ha 1.9 0.8 0 0 0 0.54 72.14
Profenofos @ 2000 ml/ha 1.8 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.92 52.53
Indoxacarb @ 500 ml/ha 1.8 1.52 0.77 0.65 0.85 1.12 42.31
Chlorantraniliprole @ 150 ml/ha 1.8 1.52 0.42 0.33 0.47 0.91 53.15
Emamectin benzoate @ 220 gm/ha 1.8 1.58 0.48 0.45 0.67 1.00 48.61
Untreated 1.8 1.88 1.95 2.03 2.03 1.94
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The results presented in table 6. elucidates the efficiency of the combination product profenofos and indoxacarb when applied at three different doses viz., high dose, moderate dose, and low dose. The efficacy of this combination was compared with the efficacy of the individual molecule and with market standards. The larval population recorded before spraying was ranging in between 1.8 to 1.9 larva per plant. The combination mixture when applied at high dose of 825 ml/ha the larval population reduced from 1.9 larvae before treatment to 0.8 larva/plant at 1 day after spraying followed by 0 larvae/plant at 4, 7 and 10 days after spraying. The second dose 750ml/ha recorded 1 larvae/plant at 1 day after spraying, followed by 0.4 larvae at 4 days after spraying while the larval population decreased from 0.4 to 0 larvae/plant at 7 days after spraying and increased to 0.4 larvae/plant at 10 days after spraying. At the end of first spraying the average larval population recorded per plant was lowest in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha with 0.54 larva/plant and the percentage of reduction in larval population was 72.14% followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha with 0.72 larva/plant and the percent reduction in larval population was 62.85%. The three doses of profenofos + Indoxacarb recorded larval population lower than the market standards.
(ii) SECOND SPRAY
Table 7. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against gram pod borer (larval population = larvae/plant) during second spraying.
Treatments Pre 1 DAS 4 DAS 7 DAS 10 DAS Avg % Reduction
Profenofos + indoxacarb
@675 ml/ha 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0.05 97.59
Profenofos + indoxacarb
@750 ml/ha 0.4 0 0 0 0 0.00 100.00
Profenofos + indoxacarb
@825 ml/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 100.00
Profenofos@2000 ml/ha 0.85 0.6 0.2 0.8 1 0.65 68.67
Indoxacarb@500 ml/ha 0.6 0.4 0 0.3 0.8 0.38 81.93
Chlorantraniliprole
@150 ml/ha 0.47 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.2 0.68 67.47
Emamectin benzoate
@220 gm/ha 0.67 0.6 0.3 1 1.5 0.85 59.04
Untreated 2.03 2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.08
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The pre-treatment population of pod borer larvae was the same population recorded at 10 days after spraying of first spray. The larval population recorded at the end of first spray is considered as pre-treatment larval population of second spraying. The larval population was already 0 in the treatment profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha it continued to be 0 till the end of the second spraying. Similarly, the larval population recorded in the treatment profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha was 0.4 larva/plant at the pre-treatment pest count and after spraying the larval population 0 larvae/plant and continued till the end of second spraying. The average larval population after the entire spraying schedule was found to be the least in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha as well as in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha as 0 larva/plant, followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675ml/ha with 0.05 larva/plant. While the market standards recorded 0.68 larvae/plant (chlorantraniliprole @150ml/ha) and 0.85 larva/plant (emamectin benzoate @ 220gm/ha). The percent reduction in larval population showed 100% control in both profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha, followed by 97.59% in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675ml/ha. While the same molecules tested individually recorded a percent reduction of 81.93% in case of indoxacarb @ 500ml/ha and 68.67% in case of profenofos @ 2000ml/ha. This proves that the two molecules when applied at lower quantities in combination showed an accelerated synergistic activity there by controlling the pest completely proving the superiority of the combination product over the control done by solo molecules (Table 7).
Table 8. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides against percent pod damage.
Treatments Dose (ml or gm/ha) percent pod damage (%)
Profenofos + indoxacarb 675 0.33
Profenofos + indoxacarb 750 0
Profenofos + indoxacarb 825 0
Profenofos 2000 6.47
Indoxacarb 500 6.89
Chlorantraniliprole 150 8.69
Emamectin benzoate 220 10.23
Untreated - 16.8
The effect of the insecticides in managing the pod borer in chickpea was also assessed in the form of percent pod damage in chickpea crop at the time of maturity of the crop. As the pod is the economical part of the plant. The results recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 8.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses recorded low percent pod damage. The lowest percent pod damage was recorded in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825 ml/ha and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha with 0%, followed by profenofos s+ indoxacarb @ 675 ml/ha with 0.33%. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 6.47%-10.23% which were inferior to that recorded in the combination molecule treatments.

Table 9. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against chickpea yield.
Treatments Dose (ml or gm/ha) Yield (q/ha)
Profenofos + indoxacarb 675 15
Profenofos + indoxacarb 750 15.29
Profenofos + indoxacarb 825 15.93
Profenofos 2000 12.65
Indoxacarb 500 12
Chlorantraniliprole 150 9.8
Emamectin benzoate 220 9.4
Untreated - 8.3
The yield of chickpea recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 9.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825 ml/ha with 15.93 q/ha, followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha with 15.29 q/ha and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675 ml/ha with 15 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 8.3-12.65 q/ha which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments.
Table 10. Phytotoxicity of profenofos + indoxacarb OD formulation on chickpea.
Treatments DAS Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Profenofos + Indoxacarb @ 675 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos + Indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos + Indoxacarb @ 825 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos @ 2000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Indoxacarb @ 500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chlorantraniliprole @ 150 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Emamectin benzoate @ 220 gm/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The phytotoxicity effect of the insecticide combination i.e., profenofos+indoxacarb on chickpea was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present insecticide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 10.).
2.3 SOYBEAN – TOBACCO CATERPILLAR
(i) FIRST SPRAY
Table 11. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against tobacco caterpillar (larval population = larvae/plant) during first spraying.
Treatments Pre 1DAS 4DAS 7DAS 10DAS Avg %Reduction
Profenofos + indoxacarb @675ml/ha 2.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.70 66.02
Profenofos + indoxacarb @750ml/ha 2 0.4 0 0 0 0.48 76.70
Profenofos + indoxacarb @825ml/ha 1.8 0.2 0 0 0 0.40 80.58
Profenofos@ 2000ml/ha 2.2 1 0 0.3 0.4 0.78 62.14
Indoxacarb@500 ml/ha 1.8 1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.82 60.19
Chlorantraniliprole @150 ml/ha 2 1.2 0 0 0.4 0.72 65.05
Emamectin benzoate @220 gm/ha 2 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.14 44.66
Untreated 2 1.7 2 2.2 2.4 2.06
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The results presented in table 11. elucidates the efficiency of the combination product profenofos and indoxacarb when applied at three different doses viz., high dose, moderate dose, and low dose. The efficacy of combination mixture was compared with the efficacy of the individual molecule and with market standards. The larval population recorded before spraying was ranging in between 1.8 to 2.2 larva per plant. The combination mixture when applied at high dose of 825 ml/ha the larval population reduced from 1.8 larvae before treatment to 0.2 larva/plant at 1 day after spraying followed by 0 larvae/plant at 4, 7 and 10 days after spraying. The second dose 750ml/ha recorded 0.4 larvae/plant at 1 day after spraying, followed by 0 larvae/plant at 4, 7 and 10 days after spraying. At the end of first spraying the average larval population recorded per plant was lowest in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha with 0.40 larva/plant and the percent reduction in larval population was 80.58% followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha with 0.48 larva/plant and the percent reduction in larval population was 76.70%. The three doses of profenofos + indoxacarb recorded larval population lower than the market standards.
(ii) SECOND SPRAY
Table 12. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against tobacco caterpillar (larval population = larvae/plant) during second spraying.
Treatments Pre 1DAS 4DAS 7DAS 10DAS Avg %Reduction
Profenofos + indoxacarb @675ml/ha 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0.05 98.21
Profenofos + indoxacarb @750ml/ha 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.03 99.11
Profenofos + indoxacarb @825ml/ha 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 100.00
Profenofos @ 2000 ml/ha 0.4 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 0.40 85.71
Indoxacarb @ 500 ml/ha 0.8 0.8 0 0.8 1 0.65 76.79
Chlorantraniliprole @ 150ml/ha 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.2 0.68 75.89
Emamectin benzoate @220gm/ha 0.8 0.8 0.2 1.2 2 1.05 62.50
Untreated 2.4 2.4 2.8 3 3 2.80
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The pre-treatment population of tobacco caterpillar larvae was the same population recorded at 10 days after spraying of first spray. The larval population recorded at the end of first spray is considered as pre-treatment larval population of second spraying. The larval population was already 0 in the treatment profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha it continued to be 0 till the end of the second spraying and profenofos +indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha it continued to be 0 and recorded 0.1 larvae/plant was recorded at 10 days after second spraying. The average larval population after the entire spraying schedule was found to be the least in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha was 0 larva/plant followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha as 0.03 larva/plant, followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675ml/ha with 0.05 larva/plant. While the market standards recorded 0.68 larvae/plant (chlorantraniliprole @150ml/ha) and 1.05 larva/plant (emamectin benzoate @ 220gm/ha). The percent reduction in larval population showed 100% control in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825ml/ha and 99.11% in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750ml/ha, followed by 98.21% in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675ml/ha. While the same molecules tested individually recorded a percent reduction of 76.79% in case of indoxacarb @ 500ml/ha and 85.71% in case of profenofos @ 2000ml/ha. This proves that the two molecules when applied in combination even at lower quantities showed an accelerated synergistic activity there by controlling the pest completely proving the superiority of the combination product over the control done by solo molecules (Table 12).
Table 13. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides against percent pod damage.
Treatments Dose (ml or gm/ha) percent pod damage (%)
Profenofos + indoxacarb 675 9.4
Profenofos + indoxacarb 750 7.2
Profenofos + indoxacarb 825 5.6
Profenofos 2000 14
Indoxacarb 500 19
Chlorantraniliprole 150 22
Emamectin benzoate 220 25
Untreated - 32
The effect of the insecticides in managing the tobacco caterpillar in soybean was also assessed in the form of percent pod damage in soybean crop at the time of maturity of the crop. As the pod is the economical part of the plant. The results recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 13.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses recorded low percent pod damage. The lowest percent pod damage was recorded in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825 ml/ha (5.6%) and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha (9.2%) and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675 ml/ha (7.4%). While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 14-25% which were inferior to that recorded in the combination molecule treatments.

Table 14. The Efficacy of foliar insecticides applied against soybean yield.
Treatments Dose (ml or gm/ha) Yield (q/ha)
Profenofos + indoxacarb 675 12.65
Profenofos + indoxacarb 750 16.58
Profenofos + indoxacarb 825 19.42
Profenofos 2000 10
Indoxacarb 500 9.6
Chlorantraniliprole 150 8
Emamectin benzoate 220 7.5
Untreated - 5.57
The yield of chickpea recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 14.) implies that the combination molecule at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in profenofos + indoxacarb @ 825 ml/ha with 19.42 q/ha, followed by profenofos + indoxacarb @ 750 ml/ha with 16.58 q/ha and profenofos + indoxacarb @ 675 ml/ha with 12.65 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 7.5-10 q/ha which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination molecule treatments.
Table 15. Phytotoxicity of profenofos + indoxacarb OD formulation on Soybean.
Treatments DAS Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip /
Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Profenofos + indoxacarb@ 675ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos + indoxacarb @750ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos + indoxacarb @825ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Profenofos @2000 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Indoxacarb @500 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chlorantraniliprole @150 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Emamectin benzoate @220 gm/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
*DAS-Days After Spray.
The phytotoxicity effect of the insecticide combination i.e., profenofos + indoxacarb on soybean was tested after 5 and 10 days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present insecticide combination can be considered a safe molecule (Table 15.).
It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to a particular compositions or specific constituents, which can, of course, vary and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting the scope of the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the disclosure(s), specific examples of appropriate materials and methods are described herein. The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinarily skilled in the art a complete description of how to make and use the embodiments of the compositions or specific constituents, methods of practice, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention that is obvious to persons skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
While specific embodiments of the present invention are explicitly disclosed herein, the above specification and examples herein are illustrative and not restrictive. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the embodiments below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the embodiments, along with their full scope of equivalents and the specification, along with such variations. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS:
We Claim:
1. A synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
(a) at least one organophosphate insecticide;
(b) indoxacarb; and
(c) at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
2. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein organophosphate insecticide is profenofos.
3. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein profenofos and indoxacarb are present in the weight ratio of (1-60): (1-20).
4. The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from the group comprising emulsifier, stabilizer, and/or adjuvant.
5. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the insecticidal composition is formulated as oil dispersion (OD).
6. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the insecticidal composition is used in paddy, cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants, trees, field crops and various other crops for general pest control.
7. The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the synergistic insecticidal composition is used for prophylactic application and control the pest in various crops.