DESC:Synergistic Insecticidal Combination of Pyriproxyfen, Chlorpyrifos and Emamectin benzoate
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising the combination of pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate in EC / WDG / SC / SL / OD / OS / Solid Granules and other formulations in different percentages and optionally with at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient which will facilitate in the preparation of desired formulations. The present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of synergistic insecticidal composition thereof and use of this combination for combating insecticides in and on the seeds and plants at different growth stages for crop protection and good yields.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Crop protection is the practice of protecting the crop yields from pests, weeds, plant diseases, and other organisms that damage agricultural crops, which is critical from early stages of crop development. Preventing pests and diseases in the entire crop cycle, i.e., from root development to maturing crop, leads to increased crop quality and yield. The control of insects is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Generally, insects are very destructive to crop plants and can significantly reduce crop yields and quality. Insecticides help to minimize this damage by controlling insect pests. The use of two or more appropriate active ingredient combinations in specific dose ratios leads to synergism in crop protection. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but there is still a continues need to develop new insecticidal combinations which are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer and have different sites of action.
The biggest challenge in the field of crop protection is to reduce the dosage rate of active ingredients to diminish or circumvent environmental or toxicological effects without compromising on effective crop protection against insects, in addition to long lasting and broad-spectrum of protection from insects. Another challenge is to reduce the excessive application of solo chemical compounds or insecticides which invariably helps in rapid selection of insects and aid in developing natural or adapted resistance against the active compound in question.
Therefore, it is indeed necessary to use the insecticidal combinations in lower doses, fast acting with the different mode of action that can provide long lasting control against broad spectrum of insects and check the resistance development in insects. The composition should have high synergistic action, no cross resistance to existing insecticides, avoid excess loading of the toxicant to the environment and negligible impact to environmental safety. Thus, there is a need for synergistic insecticidal compositions which could be physico-compatible formulations in the form of storage stable, safely packed, ready to use formulation.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The principal object of the present invention is to provide an insecticidal mixture or combination which solves at least one of the major problems discussed above like reducing the dosage rate, broadening the spectrum of activity, or combining activity with prolonged pest control and resistance management. Thus, the combination of the present invention is designed to target and eliminate a broader spectrum of insect pests, prevent the development of resistance, and potentially reduce the risk of negative environmental impacts associated with a single insecticide.
The details of one or more embodiments of this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying description below and other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present disclosure / specification refers to a synergistic insecticidal composition and the process for the preparation for crop protection.
The term “combination” can be replaced with the words “mixture” or “composition” defined or refers to as combining two or more active ingredients formulated in desired formulations.
The term “pesticide” as used in this specification refers to a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest or weeds which causes damage to the crop. Herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides are mainly used as pesticides which control weeds and insect pests and disease-causing pathogens respectively that eventually leads to high yield of crops.
The term “insecticide” as used in this specification refers to a type of chemical compound or substance specifically designed to protect crops and kill or control insects in various agricultural, residential, and public health settings. Integrated pest management practices are encouraged, combining multiple strategies, including cultural, biological, and chemical methods, to reduce reliance on insecticides solely and promote pest control.
The term “synergism” as used in this specification refers to the interaction between two or more active compounds or other factors to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects. The present invention involves the mixture of three active ingredients which has increased efficacy when compared to individual use and admixture of those components.
Conventional insecticides have poor activity, limited to certain insects, and are not satisfactorily maintained for prolonged periods. Even though some insecticides may bear satisfactory insecticidal effects, but they require improvements in respect of environment and health safety and are also required to achieve a high insecticidal effect at a smaller dosage and lack resistance management.
We found that this objective in part or complete can be achieved by the combination of active compounds defined at the outset. Thus, the present inventors have intensively studied to solve these problems and have found that by combining insecticidal composition having pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate in different formulation and percentages have astonishing effects in controlling insects and by reducing the amount of dosage than in a case of using an active compound alone and admixture of those compounds.
Therefore, the present invention provides a novel synergistic insecticidal composition having pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate and purpose thereof. The synergy of insecticidal composition has the main effective components of pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate, acts by regulating the insect growth, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and inhibition of muscle contraction, causing a continuous flow of chlorine ions in the GABA and H-Glutamate receptor sites, respectively and can generate efficient synergism by means of strong contact, stomach action and can enable broad spectrum satisfactory insect control and protect the several crop from sucking, chewing, caterpillars, borer pests, and soil insects for prolonged period of time at lower dose with no phytotoxic effect.
This combination can be developed in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC), Dispersible Concentrates (DC), Oil Dispersions (OD), Suspension Concentrates (SC), Soluble Liquids (SL), Suspoemulsion (SE), Emulsion Concentrates (EW), Microemulsions, Wettable Powders (WP), Water-Dispersible Granules (WG), Soluble Powders (SP), Granules (G), Oil Solutions (OS), Aqueous Suspensions (AS), Aqueous Solutions (AS), Microencapsulated Suspensions (ME), and Microencapsulated Emulsions (MEC), mixed formulation of Suspension Concentrate and Capsule Suspension (ZC) and other conventional formulation and with different percentages for foliar applications or soil applications.
This insecticidal combination can effectively control sucking, chewing, caterpillars, borer insects and soil insects and check the resistance development in insects in several crops. This combination is also helpful in controlling insect vectors which transmit viral diseases in plants, and it can also be used in public health and household purposes for pest control. This can be a unique insecticide combination than the existing ones.
The present invention comprises the mixture of three active ingredients which are classified under juvenile hormone mimics insecticide, organophosphate and avermectin insecticides are described herein thereof.
Juvenile hormone mimics (JHMs) insecticide work on many different species of insects. This makes them highly versatile for population control in both commercial and residential pest control. They tend to work extremely well on insect species with complete metamorphosis. That means they have very different looking immature and adult stages, such as fleas and mosquitoes, going from egg, to larva, to pupa, to adult.
Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine-based pesticide (IUPAC name: 2-[1-Methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine; molecular formula: C20H19NO3; molecular weight: 321.4 g/mol) belongs to the family of insect growth regulators (IGRs) and chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) which acts as a biomimetic of juvenile hormone or ecdysone hormones, two hormones that regulate insect development and provokes imbalance in the levels of this hormone in the insect, resulting in strong suppression of embryogenesis, metamorphosis and adult formation, effectively interrupting many important processes including reproduction and maturation of the insects. Pyriproxyfen affects many types of insects including but not limited to fleas, cockroaches, ticks, ants, carpet beetles, and mosquitoes which protects many crops such as but not limited to citrus, soybeans, cotton, tomatoes, beans, grapes, apples and coffee and thereof.
Organophosphates (OP) are chemical substances produced by the process of esterification between phosphoric acid and alcohol. Organophosphates insecticides exert their effects by irreversibly binding with acetylcholinesterase enzyme and inhibits its activity. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme is responsible for hydrolysis of acetylcholine (Ach) in the nervous system. When an organophosphate inhibits acetylcholinesterase enzyme, excessive acetylcholine accumulates in the synapse, leading to overstimulation and eventual death.
Chlorpyrifos (IUPAC name: O,O-Diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphor thioate; molecular formula: C9H11Cl3NO3PS; molecular weight: 350.6 g/mol) is a broad-spectrum, chlorinated organophosphate (OP) neurotoxic insecticide, acaricide and nematicide that acts primarily by disrupting the normal functioning of the nervous system in insects by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is essential for transmitting nerve impulses in insects. The excessive accumulation of acetylcholine (Ach) causes overstimulation of the nervous system, including muscle spasms, paralysis, and eventually death.
Emamectin benzoate is widely used in the United States of America and Canada as an insecticide because of its chloride channel activation properties. Emamectin benzoate works as a chloride channel activator by binding gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channels disrupting nerve signals within arthropods. The compound stimulates the release of GABA from the synapses between nerve cells and while additionally increasing GABA’s affinity for its receptor on the post-junction membrane of muscle cells in insects and arthropods. The stronger binding of GABA increases the cells permeability to chloride ions within the cell due to the hypotonic 3 concentration gradient. Neurotransmission is thereby reduced by subsequent hyperpolarization and the elimination of signal transduction.
The mechanism of action involves stimulation of high-affinity GABA receptors and a consequent increase in membrane chloride ion permeability within the cell there by causing irreversible paralysis.
Emamectin benzoate (IUPAC name: 4''-deoxy-4''-epi-N-methylaminoavermectin benzoate; molecular formula: C56H81NO15; molecular weight: 1008.2 g/mol) is an avermectin class of insecticide act by involving the stimulation of high-affinity GABA receptors and a consequent increase in membrane chloride ion permeability within the cell there by causing irreversible paralysis.
The first embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
juvenile hormone mimics insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide; and
emamectin benzoate.
First aspect of the first embodiment, the juvenile hormone mimics insecticide is selected from the group comprising diofenolan, epofenonane, fenoxycarb, hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, and triprene.
Second aspect of the first embodiment, the organophosphate insecticide is selected from the group comprising bromfenvinfos, calvinphos, chlorfenvinphos, crotoxyphos, chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, coumithoate, dichlorvos, quinalphos-methyl, quinothion, tebupirimfos, and triazophos.
Third aspect of the first embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of juvenile hormone mimics insecticide, organophosphate insecticide and Emamectin benzoate; wherein juvenile hormone mimics insecticide, organophosphate insecticide and emamectin benzoate are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-50): (1-20).
The second embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
juvenile hormone mimics insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide;
emamectin benzoate; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
First aspect of the second embodiment, the juvenile hormone mimics insecticide is selected from the group comprising dayoutong, diofenolan, epofenonane, fenoxycarb, hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, pyriproxyfen, and triprene; preferably pyriproxyfen.
Second aspect of the second embodiment, the organophosphate insecticide is selected from the group comprising bromfenvinfos, calvinphos, chlorfenvinphos, crotoxyphos, chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, coumithoate, dichlorvos, quinalphos-methyl, quinothion, tebupirimfos, and triazophos; preferably chlorpyrifos.
Third aspect of the second embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate; wherein pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-50): (1-20).
Fourth aspect of the second embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to the group comprising liquid medium, surfactant, stabilizer, anti-freezing agent, antifoaming agent, anticaking agent, dispersing agent, adjuvant, and antibacterial agent. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of second embodiment, liquid medium selected from but not limited to water, organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; preferably hydrocarbon solvents and polar-aprotic solvents.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, surfactant includes wetting agent and emulsifier.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, cationic emulsifier, non-ionic emulsifier, amphoteric emulsifier, phospholipids, and glyceryl esters.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, cationic emulsifier selected from but not limited to cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and stearalkonium chloride.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, non-ionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, amphoteric emulsifier selected from but not limited to cocamidopropyl betaine, lauramidopropyl betaine, ethoxylated nonylphenol (nonylphenol ethoxylate), ethoxylated sorbitan esters, and ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, wetting agent selected from but not limited to alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, alkyl polyglucosides, polyethylene glycol esters, polysorbate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethoxylated fatty alcohols, ethoxylated vegetable oils, ethoxylated sorbitan esters, propylene glycol esters, sodium lauryl sulfate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and block copolymers selected from the but not limited to styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SBS), butyl based block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO), poly(butadiene)-poly(styrene) (PB-PS), poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(butadiene)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-PB-PMMA), poly(capro lactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG), and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG).
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizer includes antioxidant, chelating agent, pH adjuster, UV absorber, stabilizing polymer, and inert.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, stabilizer selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil, sesame oil, and their oxidized forms.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, anti-freezing agent selected from but not limited to ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, calcium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, and urea.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antifoaming agent selected from but not limited to silicone-based antifoams, polyethylene glycol-based antifoams, mineral oil-based antifoams, ethylene glycol-based antifoams, polysorbate-based antifoams, dimethicone-based antifoams, polypropylene glycol-based antifoams, vegetable oil-based antifoams, alkyl siloxane-based antifoams, and fatty acid-based antifoams.
Further aspect of second embodiment, anticaking agent selected from silica-based compounds includes silicon dioxide (silica), precipitated silica (amorphous form of silicon dioxide), calcium silicate, magnesium stearate, sodium aluminosilicate, potassium aluminium silicate, tricalcium phosphate, sodium ferrocyanide, calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth, and sodium bicarbonate.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, dispersing agent selected from but not limited to polyethylene glycol, polysorbate, poly acrylate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, poly ethoxylated alcohol, poly ethoxylated fatty acids, polyacrylic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monooleate), gum arabic and carbomer and/or their comb polymers.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, adjuvant includes but not limited to spreader, modifier, sticker, penetrant, drift control agent, buffering agent, thickener, compatibility agent, binder, and safener.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, thickener selected from but not limited to polysaccharides / carboxymethyl cellulose / bentonite clay, hydroxy propyl cellulose montmorillonite, bentonite, magnesium aluminium silicate, and attapulgite.
Further aspect of the second embodiment, antibacterial agent selected from but not limited to triclosan, triclocarban, clotrimazole, miconazole, copper-based compounds, chlorothalonil, benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, and sodium salt (DBSA).
The third embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
pyriproxyfen;
chlorpyrifos;
emamectin benzoate;
liquid medium;
emulsifier; and
stabilizer.
First aspect of the third embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate; wherein pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-50): (1-20).
Second aspect of the third embodiment, agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from but not limited to the group comprising liquid medium, emulsifier, stabilizer, and adjuvant. These are selected according to the respective types of formulation requirements, and which will facilitate in the preparation different formulations.
Further aspect of third embodiment, liquid medium selected from but not limited to water, organic solvents incudes hydrocarbon solvents and cycloalkanes, ether solvents, ester solvents, ketones solvents, alcohols solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; preferably hydrocarbon solvents and polar-aprotic solvents; and more preferably naphthalene and n-methyl pyrrolidone.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, emulsifier includes anionic emulsifier, and non-ionic emulsifier.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, anionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS), alkyl sulfates, and calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate; preferably calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, nonionic emulsifier selected from but not limited to polysorbate, castor oil ethoxylates, sorbitan monolaurate, ethoxylates, sorbitan monooleate, polyalkyl sulfate esters, and polyaryl sulfate esters; preferably castor oil ethoxylates.
Further aspect of the third embodiment, stabilizer selected from group vegetable and seed oils selected from but not limited to soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, castor oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil, tung oil and sesame oil and their oxidized forms; preferably epoxidized soyabean oil,
The fourth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
pyriproxyfen;
chlorpyrifos; and
emamectin benzoate.
First aspect of the fourth embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate; wherein pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-50): (1-20).
Second aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of the fourth embodiment comprising at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient thereof which is / are used in preparation desired formulation.
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of fourth embodiment is formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
Further aspect of the fourth embodiment, the composition of the fourth embodiment is formulated as suspension concentrates (SC).
The fifth embodiment of the present invention provides a synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
pyriproxyfen;
chlorpyrifos;
emamectin benzoate;
heavy aromatic napthalene;
n-methyl pyrrolidone;
calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate;
castor oil ethoxylates; and
epoxidized soyabean oil.
First aspect of the fifth embodiment, synergistic insecticidal composition comprising a combination of pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate; wherein pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate are present in the weight ratio of (1-80): (1-80): (1-80); preferably in the ratio of (1-20): (1-50): (1-20); more preferably in the ratio of (1-10): (1-50): (1-10).
Further aspect of the fifth embodiment, the composition of fifth embodiment is formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a process for the preparation of an insecticidal formulation comprising:
add n-methyl pyrrolidone into premix vessel,
add emamectin benzoate to the above mixture and stirred for 30-60 minutes to get homogenous mixture.
add naphthalene, pyriproxyfen, and chlorpyrifos into the above solution and mix well to get clear solution.
add emulsifier and stabilizer to the above solution and mix well until a homogenous mixture is obtained, pack the formulation and seal it.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition obtained from the present used to control and destroys insect pests such as but not limited to aphids, whiteflies, trims, leafhoppers, leaf miners, sawflies, mole cricket, white grubs, jassids, thrips, lace bugs, billbugs, beetles, mealybugs, sawfly larvae, fleas, cockroaches, ticks, ants, carpet beetles, and mosquitoes on several crops.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition obtained from the present used to controls the insects in numerous crops such as but not limited to paddy, cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants, trees, field crops and others. Fruit crops such as apples, citrus fruits, grapes, and berries. Vegetable crops include tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and leafy greens. Field crops like corn, soybeans, cotton, and wheat.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition further comprises at least another agrochemical selected from a fungicide, insecticide, herbicide, biocide, nutrient, plant growth regulator, plant activator, fertilizers and likewise.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the insecticidal composition obtained from the present shows synergistic effects of better pest control with minimum resistance and resurgence and improved crop yield and quality.
Another embodiment of the present invention, the synergistic insecticidal composition can be used for prophylactic application and control the pests by applying effective amount of insecticidal composition over the target areas by conventional spraying methods, such as foliar application, soil drenching etc., and avoiding excessive drift or runoff of the composition, securing thorough coverage.
Another embodiment of the present invention, synergistic insecticidal combination decreases natural hazardous effect of single active ingredient and minimizes the residue deposition in environment.
Advantages of the Present Invention:
The synergistic insecticidal composition of the present invention can be used for prophylactic application and control the pests to increase the yield of crops compare to single component of composition, market standards and admixture of those components.
It has enhanced efficacy by combining insecticides with different modes of action, the mixture can effectively control a broader spectrum of insect pests and reduce the likelihood of resistance development and resurgence.
These insecticides may exhibit synergistic effects when combined, meaning their combined action is more potent than the sum of their individual actions. This synergy can improve the overall effectiveness of pest control, leading to better pest management outcomes.
The synergistic insecticidal composition of the present invention will bring down pest load by targeting pests with a mixture of insecticides thereby reducing crop damage with increased yield.
The synergistic insecticidal composition of the present invention shows flexibility under different environmental conditions or against different pest species. By using a combination of insecticides, farmers and pest control operators can adapt their pest management strategies based on specific pest load and environmental factors.
The synergistic insecticidal composition of present invention has cost-effectiveness by combining insecticides with different properties may reduce the overall amount of each individual insecticide needed for effective pest control, potentially lowering the cost.
The best mode of carrying present invention is described in the below given examples. These examples are merely for illustrative purposes only, not to determine the scope of the invention and in no way limit the scope or spirit of the present invention.

EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE 1: EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (EC) FORMULATION OF SYNERGISTIC INSECTICIDAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION:
TABLE 1:
S. No Ingredient Weight / Weight %
1 Pyriproxyfen 7
2 Chlorpyrifos 48
3 Emamectin benzoate 2
4 Epoxidized Soyabean Oil 3
5 Calcium alkyl benzene sulfonate 2.4
6 Castor oil ethoxylates 9.6
7 N-methyl pyrrolidone 15
8 Napthalene QS
Total 100

EXAMPLE 2: BIO EFFICACY AND PHYTOTOXICITY TESTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION:
Presently to evaluate the efficacy of pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation against sucking pests on different crops and to test their phytotoxicity on the crop after two sprayings have been conducted. For evaluation, thrips in chilli crop treated with pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC as a combination, molecule alone tested, along with the market standards selected were pyriproxyfen 5% + diafenthiuron 25% SE, fipronil 15% + flonicamid 15% WDG and emamectin benzoate 1.5% + fipronil 3.5% SC. The combination is tested at three dose levels viz., low, medium, and high along with the sole molecule as individual treatments and their efficiency comparison is done with the current competitive market standards. The combination tested at three different formulation strengths i.e., pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation (@625ml/ha), pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation (@750ml/ha) and pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation (@875ml/ha). To justify the results the overall effect and other parameters are calculated over untreated check and to see their effect on crop, its yield is recorded. The crops are first divided into plots for each treatment and replicated three times following randomized block design. The spraying method followed was foliar application with the help of a knapsack sprayer and two sprays are done when the pests reach their ETL. The interval between two sprays is 15 days.
Method of Observations:
No. of insects (adult/nymph) /plant: select 5 random plants in the plot and count the number of insects per plant are recorded.
The observations were taken at 1 day before spraying and at 1 day, 4 days, 7 Days, and 10 days after spraying. The average number of insects were also calculated at the end of each spray (two sprays). The percentage reduction in pest population is calculated.
Take the observation on the crop safety of the insecticide i.e., phytotoxicity / softener observation of herbicide after application at 5 and 10 days after application.
Parameters of Observations:
The insect pests controlled in each treatment are counted as number of adults/nymphs per plant and then calculated as percent reduction in population over untreated or controlled plot. The percent reduction is calculated by the following formula: –
% reduction = (No.of insects in control plot-No.of insects in treated plot )/(No.of insects in control plot)× 100
The effect of these insecticides in combination and alone when applied on crops is assessed based on the yield (quintal per hectare). This parameter defines the crop quality.
Results:
The insecticide combination of pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC is effective against wide range of insect pests, for illustrative purpose field experiments on chilli crop against thrips was enlisted below, however similar trends were also observed in cotton crop against whitefly.
Chilli – thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)
Example – 2.1: Chilli - thrips
Table 2. Efficacy of first spray application of pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation against thrips in chilli:
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) No. of adult / nymphs per plant (Days after spraying) % Reduction in Thrips population
(Days after spraying)
Pre 1 4 7 10 AVG 1 4 7 10 AVG
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% + Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 625 17 6.8 0.8 1.8 3.8 6.04 80.57 98.10 96.47 93.33 92.12
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% + Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 750 12.7 4 2 5 6 2.34 88.57 95.24 90.20 89.47 90.87
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% + Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 875 15.2 3 0 2 4 3.35 91.43 100 96.08 92.98 95.12
Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 500 15.12 2.32 5.52 9.32 12.32 8.92 93.37 86.86 81.73 78.39 85.09
Chlorpyrifos 50% EC 1000 17.6 7.6 0.6 5.6 9.6 8.20 78.29 98.57 89.02 83.16 87.26
Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 220 15.3 2.6 5.6 8.5 11.2 8.64 92.57 86.67 83.33 80.35 85.73
Emamectin Benzoate 01.50 % + Fipronil 03.50 % SC 750 19.53 6.43 9.73 13.13 14.93 12.75 81.63 76.84 74.26 73.81 76.64
Fipronil 15% + Flonicamid 15% WDG 400 11.82 7.72 4.72 7.72 11.72 8.74 77.94 88.76 84.86 79.44 82.75
Untreated 0 29.6 35 42 51 57 33.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The thrips population before initiating the spraying was recorded in between 11.82-19.53 thrips per plant in chilli. After the first application of different insecticide treatments, the insecticide combination treatments pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC when applied at 875 ml/ha and 750 ml/ha showed maximum reduction in thrips population of 3 and 4 thrips/plant at 1 days after spraying, 0 and 2 thrips/plant at 4 days after spraying and 2 and 5 thrips/plant at 7 days after spraying and 4 and 6 thrips/plant at 10 days after spraying in both treatments. The average thrips population after the entire spraying was recorded to be lowest in pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 875 ml/ha with 3.35 thrips/plant followed by pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 750 ml/ha with 2.34 thrips/plant which were performing superior to market standards. The percentage of reduction in thrips population recorded in all the treatments proved that pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC when applied at 875ml/ha was showing maximum reduction in thrips population as 95.12% and at 750 ml/ha recorded 90.87% there by proving that these molecules when applied in combination at the doses of 875, 750 ml/ha showed synergistic activity and thrips population control was superior to market standard. Even the treatment pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC when applied at 625 ml/ha (lowest dose of the insecticide combination) also showed a percent reduction of 92.12% which was also superior to the market standard. Though the first spray application of combination insecticides showed significant reduction in thrips population in chilli but there are chances that the pest population might increase later, to prevent that second spray application of the insecticidal combination was carried out.

Table 3. Efficacy of second spray application of pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation against thrips in chilli:
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) No. of adult / nymphs per plant
(Days after spraying) % Reduction in Thrips population
(Days after spraying)
Pre 1 4 7 10 AVG 1 4 7 10 AVG
Pyriproxyfen 7%+Chlorpyrifos 48% +Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 625 3.8 1.80 0.00 0.58 2 1.10 95.38 100 98.79 96.23 97.60
Pyriproxyfen 7%+Chlorpyrifos 48% +Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 750 6 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.25 100 100 100 98.11 99.53
Pyriproxyfen 7%+Chlorpyrifos 48% +Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 875 4 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 100 100 100 100 100
Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 500 12.32 0.32 9.22 12.12 15.12 9.20 99.18 78.05 74.75 71.47 80.86
Chlorpyrifos 50% EC 1000 9.6 7.60 0.60 2.6 4.6 3.85 80.51 98.57 94.58 91.32 91.25
Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 220 11.2 5.50 8.60 11.8 15.3 10.30 85.90 79.52 75.42 71.13 77.99
Emamectin Benzoate 01.50 % + Fipronil 03.50 % SC 750 14.93 9.53 12.53 16.23 17.53 13.95 75.57 70.17 66.19 66.93 69.72
Fipronil 15% + Flonicamid 15% WDG 400 11.72 5.72 5.42 9.72 13.72 8.65 85.33 87.10 79.75 74.11 81.57
Untreated 0 57 39.00 42 48 53 45.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The thrips population before initiating the second spray was recorded in between 4-14.93 thrips per plant in chilli. This population is thrips population recorded at the end of the first spraying. After the second application of different insecticide treatments, the insecticide combination treatments pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC when applied at 625 ml/ha, 750 ml/ha and 875 ml/ha showed maximum reduction in thrips population by recording 0, 0, 1.8 thrips/ plant at 1 days after spraying and 0 thrips/plant at 4 days after spraying and 0, 0, 0.58 thrips/plant at 7 days after spraying. At, 10 days after spraying the thrips population remained 0, 1, 2 thrips/plant in the three combination treatments. The average thrips population after the entire spraying was recorded to be lowest in pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 875 ml/ha with 0 thrips/plant followed by pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 750 ml/ha with 0.25 thrips/plant which were performing superior to market standards. The percentage of reduction in thrips population recorded in all the treatments proved that pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC when applied at 875ml/ha was showing maximum reduction in thrips population as 100% followed by pyriproxyfen 7%+ chlorpyrifos 48%+ emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 750 ml/ha with 99.53% reduction and at 625 ml/ha recorded 97.60% there by proving that these molecules when applied in combination at the doses of 875, 750 and 625 ml/ha showed synergistic activity and thrips population control was superior to market standard. The insecticide molecules applied in combination when applied solely showed lesser control of thrips like when pyriproxyfen 10 EC @ 500ml/ha recorded on 80.86% reduction in the thrips population at the end of two sprays while chlorpyrifos 50% EC @ 1000ml/ha recorded 91.25% reduction and emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 220 g/ha recorded 77.99% reduction in thrips population. Though they are effectively and significantly controlling the thrips population the same molecules when applied in combination with lesser strength recorded higher and faster control in thrips population proving combination insecticide is more reliable.
Table 4. Effect of pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation on yield in chilli:
Treatments Dose
(g or ml / ha) Yield
(q/ha)
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% +
Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 625 31
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% +
Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 750 33
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% +
Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC 875 35
Pyriproxyfen 10% EC 500 29
Chlorpyrifos 50% EC 1000 25
Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG 220 22
Emamectin Benzoate 01.50 % +
Fipronil 03.50 % SC 750 19
Fipronil 15% + Flonicamid 15% WDG 400 18
Untreated 0 12
The yield of chilli recorded in different treatments as shown in the table above (Table 4.) implies that the combination at the three doses positively affected the yield of the crop. The highest yield was recorded in pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 875 ml/ha with 35 q/ha, followed by pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 750 ml/ha with 33 q/ha and pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC@ 625 ml/ha with 31 q/ha. While the individual molecules and market standards recorded yields ranging between 18-29 q/ha which were inferior to the yield recorded in the combination treatments.
Table 5. Phytotoxicity of pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC formulation on chilli crop:
Treatments Days Visual Rating Scale
Yellowing Necrosis Wilting Vein
Clearing Leaf tip / Margin Dying Stunting / Dwarfing
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% + Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC @ 625ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% + Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC @ 750ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyriproxyfen 7% + Chlorpyrifos 48% + Emamectin Benzoate 2% EC @ 850 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyriproxyfen 10% EC @ 500ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chlorpyrifos 50% EC @ 1000ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG @ 220 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Emamectin Benzoate 01.50 % + Fipronil 03.50 % SC @ 750 ml/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fipronil 15% + Flonicamid 15% WDG @ 400 g/ha 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untreated 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
The phytotoxicity effect of the insecticide combination i.e., pyriproxyfen 7% + chlorpyrifos 48% + emamectin benzoate 2% EC on chilli crop was tested after 5 and 10 Days after spraying. The crop was checked for symptoms like yellowing, necrosis, wilting, vein clearing, leaf tip or leaf margin dying and stunting or dwarfing of plants. After thorough observations, it could be concluded that the crop did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity. Therefore, the present insecticide combination is a safe combination.
It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to a particular compositions or specific constituents, which can, of course, vary and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting the scope of the invention. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice for testing of the disclosure(s), specific examples of appropriate materials and methods are described herein. The examples set forth above are provided to give those of ordinarily skilled in the art a complete description of how to make and use the embodiments of the compositions or specific constituents, methods of practice, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention that is obvious to persons skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
While specific embodiments of the present invention are explicitly disclosed herein, the above specification and examples herein are illustrative and not restrictive. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Many variations of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification and the embodiments below. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the embodiments, along with their full scope of equivalents and the specification, along with such variations. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. ,CLAIMS:CLAIMS:
We Claim:
A synergistic insecticidal composition comprising:
at least one juvenile hormone mimics insecticide;
at least one organophosphate insecticide;
emamectin benzoate; and
at least one agriculturally acceptable excipient.
The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein juvenile hormone mimics insecticide is pyriproxyfen and organophosphate insecticide is chlorpyrifos.
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein pyriproxyfen, chlorpyrifos and emamectin benzoate are present in the weight ratio of (1-20): (1-50): (1-20).
The composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the agriculturally acceptable excipient selected from the group comprising liquid medium, emulsifier, and stabilizer and/or adjuvant.
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the insecticidal composition is formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC).
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the insecticidal composition is used in paddy, cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants, trees, field crops and various other crops for general pest control.
The composition as claimed in preceding claims, wherein the synergistic insecticidal composition is used for prophylactic application and control the pest in various crops.