DESC:FIELD
The present disclosure relates to synergistic pesticidal compositions and a process for its preparation.

BACKGROUND
The background information herein below relates to the present disclosure but is not necessarily prior art.
Crop protection using chemicals is a widely used method in agricultural pest management. These chemicals include pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides and larvicides. These pesticides commonly affect pests by either targeting the nerves, muscles, stomach, respiration, or growth of the organism.
A number of pesticides are used in combination for enhanced pesticidal effect. These mixtures of pesticides entail exposing an individual pest to each pesticide simultaneously, thereby enhancing the suppression of the pest population.
An advantage of mixing pesticides together is the reduction in the number of applications required, which in turn decreases the labor costs. It also reduces the incidence of pesticide resistance. Similarly, several insecticide and fungicide mixtures are also known to provide better pest control. However, such combinations do not provide sufficient and prolonged resistance from fungi and insects. Also, at times, the fungi and insects develop resistance to the pesticidal combinations.
Therefore, there is felt a need to provide a pesticidal composition that exhibits enhanced synergistic effect towards pest management and is not prone to resistance by fungi and insects.

OBJECTS
Some of the objects of the present disclosure, which at least one embodiment herein satisfies, are as follows:
It is an object of the present disclosure to ameliorate one or more problems of the prior art or to at least provide a useful alternative.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a pesticidal composition having a synergistic effect.
Still another object of the present disclosure is to provide a pesticidal composition having an enhanced fungicidal and insecticidal activity and combats resistance shown by fungi and insects.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a synergistic pesticidal composition having high performance, in particular with regards to its efficacy against pests and the longevity of this efficacy so as to reduce the dosage applied to combat pest damage or attack of plants and crops.
Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a process for preparation of pesticidal composition.
Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description, which is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

SUMMARY
The present disclosure relates to synergistic pesticidal compositions and a process for its preparation.
In an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide and agrochemically acceptable excipient. The pesticidal composition shows synergistic effect and enhanced pesticidal activity as compared to the individual pesticides.
In another aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a process for preparation of a synergistic pesticidal composition. The process comprises mixing a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide, at least one dispersing agent, a wetting agent, an adjuvant and an antifreeze agent to obtain a first mixture. The first mixture is diluted with water to obtain premix slurry. The premix slurry is passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension having a particle size in a predetermined range. The concentrate suspension is mixed with a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a pigment, a defoamer, a thickening agent, a preservative and predetermined quantity of water to obtain the pesticidal composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments, of the present disclosure, will now be described herein. Embodiments are provided so as to thoroughly and fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to the person skilled in the art. Numerous details are set forth, relating to specific components, and methods, to provide a complete understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to the person skilled in the art that the details provided in the embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, well-known processes, well-known apparatus structures, and well-known techniques are not described in detail.
The terminology used, in the present disclosure, is only for the purpose of explaining a particular embodiment and such terminology shall not be considered to limit the scope of the present disclosure. As used in the present disclosure, the forms "a,” "an," and "the" may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly suggests otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprising," “including,” and “having,” are open ended transitional phrases and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, modules, units and/or components, but do not forbid the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The particular order of steps disclosed in the method and process of the present disclosure is not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance as described or illustrated. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.
As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed elements.
Pesticides, when used alone or in combination, are prone to resistance from fungi and insects on prolonged and repeated exposure. Usage of individual pesticides also increases costs and dosages. Therefore, there is required a pesticidal composition that has a synergistic effect and thereby reduces need for multiple applications while providing better pesticidal activity.
The present disclosure provides synergistic pesticidal compositions and a process for its preparation.
In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a synergistic pesticidal composition comprising a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide and agrochemically acceptable excipient.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises a dithiocarbamate fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a benzimidazole fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a neonicotinoid insecticide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition and agrochemically acceptable excipient in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 65% by weight of the total mass of the composition.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the dithiocarbamate fungicide is selected from the group consisting of mancozeb, zineb, propineb, metiram, thiram, polycarbamate, ziram, dazomet, etem, milneb, mancopper, asamobam, asomate, azithiram, carbamorph, cufraneb, cuprobam, disulfiram, ferbam, metam, nabam, tecoram and urbacide.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the dithiocarbamate is selected from mancozeb, propineb and zineb.
Mancozeb is an ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide, belonging to the group of dithiocarbamates, having a mode of action group M (Multi-site Action). It is a contact fungicide, acting on the surface of plants. Mancozeb reacts with, and inactivates, the sulfhydryl groups of amino acids and enzymes within fungal cells, resulting in disruption of lipid metabolism, respiration, and production of adenosine triphosphate. Mancozeb [CAS NO. 8018-01-7] is a common name for zinc; manganese (2+); N-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino) ethyl] carbamodithioate (also known as ethylene bis dithiocarbamate manganese-zinc) and possesses the following structure:

Propineb, also known as Zinc 1-methylethylenbisdithiocarbamate, is a fungicide used to combat fungal diseases such as powdery mildew, scab, etc. It also prevents spore germination. It possesses the following structure:

Zineb, also known as zinc ethane-1, 2-diylbis (dithiocarbamate), is polymeric complex. It is primarily used to control downy mildews, rusts, and redfire disease. It possesses the following structure:

In accordance with the present disclosure, the benzimidazole fungicide is selected from the group consisting of benomyl, carbendazim, furophanate, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thiabendazole, fuberidazole, albendazole, chlorfenazole, cypendazole, debacarb, fuberidazole, mecarbinzid, rabenzazole and zoxamide.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the benzimidazole fungicide is selected from thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim.
Thiophanate-methyl is a systemic fungicide with protective and curative action. It is being absorbed by leaves and roots. Thiophanate-methyl [CAS NO.23564-05-8] is a common name for Dimethyl 4, 4'-(o-phenylene) bis (3-thioallophanate) and possesses the following structure:

Carbendazim is also known as Methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate. It is a widely used, broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide and a metabolite of benomyl. The fungicide is used to control plant diseases in cereals and fruits, including citrus, bananas, strawberries, pineapples, and pomes. It possesses the following structure:

In accordance with the present disclosure, the neonicotinoid insecticide is selected from the group consisting of acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, cycloxaprid and thiomethoxam.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the neonicotinoid insecticide is selected from thiamethoxam and dinotefuran.
Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid compound with broad-spectrum insecticidal properties. It is a broad spectrum systemic insecticide having stomach & contact action. It is registered for use on numerous crops in many countries against sucking and chewing insects. Thiamethoxam [CAS NO. 153719-23-4} is a common name for 3-[(2-Chloro-1, 3-thiazol-5-yl) methyl]-5-methyl-N-nitro-1, 3, 5-oxadiazinan-4-imine and possesses the following structure:

Dinotefuran is an insecticide of the neonicotinoid class used for control of insect pests such as aphids, whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, leafminers, sawflies, mole cricket, white grubs, lacebugs, billbugs, beetles, mealybugs, and cockroaches on leafy vegetables. Its mechanism of action involves disruption of the insect's nervous system by inhibiting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is also known as 2-methyl-1-nitro-3-[(tetrahydro-3-furanyl) methyl] guanidine and possesses the following structure:

In accordance with the present disclosure, the agrochemically acceptable excipients are selected from the group consisting of dispersing agent, wetting agent, defoamer, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, antifreeze agents, thickening agents, disintegrants, antifoaming agents, pigments, organic solvents, antioxidants, preservatives, adjuvants and filler.
The dispersing agent is selected from the group consisting of alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, bis (alkyl) naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates, naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde condensates, phenol polyoxyethylene aryl sulfonate succinate , EO/PO block copolymers, polyoxyethylene octyl phenol ether sulfates, polycarboxylates, lignin sulfonates, alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids, such as lignin sulfonic acid polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol formaldehyde condensate ethyl sulfates, alkylbenzene calcium sulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensates sodium salts, polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethyl, ethyl polyoxyethylene fatty amine, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene esters of one or more of ethylene-ethyl.
The wetting agent is selected from the group consisting of salts of aliphatic monoesters of sulphuric acid including sodium lauryl sulphate, sulfoakylamides and salts thereof , N - methyl - N - oleoyltaurate Na salt, akylarylsulfonates, akylbenzene sulfonates, akylnaphthalene sulfonates and salts thereof and salts of ligninsulfonic acid, aryl sulfonates (such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium alkylnaphthalene sulfonate), fatty alcohol sulfates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl polyoxyethylene alcohol ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether formaldehyde condensate sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, alkyl sulfonates succinic, single polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether sodium succinate, ethylene oxide adducts of fatty alcohol sulfonates and alkylphenol formalin condensates of ethylene oxide adduct sulfonates.
The defoamer is selected from the group consisting of silicone oils, silicone-based compounds, compounds C10-20 unsaturated fatty acids and C8-10 aliphatic acids.
The stabilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of hexamethylenetetramine and sodium metabisulfite.
The antifreeze agent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol.
The thickening agent is a water-soluble polymer compound selected from the group consisting of xanthan gum, guar gum, or carboxymethyl cellulose, bentonite, PVOH, HMPC, Magnesium aluminium silicates and white carbon.
The disintegrant is selected from the group consisting of Ammonium sulfate, anhydrous sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, urea and potassium chloride.
The antifoaming agent is selected from the group consisting of silicone oils, silicon-based compounds, compounds of C10-20 unsaturated fatty acids and C8-10 aliphatic acids.
The preservative is selected from the group consisting of benzisothiazolinone (Proxel GXL) and Microcheck MZ 36.
The adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of fatty alcohol ethoxylate, polyether modified trisiloxane, trisiloxane ethoxylate, polyglycerol esters and fatty acid esters, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan monolaurate, polysorbate and modified polysiloxanes.
The filler is selected from the group consisting of clays, natural or synthetic silicates, kaolin, calcium carbonate, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, talc, clay, silica, resins, corn starch and attapulgite.
The organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of naphtha aromatic solvents, dimethyloctanamide, xylene and cyclohexanone.
The pigments are selected from the group consisting of pigment red, pigment blue, pigment orange, pigment violet, pigment green and pigment yellow.
The employment of agrochemically acceptable excipients in the composition will depend upon the type of composition and/or the manner in which the composition is to be applied by the end user.
The formulations can be of any form that is suitable for application onto all types of cultures or crops. These formulations, which can be prepared in any manner known by a person skilled in the art, also form part of this disclosure.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises a dithiocarbamate fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a benzimidazole fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a neonicotinoid insecticide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition and agrochemically acceptable excipient selected from the group consisting of dispersing agent, wetting agent, defoamer, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, antifreeze agents, thickening agents, disintegrants, antifoaming agents, pigments, organic solvents, antioxidants, preservatives, adjuvants and filler, in total, in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 65% by weight of the total mass of the composition.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises a dithiocarbamate fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a benzimidazole fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a neonicotinoid insecticide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition and agrochemically acceptable excipient comprising at least one dispersing agent in an amount in the range of 1% to 15% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a wetting agent in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 5% by weight of the total mass of the composition, an adjuvant in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 10% by weight of the total mass of the composition, an antifreeze agent in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 10% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a defoamer in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 2% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a thickening agent in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 10% by weight of the total mass of the composition, a preservative in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 1% by weight of the total mass of the composition and pigment in an amount in the range of 0.1 % to 5% by weight of the total mass of the composition.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the synergistic pesticidal composition comprises Mancozeb in an amount in the range of 1% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the composition, Thiophanate-methyl in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition, Thiamethoxam in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition and agrochemically acceptable excipient in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 65% by weight of the total mass of the composition.
Under specific conditions, for example, according to the nature of the target phytopathogenic fungi or insect, a lower dose of the synergistic pesticidal composition may offer adequate protection, whereas, certain climatic conditions, resistance offered by the pests, nature of the target phytopathogenic fungi or insect may necessitate higher doses of the synergistic pesticidal composition.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the synergistic pesticidal composition can be formulated in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of water dispersible granule, granules, dusts, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, oil dispersion, ZC formulation, wettable powder, suspension concentrate, flowable suspension, oil-based suspension and tank-mix.
These, formulations, which can be prepared in any manner known by any person skilled in the art, also form part of this disclosure.
In another aspect, there is provided a process for preparing a synergistic pesticidal composition. The process comprises mixing predetermined amounts of dithiocarbamate fungicide, benzimidazole fungicide, neonicotinoid insecticide and agrochemically acceptable excipient to obtain a pesticidal composition.
Particularly, the process comprises mixing a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide, at least one dispersing agent, a wetting agent, an adjuvant and an antifreeze agent to obtain a first mixture. The first mixture is diluted with water to obtain premix slurry. The premix slurry is passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of a particle size in a predetermined range. The concentrate suspension is mixed with a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a pigment, a defoamer, a thickening agent, a preservative and predetermined quantity of water to obtain the pesticidal composition.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the pesticidal composition is formulated as a suspension formulation.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a process for preparation of the synergistic pesticidal composition. The process comprises mixing predetermined quantities of benzimidazole fungicide, neonicotinoid insecticide, a wetting agent and a dispersing agent to obtain a first mixture. The first mixture is milled to obtain a first homogenized mixture. Predetermined quantities of a dispersing agent, an adjuvant, a pigment and a defoamer are mixed with water to obtain a second homogenized mixture. The first homogenized mixture and the second homogenized mixture are mixed to obtain a third homogenized mixture. A dithiocarbamate fungicide, a thickening agent and a preservative are added to the third homogenized mixture to obtain a pesticidal composition.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure the pesticidal composition is formulated as a stable suspension.
In still another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of controlling and eliminating pests and fungal disease from plants. The method comprising applying to pests, or locus of a pest, or plant or any plant propagation material, susceptible to attack by pests and fungi, an effective amount of the synergistic pesticidal composition.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the synergistic pesticidal composition is used against pests and fungi selected from the group consisting of Leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), Aphids (Aphis craccivora) and Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis). Other fungi or insects or other infections and/or infestations caused by them can also be controlled with the synergistic pesticidal composition of the present disclosure.
The pesticidal composition surprisingly and unexpectedly allows a very high and perennial anti-fungal and anti-insecticidal efficacy against a broad spectrum of fungi and insects, particularly those responsible for diseases and/or damage of crops.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the pesticidal composition is used for foliar application, ground application or application to plants and/or propagation materials thereof. The application is made to the soil before emergence of the plants, either pre-planting or post-planting. The applications are made by treatment of the propagation material, particularly seeds, with the synergistic pesticidal composition before planting. The application is made as a foliar spray at different timings during crop development with one or more applications early or late post-emergence.
The synergistic fungicidal composition of the present disclosure is sold as a pre-mix composition or a kit of parts such that the individual actives can be mixed before spraying.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the constituents of the synergistic fungicidal composition can be tank-mixed and sprayed at the locus of the infection or alternatively be mixed with surfactants and then sprayed.
In accordance with the present disclosure there is provided a kit containing a pesticidal composition comprising a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide and agrochemically acceptable excipient.
In still further aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a pesticidal kit comprising a first sachet containing a first homogenized mixture comprising a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide, a first dispersing agent, a second dispersing agent, a wetting agent, an adjuvant and an antifreeze agent, a second sachet containing a second homogenized mixture comprising a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a defoamer, a thickening agent, a preservative and a pigment and an instruction pamphlet, wherein the contents of the first sachet and the second sachet are to be combined, at the time of application, in accordance with the instructions provided in the instruction pamphlet.
The pesticidal composition of the present disclosure has enhanced pesticidal activity and combats resistance shown by the pests, fungi and insects. The pesticidal activity of the pesticidal composition of the present disclosure is greater than the sum of the fungicidal activities of the individual components when used alone. Also, the difference in the modes of action of each of the active components translates into better management of fungi and insects. Hence, the pesticidal composition of the present disclosure can be applied in lower dosages. This in turn lowers the probability of development of resistance by the fungi and insects.
The present disclosure is further described in light of the following experiments which are set forth for illustration purpose only and not to be construed for limiting the scope of the disclosure. The following experiments can be scaled up to industrial/commercial scale and the results obtained can be extrapolated to industrial scale.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Individual components of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, are interchangeable. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the present disclosure, and all such modifications are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l+Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS
210g of Thiamethoxam and 108g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with 121g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 345g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 2: Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l +Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS
220g of Thiamethoxam and 110g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS, 30g of adjuvant and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with the 110g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 314g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 3: Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l+Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS
220g of Thiamethoxam and 110g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS, 30g of adjuvant and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with 110g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 314g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 4: Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l+Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS
220g of Thiamethoxam and 110g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS, 30g of adjuvant and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with 110g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 314g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 5: Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l+Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS
220g of Thiamethoxam and 110g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS, 30g of adjuvant and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with 110g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 314g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 6: Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l+Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS
173g of Thiamethoxam and 97g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS, 30g of adjuvant and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with 100g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 384g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 7: Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS
148g of Thiamethoxam and 108g of Thiophanate methyl with 20g of kraft lignin base lignosulphonate, 10g of sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 30g of graft co-polymer, 10g of SLS, 30g of adjuvant and 80g of propylene glycol were mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was diluted with water to obtain a premix slurry in the form of a suspension. The premix slurry was passed through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of fine particle size in the range of 2 µm to 10 µm
Above milled base suspension was mixed with 136g of Mancozeb technical. 10g of blue pigment was added slowly and blended with high speed homogeniser. This was followed by the addition of 5g of silicon base defoamer, 50g of xanthan gum, 1g of preservative and 362g of balance water to achieve a stable pesticidal composition.
Example 8: Zineb 15% + Carbendazim 10% + Thiamethoxam 25% – WP
Zineb 20g, Carbendazim 10.5g and Thiamethoxam 26g with Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate 3g, Sodium Isopropyl Naphthalene Sulfonate 2g, sodium lignosulphonate 1g, silica 5g and filler clay 32.5g were mixed to obtain a admixture. The admixture was milled obtain a homogenous wettable powder.
Example 9: Propineb 15% + Thiophanate-methyl 10% + Dinotefuran 20% – WP
Propineb 19g, Thiophanate-methyl 10.5g and Dinotefuran 20.5g with Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate 3g, Sodium Isopropyl Naphthalene Sulfonate 2g, sodium lignosulphonate 1g, silica 5g and filler clay 39g were mixed to obtain a admixture. The admixture was milled to obtain a homogenous wettable powder.
Example 10: Propineb 15% + Carbendazim 10% + Thiamethoxam 20% WP
Propineb (purity 80%) 19g, Carbendazim 10.5g and Thiamethoxam 20.5g with Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate 3g, Sodium Isopropyl Naphthalene Sulfonate 2g, sodium lignosulphonate 1g, silica 5g and filler clay 39g were mixed to obtain a admixture. The admixture was milled to obtain a homogenous wettable powder.
Example 11: Mancozeb 50 % + Thiophanate-methyl 16 % + Thiamethoxam 6.25% WG
60g Mancozeb, 17.5g Thiophanate methyl and 6.5g Thiamethoxam with 1.5g Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 2 g sodium lignosulphonate, 3 Sodium lauryl sulphate, 0.2 g defoamer and 9.3g lactose were mixed to obtain a admixture. The admixture was milled and blended to obtain a homogenous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was granulated in the presence of water. The granules were dried to moisture content less than 3%.
Example 12: Mancozeb 50 % + Carbendazim 16 % + Thiamethoxam 6.25% WG
60g Mancozeb, 17g Carbendazim and 6.5g Thiamethoxam with 1.5g Sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonate condensate, 2 g sodium lignosulphonate, 3 Sodium lauryl sulphate, 0.2 g defoamer and 9.8g lactose were mixed to obtain a admixture. The admixture was milled and blended to obtain a homogenous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was granulated in the presence of water. The granules were dried to moisture content less than 3%.

1. GERMINATION STUDY
Pesticidal formulations incorporated with different adjuvants (Examples 2 to 5) were tested to determine the efficacy. Example 1 was treated as the comparative formulation. Groundnut seed was selected for Germination study in the laboratory. For the laboratory study, dose of pesticidal formulation (10ml /kg) was coated on groundnut seed and kept for 10 days on wet germination paper.
Following was the observation after 10 days on germination paper. Measurement of germinated root was in centimetre (cm).
Table 1: Germination Study
Specimen Experiments Root Germination study
Number of seeds Number of seeds germinated % germination Root length (Average cm) Fungus growth
Specimen 1 Formulation without Adjuvant (Example 1) 5 5 100 6.4 cm No
Specimen 2 Formulation with Adjuvant A (Example 2) 5 5 100 11.7 cm No
Specimen 3 Formulation with Adjuvant B 5 5 100 8.2 cm No
Specimen 4 Formulation with Adjuvant C 5 3 60 4.0cm Yes
Specimen 5 Formulation with Adjuvant D 5 3 60 8.6 cm Yes
Control (seed without treatment) 5 2 40 3.5 cm Yes
Adjuvant A- Fatty alcohol ethoxylate; Adjuvant B- Polyether Modified Trisiloxane; Adjuvant C- Trisiloxane ethoxylate; Adjuvant D- Polyglycerol esters and Fatty acid esters
As illustrated in Table 1, the formulation having Adjuvant A (Specimen 2) demonstrated faster root growth and better root length, no fungus growth compared to other examples and this formulation also showed greater efficacy when tested in field.
2. EVALUATION OF PESTICIDAL COMBINATIONS FOR BIO-EFFICACY AGAINST LEAF SPOT, STEM ROT, APHIDS AND THRIPS
The synergistic pesticidal compositions of the present disclosure, prepared in accordance with Examples 2, 6 and 7, were tested at given concentrations with two way possible tank mix combinations, i.e., Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Tank mix), Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) & Thiamethoxam 25% WG + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) along with solo individual fungicides i.e., Mancozeb 75% WP, Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP and Thiamethoxam 25% WG and Untreated Control against Leaf spot, Stem rot, aphids & thrips of Groundnut. These treatments were applied as seed treatment by mixing desire quantity of treatment chemical in 10 ml of water and prepare slurry and took a poly bag to put 1 kg seeds & slurry mixed thoroughly until the uniform coating on seed was formed. Dried the treated seed in shade and then sown in main field.
The appearance of the visible symptom of the diseases was recorded with observations after 10, 20, 30 & 40 days after seed treatment for recording the observations at ten plants from each plot were graded on (0–9) disease scoring scale for Leaf spot, Stem rot and number of pest count was recorded for Aphids, Thrips and growth (centimeters) and yield parameters (q/ha) of Groundnut.
Disease Ratings:
Scale (Grade) Percent disease Intensity reaction

0 No disease = Immune

1 1 – 5 % infection = Mild

3 6 – 10 % infection = Moderate

5 11 – 25 % infection = Alarming

7 26 – 50 % infection = Severe

9 >50 % infection = highly severe

Percent disease index (PDI) was calculated using the following formula:
Sum of all numerical ratings
PDI = --------------------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Total plants observed X Maximum rating scale
The PDI values were transformed by angular transformation and analyzed statistically. The disease control DC (%) was calculated by the following formula.
Disease % in control - Disease % in treatment
DC (%) = ------------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Disease % in control

(1 –pest count after treatment)
Corrected % (% Abbot) = ------------------------------------------------- X 100
Pest count in control
Table 2: Bio-efficacy of different Fungicides treatments against Leaf spot
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ 10 kg seeds) Dose
(ml or g/
10 kg seed) Leaf spot- PDI (%) PDC
40 DAA
Pre-count 10 DAA 20 DAA 30 DAA 40 DAA
T1 Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l + Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 10 + 11 + 20 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 1.34 (3.83) 4.00 (8.14) 6.00 (9.89) 43.67
T2 Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 12.5+12.5+25 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 1.34 (3.83) 2.00 (4.63) 85.44
T3 Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 14+12.5+17.5 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.67 (1.92) 2.67 (6.54) 4.14 (8.14) 69.86
T4 Mancozeb 75%WP 22.5 30 g 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 3.34 (7.34) 8.80 (12.11) 9.87 (12.84) 28.16
T5 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP 15.0 21.42 g 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 2.00 (4.63) 8.27 (11.73) 10.67 (13.3) 22.34
T6 Thiamethoxam 25% WG 30 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.67 (1.92) 5.34 (9.36) 10.14 (12.99) 12.67 (14.57) 7.78
T7 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Tank mix) 22.5+ 30 30.0+100 g 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 2.00 (4.63) 6.67 (10.5) 8.40 (11.76) 38.86
T8 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 22.5+15.0 30.0+ 21.42 g 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 1.34 (3.83) 4.00 (7.95) 7.34 (11.02) 46.57
T9 Thiamethoxam 25% WG + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 30 + 15.0 100+ 21.42 g 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 2.67 (6.54) 8.27 (11.70) 10.67 (13.27) 22.34
T10 Untreated - - 0.00
(0.00) 1.34 (3.83) 6.00 (9.89) 11.74 (14.02) 13.74 (15.19) --
CD (P = 0.05) NS 2.47 4.90 2.60 3.05 -

The results presented in Table 2 show that at the time of initiation of trial there was no Leaf spot disease in any treatment which indicates the uniformity of trial plot across all the treatments. At 40 days after treatment, the highest Leaf spot was recorded in control (13.74%). All the fungicide treatments significantly reduced the disease severity than untreated control, but the significant lowest Leaf spot disease was observed in T2 (2.00%), which was superior over with T3 (4.14%). These treatments (T1 to T3) are significantly superior over rest of all treatments.
The highest percent disease control (PDC) was recorded in treatment T2 (85.44.62%), followed by T3 (69.86%), T8 (46.57%) and T1 (43.67%). The lowest disease control was recorded in treatment T6 (7.78%), followed by T5 (22.34%) and T4 (28.16%).
Table 3: Bio-efficacy of different Fungicides treatments against Stem rot
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ 10 kg seeds) Dose
(ml or g/
10 kg seed) Stem rot PDI (%) PDC
40 DAA
Pre-count 10 DAA 20 DAA 30 DAA 40 DAA
T1 Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l + Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 10 + 11 + 20 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 3.34 (7.34) 4.67 (8.47) 8.00 (11.48) 53.86
T2 Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 12.5+12.5+25 100 ml 0.38
(2.02) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.67 (1.92) 0.67 (1.92) 96.13
T3 Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 14+12.5+17.5 100 ml 0.75
(2.86) 0.00 (0.00) 1.34 (3.83) 2.00 (4.63) 3.34 (6.04) 80.73
T4 Mancozeb 75%WP 22.5 30 g 0.75
(4.04) 0.00 (0.00) 4.67 (8.57) 9.34 (12.46) 4.67 (8.75) 73.06
T5 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP 15.0 21.42 g 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 6.00 (9.89) 8.00 (11.48) 15.34 (16.05) 11.53
T6 Thiamethoxam 25% WG 30 100 ml 0.38
(2.02) 6.00 (9.89) 9.34 (12.46) 12.67 (14.57) 12.67 (14.57) 26.93
T7 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Tank mix) 22.5+ 30 30.0+100 g 0.75
(4.04) 1.34 (3.83) 2.00 (5.74) 7.34 (10.87) 4.00 (7.95) 76.93
T8 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 22.5+15.0 30.0+ 21.42 g 1.12
(4.88) 0.00 (0.00) 2.00 (4.63) 4.00 (7.95) 4.67 (8.75) 73.06
T9 Thiamethoxam 25% WG + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 30 + 15.0 100+ 21.42 g 0.75
(4.04) 1.34 (2.72) 4.00 (7.95) 6.67 (10.5) 8.00 (11.48) 53.86
T10 Untreated - - 0.38
(2.02) 7.34 (11.02) 10.67 (13.35) 13.34 (14.96) 17.34 (17.12) --
CD (P = 0.05) NS 3.23 3.71 3.58 4.1 -

The results presented in Table 3 show that 40 days after the first application, the highest disease was recorded in control (17.34%). The significant lowest disease was observed in T2 (0.67%) and T3 (2.00%), T2 which were superior over rest of all treatments.
The highest percent disease control (PDC) was recorded in treatment T2 (96.13%) followed by T3 (80.73), T7 (76.93%), T4 & T8 (73.06%). The lowest disease control was recorded in treatment T5 (11.53%) followed by T6 (26.93%).
Table 4: Bio-efficacy of different Fungicides treatments against Aphids
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ 10 kg seeds) Dose
(ml or g/
10 kg seed) Avg. Aphids count per plant % Abbot
40 DAA
Pre-count 10 DAA 20 DAA 30 DAA 40 DAA
T1 Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l + Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 10 + 11 + 20 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.00 (0.71) 1.00 (1.18) 6.34 (2.61) 9.34 (3.13) 70.83
T2 Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 12.5+12.5+25 100 ml 0.38
(2.02) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.00 (1.18) 2.34 (1.66) 92.71
T3 Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 14+12.5+17.5 100 ml 0.75
(2.86) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.67 (1.47) 2.67 (1.74) 91.67
T4 Mancozeb 75%WP 22.5 30 g 0.75
(4.04) 2.67 (1.65) 2.67 (1.74) 14.67 (3.81) 19.67 (4.43) 38.54
T5 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP 15.0 21.42 g 0.00
(0.00) 4.34 (2.19) 4.34 (2.2) 16.67 (4.02) 20 (4.52) 37.50
T6 Thiamethoxam 25% WG 30.0 100 ml 0.38
(2.02) 0.00 (0.71) 1.00 (1.18) 3.34 (1.94) 11.67 (3.49) 63.54
T7 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Tank mix) 22.5+ 30 30.0+100 g 0.75
(4.04) 0.00 (0.71) 1.00 (1.18) 3.00 (1.86) 7.34 (2.79) 77.08
T8 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 22.5+15.0 30.0+ 21.42 g 1.12
(4.88) 1.67 (1.39) 4.67 (2.27) 18.34 (4.33) 24.34 (4.98) 23.96
T9 Thiamethoxam 25% WG + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 30 + 15.0 100+ 21.42 g 0.75
(4.04) 0.00 (0.71) 0.67 (1.06) 6.34 (2.6) 7.34 (2.79) 77.08
T10 Untreated - - 0.38
(2.02) 6.67 (2.67) 15.00 (3.92) 29.34 (5.46) 32.00 (5.7) --
CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.62 0.6 0.91 0.74 --

The results presented in Table 4 show that at the time of initiation of trial the aphid’s population indicates that there was no aphids population. At 40 days after seed treatment, the highest disease was recorded in control (32.00). The significant lowest disease was observed in T2 (2.34%) and T3 (2.67%), which were significantly superior over rest of all treatments.
The highest percent abbot was recorded in treatment T2 (92.71%) followed by T2 (91.67%), T9 & T7 (77.08%). The lowest disease control was recorded in treatment T8 (23.96) followed by T5 (37.50%), T4 (38.54%), T6 (63.54).
Table 5: Bio-efficacy of different Fungicides treatments against Thrips
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ 10 kg seeds) Dose
(ml or g/
10 kg seed) Avg. Thrips count per plant % Abbot 40 DAA
Pre-count 10 DAA 20 DAA 30 DAA 40 DAA
T1 Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l + Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 10 + 11 + 20 100 ml 0.00
(0.00) 0.34 (0.88) 0.67 (1.06) 4.34 (2.20) 9.34 (3.13) 80.69
T2 Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 12.5+12.5+25 100 ml 0.38
(2.02) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 0.34 (0.88) 2.34 (1.65) 95.17
T3 Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 14+12.5+17.5 100 ml 0.75
(2.86) 0.00 (0.71) 0.00 (0.71) 1.67 (1.39) 4.67 (2.28) 90.34
T4 Mancozeb 75%WP 22.5 30 g 0.75
(4.04) 3.00 (1.86) 10.00 (3.19) 27.67 (5.29) 41.00 (6.44) 15.17
T5 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP 15.0 21.42 g 0.00
(0.00) 2.34 (1.68) 16.67 (4.12) 31.34 (5.62) 44.00 (6.65) 8.97
T6 Thiamethoxam 25% WG 30 100 ml 0.38
(2.02) 0.00 (0.71) 1.34 (1.27) 7.67 (2.85) 14.67 (3.89) 69.66
T7 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Tank mix) 22.5+ 30 30.0+100 g 0.75
(4.04) 0.00 (0.71) 1.34 (1.27) 6.00 (2.31) 12.34 (3.57) 74.48
T8 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 22.5+15.0 30.0+ 21.42 g 1.12
(4.88) 5.34 (2.41) 12.00 (3.50) 29.00 (5.42) 37.67 (6.18) 22.07
T9 Thiamethoxam 25% WG + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 30 + 15.0 100+ 21.42 g 0.75
(4.04) 0.00 (0.71) 1.67 (1.45) 6.34 (2.61) 11.34 (3.43) 76.55
T10 Untreated - - 0.38
(2.02) 7.00 (2.73) 18.00 (4.29) 35.34 (5.99) 48.34 (6.99) --
CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.31 0.85 0.98 0.70 -

The results presented in Table 5 show that at the time of initiation of trial the thrips population was not observed. At 40 days after application, the highest disease was recorded in control (48.34%). The significant lowest disease was observed in T2 (2.34%) and T3 (4.67%), which were significantly superior over rest of all treatments.
The highest percent Abbot was recorded in treatment T2 (95.17%) followed by T3 (90.34) & T1 (80.67%), T9 (76.55%), T7 (74.48%). The lowest disease control was recorded in treatment T5 (8.97%) followed by T8 (22.07%).
3. TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF THE TEST INSECTICDE ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF GROUNDNUT
Individual plot wise yield was recorded and calculated treatment wise yield and converted into yield per hectare (q/ha) at harvest and statistically analyzed the data.
Table 6: Effect of different Insecticides treatments on Growth and Yield parameters of Groundnut
Tr. No Treatment Details Dose
(g a.i./ 10 kg seeds) Dose
(ml or g/ 10 kg seed) Growth parameters Yield (q/ha)
Germination (%) Shoot length (cm) Root length (cm)
30 DAA 40 DAA 30 DAA 40 DAA
T1 Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l + Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 10 + 11 + 20 100 ml 86.67 17.00 34.00 7.00 19.00 20.20
T2 Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 12.5+12.5+25 100 ml 95.00 20.67 38.33 8.67 23.33 22.40
T3 Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 14+12.5+17.5 100 ml 94.00 18.33 38.00 9.00 23.13 21.43
T4 Mancozeb 75%WP 22.5 30 g 80.67 14.67 25.67 9.33 17.33 15.67
T5 Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP 15.0 21.42 g 81.00 14.00 23.67 8.00 18.67 14.73
T6 Thiamethoxam 25% WG 30.0 100 ml 80.67 12.67 21.67 6.33 18.00 14.80
T7 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiamethoxam 25% WG (Tank mix) 22.5+ 30 30.0+100 g 84.67 16.00 30.33 8.00 20.33 17.33
T8 Mancozeb 75%WP + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 22.5+15.0 30+ 21.42 g 83.00 16.33 27.67 7.67 19.33 16.67
T9 Thiamethoxam 25% WG + Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP (Tank mix) 30 + 15.0 100+ 21.42 g 84.67 15.00 28.33 7.20 20.33 16.33
T10 Untreated - - 77.00 11.33 19.00 5.33 16.33 13.33
CD (P = 0.05)
6.70 4.56 9.96 3.08 6.85 5.08

The results presented in Table 6 show that all the treatments significantly increase the yield than Untreated Control (13.33 q/ha). The highest yield was observed in treatment T2 (22.40 q/ha), which was significantly superior over all treatment and at par with T3 (21.43 q/ha). The lowest population was observed in (14.73 q/ha) and T6 (14.80 q/ha). All test fungicide treatments (T1 to T3) were significantly superior over solo fungicide treatments (T6 to T8) and two way tank mix combination treatments (T4 to T6). The lowest yield was recorded in Untreated Control (13.33 q/ha).
4. TO STUDY THE PHYTOTOXICITY EFFECT OF TEST INSECTICDES ON GROUNDNUT
Observations were taken on damage caused to plants, if any, by the application of different treatments taking into the account phytotoxic symptoms viz. leaf injury on tips and leaf surface, wilting, vein clearing, necrosis, epinasty and hyponasty on ten plants per plot. The observations were recorded before treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 & 15th day after treatment. For Phytotoxicity study of leaf injury on tips and leaf surface the Scale (0-10) used is given below.
Phytotoxicity Rating Scale (PRS)
Crop response/ Crop injury Rating
0-00 0
1-10% 1
11-20% 2
21-30% 3
31-40% 4
41-50% 5
51-60% 6
61-70% 7
71-80% 8
81-90% 9
91-100% 10

Table 7: Phyto-toxicity effect of different Insecticide treatments on Groundnut
Tr. No. Treatment Details
(Dose /10 kg seeds) *Phytotoxicity (Based on 0-10 Phytotoxicity Rating Scale)
(g a.i.) (ml) Before Spray Days after application (DAA)
1 3 5 7 10 15
T1
Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l+ Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 10 + 11 + 20 100 ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T2
Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l+ Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 12.5+12.5+25 100 ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T3
Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 14+12.5+17.5 100 ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T4
Mancozeb 100g/l + TPM 110 g/l+ Thiamethoxam 200g/l FS (Example 6) 20 + 22 + 40 200 ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T5 Mancozeb 125g/l + TPM 125 g/l+ Thiamethoxam 250g/l FS (Example 2) 25+25+50 200 ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T6 Mancozeb 140g/l + TPM 125 g/l + Thiamethoxam 175g/l FS (Example 7) 28+25+35 200 ml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T7 Untreated - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*For phototoxic symptoms- Leaf injury on tips and Leaf surface, Wilting, Vein Clearing, Necrosis, Epinasty and Hyponasty
As illustrated in Table 7, the three insecticide ready combinations were sprayed at doses X (100 ml/10 kg of seed) and 2X (200 ml/ 10 kg of seed) to check the phytotoxic effects like leaf injury on tips/surface, vein clearing, wilting, necrosis, hyponasty and epinasty on the Groundnut crop. The observations on these phytotoxicity parameters were observed on before spray and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 days after application. But there was no any phytotoxicity observed on Groundnut crop after seed treatment in any treatment. Even there was no any adverse effect noticed on Groundnut crop in the field applied with this fungicides + Insecticide combinations at highest dose of @200 ml/ 10kg seeds.
Overall, the three way combination test Fungicide + Fungicides + Insecticide showed synergistic effect for controlling the diseases and insects. Also to prolong the effectiveness of fungicides liable to encounter resistance problems and to limit crop losses, the test fungicides can be used effectively and safely for the management of diseases as compared to solo Mancozeb 75 % wettable powder, Thiophanate Methyl 70% wettable powder and Thiamethoxam 25% water dispersible granules and their two way possible tank mix combinations.

TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENTS
The present disclosure described herein above has several technical advantages including, but not limited to, the realization of a synergistic pesticidal composition exhibiting enhanced efficacy for protecting plants, crops and seeds against fungal diseases and insect damages.
The embodiments herein and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained with reference to the non-limiting embodiments in the following description. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the embodiments herein. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the embodiments herein may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the embodiments herein. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments herein.
The foregoing description of the specific embodiments so fully reveal the general nature of the embodiments herein that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. Therefore, while the embodiments herein have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments herein can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the embodiments as described herein.
The use of the expression “at least” or “at least one” suggests the use of one or more elements or ingredients or quantities, as the use may be in the embodiment of the invention to achieve one or more of the desired objects or results. While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Variations or modifications to the formulation of this invention, within the scope of the invention, may occur to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the disclosure herein. Such variations or modifications are well within the spirit of this invention.
The terms first, second, third, etc., should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure as the aforementioned terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another component, region, layer or section. Terms such as first, second, third etc., when used herein do not imply a specific sequence or order unless clearly suggested by the present disclosure.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like that has been included in this specification is solely for the purpose of providing a context for the disclosure. It is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form a part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the disclosure as it existed anywhere before the priority date of this application.
The numerical values given for various physical parameters, dimensions, and quantities are only approximate values and it is envisaged that the values higher than the numerical value assigned to the physical parameters, dimensions and quantities fall within the scope of the invention unless there is a statement in the specification to the contrary.
While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the specific features of the preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that many additional features can be added and that many changes can be made in the preferred embodiment without departing from the principles of the disclosure. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the disclosure and not as a limitation.
,CLAIMS:WE CLAIM:

1. A synergistic pesticidal composition comprising:
a. a dithiocarbamate fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the composition;
b. a benzimidazole fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition;
c. a neonicotinoid insecticide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition; and
d. agrochemically acceptable excipient in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 65% by weight of the total mass of the composition; and

2. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dithiocarbamate fungicide is selected from the group consisting of mancozeb, zineb, propineb, metiram, thiram, polycarbamate, ziram, dazomet, etem, milneb, mancopper, asamobam, asomate, azithiram, carbamorph, cufraneb, cuprobam, disulfiram, ferbam, metam, nabam, tecoram and urbacide.

3. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the benzimidazole fungicide is selected from the group consisting of benomyl, carbendazim, furophanate, thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, thiabendazole, fuberidazole, albendazole, chlorfenazole, cypendazole, debacarb, fuberidazole, mecarbinzid, rabenzazole and zoxamide.

4. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the neonicotinoid insecticide is selected from the group consisting of acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, nitenpyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, cycloxaprid and thiomethoxam.

5. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the agrochemically acceptable excipients are selected from the group consisting of dispersing agent, wetting agent, defoamer, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, antifreeze agents, thickening agents, disintegrants, antifoaming agents, pigments, organic solvents, antioxidants, preservatives, adjuvants and filler.

6. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said composition comprises:
a. a dithiocarbamate fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 70% by weight of the total mass of the composition;
b. a benzimidazole fungicide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition;
c. a neonicotinoid insecticide in an amount in the range of 1% to 60% by weight of the total mass of the composition; and
d. agrochemically acceptable excipient selected from the group consisting of dispersing agent, wetting agent, defoamer, emulsifiers, stabilizing agents, antifreeze agents, thickening agents, disintegrants, antifoaming agents, pigments, organic solvents, antioxidants, preservatives, adjuvants and filler, in total, in an amount in the range of 0.1% to 65% by weight of the total mass of the composition.

7. The synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said composition is formulated as a dosage form selected from the group consisting of water dispersible granule, granules, dusts, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil emulsion, oil dispersion, ZC formulation, wettable powder, suspension concentrate, flowable suspension, oil-based suspension and tank-mix.

8. A process for preparation of a synergistic pesticidal composition, said process comprising mixing a predetermined amount of dithiocarbamate fungicide, benzimidazole fungicide, neonicotinoid insecticide and agrochemically acceptable excipient to obtain the pesticidal composition.

9. The process for preparation of a synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claim 8, said process comprising:
a. mixing a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide, at least one dispersing agent, a wetting agent, an adjuvant and an antifreeze agent to obtain a first mixture;
b. diluting the first mixture with water to obtain premix slurry;
c. passing the premix slurry through a bead mill to obtain a concentrate suspension of a particle size in a predetermined range; and
d. mixing the concentrate suspension with a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a pigment, a defoamer, a thickening agent, a preservative and predetermined quantity of water to obtain the pesticidal composition.

10. A method of controlling and eliminating pests or fungal disease or damaging insects of plants, crops or seeds, said method comprising applying to a pest, or locus of a pest, or plant or any plant propagation material, susceptible to attack by pests and fungi, an effective amount of the synergistic pesticidal composition as claimed in claims 1 to 7.

11. A pesticidal kit, said pesticidal kit comprising,
a. a first sachet containing a first substantially homogenized mixture comprising a benzimidazole fungicide, a neonicotinoid insecticide, a first dispersing agent, a second dispersing agent, a wetting agent, an adjuvant and an antifreeze agent;
b. a second sachet containing a second substantially homogenized mixture comprising a dithiocarbamate fungicide, a pigment, a defoamer, a thickening agent and a preservative; and
c. an instruction pamphlet;
wherein the contents of the first sachet and the second sachet are to be combined, at the time of application, in accordance with the instructions provided in the instruction pamphlet.