The invention generally relates to a system for growing one or more crystalline
materials, specifically diamonds using Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition
(MPCVD), which provides dramatic improvement in the quality and production yield of
diamonds. More specifically, the invention relates to a specially configured Integrated
Microwave Generator System (IMGS) which replaces individual devices such as a
microwave source and pressure controller in the MPCVD system to produce high-quality
diamonds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond film finds numerous applications in
industry due to its outstanding properties such as, but not limited to, high mechanical
hardness, high thermal conductivity, wide band gap, low thermal expansion, and high
optical transparency. This combination of extreme properties of diamond makes it the
most important material for new generation technologies in the 21st century. The growth
or coating of diamond over large areas at sub-atmospheric pressures by CVD is a wellestablished method to produce diamond in various forms.
[0003] Although diamond growth at sub-atmospheric pressures is not well defined, the
basic understanding of the role of atomic hydrogen in the gas phase has helped in
developing relevant CVD diamond technologies. Hydrogen is dissociated into atomic
hydrogen that plays a key role in the growth of diamond by dissociating hydrocarbons
into diamond precursors for the growth and etching the simultaneously growing
unwanted sp2 carbon impurities. The sp2 carbon impurities in the growth may further
develop growth defects and stress in the material.
-3-
[0004] Erstwhile systems disclose several methods for preparation of CVD diamonds and
among them Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) is most widely
used, especially for the growth of high-quality diamonds at high growth rates, including
growth of single crystalline diamonds.
[0005] In conventional systems, there are two kinds of sources for the generation of
plasma namely magnetron tubes and chip-based microwave generator. The magnetron
tubes (microwave tubes) use kinetic energy and convert the kinetic energy into
electromagnetic energy, which can be used as plasma. However, the structure of the
magnetron tubes and the generation of microwave power using the magnetron tubes, are
quite complex and the associated parameters are difficult to control. Apart from this,
magnetron tubes are expensive, have frequency deviation (with time and power output),
power output deviation (with time) and a short lifespan that requires changing the
magnetron tubes at regular intervals during the lifetime of an MPCVD system for the
growth of diamond.
[0006] Due to frequent frequency fluctuations, the growth of CVD diamonds results in
growth defects and dislocations that result in poor quality of diamonds being produced.
Therefore, a highly stable frequency produces a highly stable plasma which results in
high-quality diamond growth with much lower levels of defects and dislocations.
[0007] Another problem is encountered during long run thick growth of a diamond. As
the thickness of the diamond increases, it affects the plasma and changes the proposition
of the plasma constituents. Maintaining the proposition of the plasma constituents during
diamond growth and as the thickness of the diamond increases, is very critical to provide
a high-quality uniform growth of thick single and polycrystalline diamond. It is of utmost
importance that the consistency of the quality over thickness and large areas are to be
maintained.
-4-
[0008] Conventional methods using magnetron tube-based MPCVD system observe the
temperature of the growing surface of diamond using an optical pyrometer and vary
either the microwave power and/or other growth parameters such as pressure, to maintain
the desired growing surface temperature constant.
[0009] In MPCVD-based systems, the source of generation of microwave power in the
allowed frequencies of 915 MHz and 2450 MHz is the magnetron tube, which is a
vacuum electron device. However, the magnetron tube is quite complicated because of its
mechanical geometry. It consists of a cathode at its center that is surrounded by a ringshaped anode with holes or slots cut into cavities or resonant cavities. There is also a
powerful magnet placed underneath the anode to generate a magnetic field in a manner
that electrons originating from the cathode and accelerating towards the anode feel a
force and follow a curved path between the cathode and anode. The cavities in the anode
resonate and emit microwave radiation of frequency that they are designed for. Due to
this, the stability of frequency and power output of a magnetron tube depends on the
mechanical dimensions of the cavities. Moreover, there are many reasons for a low
lifespan of a magnetron tube which includes, but is not limited to, the inefficient
characteristics of the filament, vacuum, and arcing.
[0010] Furthermore, a slight shift in frequency such as for example, by 10 MHz, and
power variation with time, strongly affect the electric field distribution and density of
electrons in the plasma in an MPCVD-based system. This, in turn, affects the
concentration of hydrogen atoms in the plasma and thus the growth of diamond because
the former plays a key role in its growth. The fluctuation in the concentration of hydrogen
and/or in the concentration of hydrogen/carbon (H/C) result in incorporating sp2 carbon
impurities and related growth defects in the diamond.
[0011] Therefore, the microwave/magnetron tubes-based MPCVD system for diamond
growth have certain disadvantages in the growth of diamond due to factors such as, but
-5-
not limited to, the following: frequency shift with time (during a single long run of
growth and during its entire lifetime) and power, power stability with time (during a
single long run of growth and during its entire lifetime), expensive and short lifetime, and
a tube to tube frequency variation.
[0012] The aforesaid factors not only limit the processing window of growth of diamonds
of all forms and types by MPCVD, but also make their production cost substantially quite
high.
[0013] Therefore, in light of the above, there exists a need for an improved system which
addresses the above mentioned limitations of existing systems for diamond growth, by
generating microwave power with extreme controls over frequency and power using
semiconductor devices and software, which is further coupled with process monitoring of
plasma constituents.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0014] The accompanying figures where like reference numerals refer to identical or
functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the
detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to
further illustrate various embodiments and to explain various principles and advantages
all in accordance with the invention.
[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates a Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD)
system for growing one or more crystalline materials in accordance with an embodiment
of the invention.
-6-
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates an MPCVD system comprising a chip-based microwave
generator for growing one or more crystalline materials in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention.
[0017] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating Raman spectroscopy of polycrystalline diamonds.
[0018] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM) for single
crystalline diamonds.
[0019] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and cross-polarized
birefringence images of diamonds grown by a conventional system (magnetron tubebased MPCVD system) and an Integrated Microwave Generator System (IMGS)-based
MPCVD system.
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates graphs depicting PL spectra for conventional, high pressure and
high temperature (HPHT) treated, and IMGS diamonds.
[0021] Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for
simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the
dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other
elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] Before describing in detail embodiments that are in accordance with the invention,
it should be observed that the embodiments reside primarily in combinations of method
steps and system components related to an Integrated Microwave Generator System
(IMGS) which replaces individual devices such as a microwave source and pressure
-7-
controller in a Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) system to
produce high-quality diamonds.
[0023] Accordingly, the system components and method steps have been represented
where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific
details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the invention so as not to
obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill
in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
[0024] In this document, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, and
the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or
action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order
between such entities or actions. The terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other
variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process,
method, article or composition that comprises a list of elements does not include only
those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such
process, method, article or composition. An element proceeded by “comprises …a” does
not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in
the process, method, article or composition that comprises the element.
[0025] Various embodiments of the invention provide a system for growing one or more
crystalline materials. The one or more crystalline materials can be, but need not be
limited to, Diamonds, Carbon Nitride, Boron Nitride, Silicon Nitride, Gallium Nitride,
Silicon, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Carbide, Zirconia, Tin Selenide, Gallium Oxide
Whiskers and Nanowires, Carbon Nanotubes, Zinc Oxide Nanowires, and Graphene.
[0026] An object of the invention is to provide a Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor
Deposition (MPCVD)-based system for the growth of nano-crystalline, polycrystalline
and single crystalline forms of diamonds of electronic grade, detector grade, optical
grade, thermal grade, mechanical grade or combinations thereof.
-8-
[0027] Another object of the invention is for the growth of diamonds without the need of
direct temperature control by an optical pyrometer.
[0028] Yet another object of the invention is for the growth of diamonds with a precision
of 1% or lower variation in the normalized concentration of plasma constituents.
[0029] Yet another object of the invention is for the growth of low birefringence highquality single crystalline electronic grade diamond with low birefringence on any type of
diamond seed.
[0030] Yet another object of the invention is for the growth of optical grade single
crystalline diamond for gem and other applications with high growth rates in larger areas
and without any post growth treatment such as low pressure high temperature or high
pressure high temperature.
[0031] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the invention provides a Microwave
Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) system for growth of one or more
crystalline materials. The one or more crystalline materials are contained in a microwave
plasma reactor of the MPCVD system. The MPCVD system further comprises a
microwave generator integrated with an Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES), and a
pressure controller to form an Integrated Microwave Generator System (IMGS). The
OES provides a real-time feedback loop to an IMGS controller based on microwave
plasma input from the microwave plasma reactor, to control one or more parameters in a
closed loop and maintain required proposition of plasma constituents for the growth of
diamonds in the microwave plasma reactor. The one or more parameters can be, but need
not be limited to, power, pressure, power density, and pulsed power. The plasma
constituents include one or more of atomic hydrogen, OH, N2, CN, H, CxHy, BH, H,
CO, H2, C2, H, CO+
, O2
+
, H, O2, O, and Ar. In an embodiment, the MPCVD system is
used for the growth of nano-crystalline, polycrystalline, and single crystalline forms of
diamonds of electronic grade, detector grade, optical grade, thermal grade, mechanical
-9-
grade or combinations thereof. The OES monitors real-time concentration of plasma
constituents just above the growing surface of diamonds and feeds the real-time
information to the IMGS controller to automatically adjust power density to maintain the
concentration of plasma constituents on the growing surface of diamonds. The IMGS is
also facilitated with a function of providing a pulsed power output in a precisely
controlled manner of the peak power with duty cycle. The function when integrated with
the plasma constituents concentration feed, improves three-dimensional uniformity of the
growth of diamonds.
[0032] FIG. 1 illustrates an MPCVD system 100 for growing one or more crystalline
materials in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
[0033] The one or more crystalline materials can be, but need not be limited to,
Diamonds, Carbon Nitride, Boron Nitride, Silicon Nitride, Gallium Nitride, Silicon,
Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Carbide, Zirconia, Tin Selenide, Gallium Oxide Whiskers and
Nanowires, Carbon Nanotubes, Zinc Oxide Nanowires, and Graphene.
[0034] As illustrated in FIG. 1, MPCVD system 100 includes a microwave plasma
reactor 102 which contains the one or more crystalline materials.
[0035] In an embodiment, the one or more crystalline materials are placed in a Chemical
Vapor Deposition (CVD) chamber of MPCVD system 100, that is positioned to reflect
the microwave radiation for sustaining the high-density plasma inside the CVD chamber
on which the growth happens. One or more crystalline material seeds (for example,
diamond seeds) are placed in a substrate holder in the CVD chamber of MPCVD system
100 and is exposed to microwave radiation for generating plasma under conditions to
facilitate growth on the one or more crystalline material seeds.
[0036] MPCVD system 100 further includes a microwave generator 104 integrated with
an Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES) 106 and a pressure controller 108 to form an
-10-
Integrated Microwave Generator System (IMGS). Microwave generator 104 is either a
chip-based microwave generator or a magnetron tube-based microwave generator for the
generation of plasma.
[0037] OES 106 provides a real-time feedback loop to an IMGS controller 110 based on
microwave plasma input from microwave plasma reactor 102, to control one or more
parameters in a closed loop and maintain required proposition of plasma constituents for
the growth of the one or more crystalline materials in microwave plasma reactor 102. The
one or more parameters can be, but need not be limited to, power, pressure, power
density, and pulsed power. The plasma constituents include one or more of atomic
hydrogen, OH, N2, CN, H, CxHy, BH, H, CO, H2, C2, H, CO+
, O2
+
, H, O2, O, and
Ar.
[0038] In accordance with an embodiment, MPCVD system 100 is used for the growth of
nano-crystalline, polycrystalline and single crystalline forms of diamonds of electronic
grade, detector grade, optical grade, thermal grade, mechanical grade or combinations
thereof.
[0039] OES 106 monitors real-time concentration of plasma constituents just above the
growing surface of diamonds and feeds the real-time information to IMGS controller 110
to automatically adjust power density to maintain the concentration of plasma
constituents on the growing surface of diamonds.
[0040] The IMGS is also facilitated with a function of providing a pulsed power output in
a precisely controlled manner of the peak power with duty cycle. The function when
integrated with the plasma constituents concentration feed, improves three-dimensional
uniformity of the growth of diamonds.
-11-
[0041] In an embodiment, MPCVD system 100 is used for the growth of diamonds
without the need of direct temperature control by an optical pyrometer.
[0042] In another embodiment, MPCVD system 100 is used for the growth of diamonds
with a precision of 1% or lower variation in the normalized concentration of plasma
constituents.
[0043] In yet another embodiment, MPCVD system 100 is used for the growth of low
birefringence high-quality single crystalline electronic grade diamond with low
birefringence on any type of diamond seed.
[0044] In yet another embodiment, MPCVD system 100 is used for the growth of optical
grade single crystalline diamond for gem and other applications with high growth rates in
larger areas and without any post growth treatment such as low pressure high temperature
or high pressure high temperature.
[0045] Further, the IMGS provides the same microwave power, precisely tunable within
50 MHz, of the specified frequency of 2450 MHz and 915 MHz as output, which helps in
optimizing production yield of each MPCVD unit, and stabilizes the batch to batch
production in a single MPCVD unit and from unit to unit.
[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates an MPCVD system 200 comprising a chip-based microwave
generator for growing one or more crystalline materials in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention.
[0047] As illustrated in FIG. 2, MPCVD system 200 includes a microwave plasma
reactor 202 which contains the one or more crystalline materials.
[0048] In an embodiment, the one or more crystalline materials are placed in a CVD
chamber of MPCVD system 200, that is positioned to reflect the microwave radiation for
-12-
sustaining the high-density plasma inside the CVD chamber on which the growth
happens. One or more crystalline material seeds (for example, diamond seeds) are placed
in a substrate holder in the CVD chamber of MPCVD system 200 and is exposed to
microwave radiation for generating plasma under conditions to facilitate growth on the
one or more crystalline material seeds.
[0049] MPCVD system 200 further includes a chip-based microwave generator 204
integrated with an OES 206 and a pressure controller 208 to form the IMGS.
[0050] Chip-based microwave generator 204 includes a set of semiconductor chips and
devices for generating microwave frequencies. The set of semiconductor chips and
devices includes one or more voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and a phase-locked
loop (PLL) chip 210.
[0051] PLL chip 210 comprises a negative feedback system comprising a multiplier 212,
a loop filter 214 and a VCO 216 connected to provide the feedback in a loop. VCO 216
generates a sine wave and its frequency is determined by an external applied voltage.
[0052] OES 206 provides a real-time feedback loop to an IMGS controller 218 based on
microwave plasma input from microwave plasma reactor 202, to control one or more
parameters in a closed loop and maintain required proposition of plasma constituents for
the growth of the one or more crystalline materials in microwave plasma reactor 202. The
one or more parameters can be, but need not be limited to, power, pressure, power
density, and pulsed power. The plasma constituents include one or more of atomic
hydrogen, OH, N2, CN, H, CxHy, BH, H, CO, H2, C2, H, CO+
, O2
+
, H, O2, O, and
Ar.
[0053] Thus, the IMGS replaces individual devices, a microwave source, and a pressure
controller in MPCVD systems to grow diamonds.
-13-
[0054] The IMGS produces a highly stable frequency of 2.45 GHz and 915 MHz that
does not vary with time and power and the power output is controlled automatically
based on the real-time feedback of plasma constituents. Further, the power output of the
IMGS can be pulsed and tuned for its frequency, unit to unit, for optimized production
yield of the entire production plant.
[0055] The IMGS maintains the concentration of hydrogen atoms on the growing surface
of diamonds that eventually heats up the growing surface and results in the growth
temperature. OES 206 is used to monitor a real-time concentration of various plasma
constituents such as, but not limited to, OH, N2, CN, H, CxHy, BH, H, CO, H2, C2, H,
CO+
, O2
+
, H, O2, O, and Ar. The CVD growth of diamonds is mainly governed by
atomic hydrogen in the gas phase. In addition to generating methyl radicals as diamond
precursors and preferentially etching the sp2 carbon from the growing surface, the IMGS
also helps in delivering a high temperature on the growing surface by dissociating the
bonded hydrogen from the growing surface. In general, as the diamond grows thicker, the
growth temperatures changes. The temperature is monitored through an optical pyrometer
and is maintained. OES 206 monitors a real-time concentration of hydrogen atoms just
above the growing surface of the diamond and the real-time information is fed to IMGS
controller 218 to automatically adjust the power density to maintain the atomic hydrogen
concentration on the growing surface.
[0056] Further, the IMGS is also facilitated with a function of providing a pulsed power
output in a precisely controlled manner of the peak power with duty cycle. This function,
when integrated with the hydrogen concentration feed, greatly helps in improving threedimensional uniformity of the growth of diamonds.
[0057] In accordance with an embodiment, MPCVD system 200 is used for the growth of
nano-crystalline, polycrystalline and single crystalline forms of diamonds of electronic
grade, detector grade, optical grade, thermal grade, mechanical grade or combinations
-14-
thereof. This growth using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 is compared with the
growth using the conventional magnetron tube-based MPCVD system. For quality
assessment, the growth is characterized by Raman, Photoluminescence (PL) and by
cross-polarization birefringence microscopy.
[0058] Based on the comparison, it is determined that IMGS-based MPCVD system 200
achieves several benefits in the growth, production, and cost of diamonds. A more precise
and automatic control of the growth parameters delivers: a long run uninterrupted growth
with a reproducibility of more than 99% of production yield from MPCVD unit to unit,
and a wider growth window that is independent of direct growth temperature
measurement from the optical pyrometer.
[0059] Further, single crystalline electronic or detector grade diamonds may be grown on
any kind of single crystalline substrates, that is, without the need of low stress diamond
substrates. Furthermore, optical grade single crystalline diamond for gem and other
applications may be grown at high growth rates in larger areas and can be used for many
applications including gem without any post growth treatment such as low pressure high
temperature or high pressure high temperature. The production yield of all forms of
diamonds, single or polycrystalline, increases by at least 200% using IMGS-based
MPCVD system 200.
[0060] The above-mentioned aspects are further illustrated in detail in conjunction with
various embodiments.
[0061] In an embodiment, IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 of 2450 MHz, 915 MHz is
used. A comparison of nano-crystalline, polycrystalline, and single crystalline diamond
grown using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 with a feedback control from OES 206
demonstrates that a feedback control of minimum power density change can be done with
a variation of 0.25% or lower concentration of atomic hydrogen.
-15-
[0062] On the other hand, a comparison of nano-crystalline, polycrystalline and single
crystalline diamond grown using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 with a feedback
control from OES 206 demonstrates that a feedback control of minimum power change
can be done with a variation of 0.25% or lower concentration of atomic hydrogen and
IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 can be run uninterruptedly for hundreds of hours of
diamond growth automatically without the need of an optical pyrometer.
[0063] To demonstrate this, firstly, the conventional 2450 MHz, 915 MHz MPCVD
system is used in which diamond growth of all forms and grades are carried out. This
growth by conventional means requires to observe the growth temperature at a certain
location from the entire deposition area and based on this feedback, adjust the growth
parameters as and when required for the entire run of hundreds of hours. This method is
limited by minimum measurable temperature variation of the optical pyrometer device
which more importantly, is a representative reference parameter of the entire growth area
to control the growth.
[0064] To compare this conventional method with the adjustment of the growth
parameters automatically by IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 with the continuous
feedback from OES 206 from the close vicinity of the growing surface, a set of samples,
both for polycrystalline and single crystalline diamonds, are deposited at the same recipe
(as used in the case of conventional growth) while allowing the IMGS to adjust and
maintain the power density within 0.25 to 5% of the normalized concentration of atomic
hydrogen. No other conditions set for both the forms of diamond are changed. A different
concentration of hydrogen may be used while growing different forms of diamond such
as poly and single crystalline. For the polycrystalline, the chosen recipe is such that some
amount of sp2 carbon is embedded in it. This choice helps in analyzing the fine variation
in the quality while controlling the hydrogen concentration to a fine level by the IMGS.
On the other hand, the recipe chosen for single crystalline growth is an optical grade one,
whose Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM) of diamond line in a high resolution Raman
-16-
Spectroscopy is a good criteria to analyze the quality of the growth, especially in terms of
growth defects or dislocations.
[0065] The set of samples deposited in both the cases, with and without IMGS-based
MPCVD system 200, are grown at the same conditions. The frequency of adjustment
used in the conventional process is the fastest possible frequency with a variation of
growing surface temperature within ±1 degree. Although such a frequent adjustment in
the power density of the process that runs for hundreds of hours is not practical, it
represents a better simulation to compare with the automated IMGS process.
[0066] The samples are characterized by Raman Spectroscopy to investigate the variation
in the quality. For the set of polycrystalline forms of the diamonds, the fine variation in
the intensity of non-diamond carbon (~ 1450 cm-1
) with respect to the intensity of
diamond line (~ 1333 cm-1
) is observed. For the set of single crystalline samples of the
diamonds, the fine variation in the FWHM diamond line is observed. Both the spectra are
depicted in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, respectively.
[0067] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating Raman spectroscopy of polycrystalline diamonds.
[0068] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating FWHM for single crystalline diamonds.
[0069] In both the cases, it is observed that although there is not much variation in the
quality of the samples grown using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 up to a variation of
0.5% of the hydrogen concentration, the quality deteriorates gradually when increasing
the variation from 0.5% to 5% still being better than the samples grown at the same
recipe in a magnetron tube-based MPCVD system while adjusting the growth parameters
based on the feedback from the optical pyrometer but with a frequency of adjusting ± 1
degree of the surface temperature.
-17-
[0070] It is also observed that the frequency of automatic adjustment of power density by
the IMGS is more than 10 times greater than the frequency of adjustment using
conventional methods. Further, the frequency of adjustment of the growth parameter in a
2450 MHz IMGS-based MPCVD system is more than a 915 MHz IMGS-based MPCVD
system.
[0071] In another embodiment, using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 of 2450 MHz,
915 MHz, a comparison of single crystal diamond quality of electronic grade from both
magnetron tube-based MPCVD system and IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 is studied.
In this case, it is to be shown that there is no need of a special substrate. In this
embodiment, the growth of single crystalline high-quality electronic grade samples from
conventional systems are compared to the growth of single crystalline high-quality
electronic grade samples from IMGS-based MPCVD system 200. The high-quality
electronic grade diamond contains extremely lower concentration of nitrogen and boron
impurities (for example, <1 ppm). The growth is carried out on regular single crystal
diamond seeds, that is, without any special preparation of selecting the diamond seeds for
low birefringence and defects. The samples were characterized by Raman and PL
spectroscopy and cross-polarized birefringence images are taken to investigate quality
and amount of stress in the samples.
[0072] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating PL spectra of the grown samples from the
conventional magnetron tube-based MPCVD system and IMGS-based MPCVD system
200 along with their birefringence images in the inset.
[0073] Referring to FIG. 5, it is observed that both the samples are of high-quality with
undetectable trace of boron and nitrogen impurities, however the cross-polarized
birefringence images suggest that the conventionally grown samples using the magnetron
tube-based system contain higher stress which is untraceable in samples from IMGSbased MPCVD system 200.
-18-
[0074] In yet another embodiment, using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 of 2450
MHz, 915 MHz, a comparison of diamond quality of optical grade from both magnetron
tube-based system and IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 is illustrated. In this case, it is
to be shown that there is no need for any post growth treatment.
[0075] In this embodiment, growth of single crystalline high-quality optical grade
samples from the conventional system is compared to growth of single crystalline highquality optical grade samples from IMGS-based MPCVD system 200. The high-quality
optical grade diamond contains low amount of nitrogen and boron impurities (~ 1 to 5
ppm). The growth was carried out with 10 to 100 ppm concentration of nitrogen in the
gas phase to increase the growth rate (as compared to the growth rate of electronic grade
diamond). These samples are characterized by PL spectroscopy.
[0076] FIG. 6 illustrates graphs depicting PL spectra of the grown samples from the
magnetron tube-based MPCVD system, with and without high pressure and high
temperature (HPHT) annealing (FIG. 6a and 6b, respectively) and IMGS-based MPCVD
system 200 (FIG. 6c). Comparing the PL spectra of conventional and IMGS grown
samples (FIG. 6a and 6c, respectively), it is observed that the intensities of nitrogenvacancy (NV) centers reduced dramatically from the conventionally grown samples to
the samples grown using IMGS-based MPCVD system 200. Further, the conventionally
grown samples are subjected to HPHT treatment and are characterized again by PL
spectroscopy.
[0077] As can be seen, the spectra from FIG. 6b and FIG. 6c are quite comparable in
terms of the intensities of NV centers, indicating that IMGS-based MPCVD system 200
produces high-quality optical grade diamonds that do not require post growth treatments
including HPHT annealing.
[0078] On the other hand, when comparing a sample grown by IMGS-based MPCVD
system 200 using approximately 5 times higher concentration of nitrogen in gas phase,
-19-
the nitrogen concentration in terms of the intensities of NV centers appears to be the
same as shown in FIG. 6a. This suggests that IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 allows
introducing higher concentration of nitrogen in the gas phase to produce high growth rate
optical grade diamonds. This in turn increases the growth rates of diamond in IMGSbased MPCVD system 200 by 50-200% to what is obtained conventionally using the
magnetron tube-based MPCVD system.
[0079] Further, it is shown that every magnetron tube has a different frequency that
results in a large variation of production yield from unit to unit, whereas using IMGSbased MPCVD system 200, every MPCVD unit may be tuned with a reproducibility of
99% or more of diamond yield.
[0080] Every magnetron tube comes with a unique frequency of its own and its unique
characteristics with power. For example, every 2450 MHz tube comes with a unique
frequency in the range of 2450 ±50 MHz. When a magnetron tube-based MPCVD unit is
introduced, the optimized diamond yield from unit to unit varies based on the given
frequency and its characteristics with power. Therefore, the optimized production yield of
every magnetron tube-based unit remains limited and dependent on its magnetron tube
frequency and its characteristics with power. This variation of the optimized yield can
therefore vary up to 10% from magnetron tube-based MPCVD unit to unit. This variation
was brought down to less than 1% from unit to unit of IMGS-based MPCVD system 200.
Besides, optimization time of each unit of IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 decreases
substantially because of a precise control on frequency. The precisely tunable frequency
can be varied to align with the specific unit of IMGS-based MPCVD system 200.
[0081] In yet another embodiment, it is shown that uniformity and growth area of
diamonds of single and polycrystalline forms increased at least by 200% by replacing
magnetron tubes by the IMGS in MPCVD systems. In this case, the function of pulse is
used.
-20-
[0082] Every MPCVD unit is designed with cooling arrangements of not only the cavity
but also of the cooling substrate stage. The cavity thermal management decides the
maximum power that can be used to generate plasma at any growth pressure. This power
limit in turn limits the available power for processing diamond on the cooled substrate
stage.
[0083] In this embodiment, large area polycrystalline and single crystalline diamonds are
grown by the magnetron tube-based MPCVD system using their maximum power
respectively for frequency of 2450 MHz and 915 MHz. The production yield for each
unit is calculated by estimating the entire volume of diamond that was produced at the
maximum power in continuous wave (CW) in the magnetron tube-based MPCVD system
at various recipes. Using the same recipes in the same MPCVD units, diamonds are then
grown by replacing magnetron tube-based microwave generator and pressure controller
with the IMGS while applying the function of pulsing the output power in a manner that
peak pulse power is much higher than the above mentioned CW power but with the same
averaged power that the cavity is meant to sustain. This mode of power output and its
fine control without any effect on the microwave frequency in the IMGS helps in
increasing the plasma size without overheating the cavity and the required growth
temperature to what the recipes need. The same set of recipes are used for diamond
growth in IMGS-based MPCVD system 200 with much higher pulsed plasma peak power
and the production yield is calculated from the volume of the diamond grown at each
recipe and compared with the volume grown by the magnetron tube-based MPCVD
system. The enhanced plasma area not only helps in increasing the growth area but also
helps in bringing much better uniformity over the larger growth area. It is also found that
the IMGS-based MPCVD recipes delivered more than 200% production yield as
compared to the magnetron tube-based MPCVD system for the same growth conditions,
including the average power.
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[0084] In yet another embodiment, the window of diamond growth is widened by IMGSbased MPCVD system 200. It is shown that the control on the process parameters are
carried out by a feedback from OES 206 to IMGS controller 218 and is made
independent from pyrometer monitoring, the process window of diamond growth being
widened. For instance, by replacing the magnetron tube with the IMGS, single crystal
diamonds can be grown at pressures as low as 70 Torr, which in turn, allows to expand
the growth area and provide large area uniformity of the growth surface of diamonds.
[0085] The present invention is advantageous in that it addresses limitations in stability
of frequency and power and higher operational cost by implementing an alternate
methodology of generating microwave power with extreme controls over frequency and
power by using semiconductor devices and software and integrating it with process
monitoring of the plasma constituents.
[0086] Instead of using a mechanical geometry for the microwave frequency generation,
the chip-based generator of microwave frequencies uses semiconductor devices in which
the frequency is produced by a set of semiconductor chips and devices – a VCO and a
PLL chip. The PLL is a negative feedback system that consists of three components - a
multiplier, a loop filter, and a VCO that are connected to provide the feedback as a loop.
VCO generates the sine wave and its frequency is determined by an external applied
voltage.
[0087] A main objective of the present invention is to produce a high-quality diamond by
MPCVD process at low and affordable cost. This objective is achieved by replacing
individual devices, such as the microwave source and the pressure controller, by the
IMGS in the MPCVD system.
[0088] In the present invention, the chip-based generator and the pressure controller are
integrated with the OES that provides a real-time feedback to the IMGS controller to
control the process power density in a closed loop. The integration of the chip-based
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generator and the pressure controller with the OES, allows to maintain the required
proposition of the plasma constituents automatically during growth. The precisely stable
frequency with time and power and maintaining the desired proposition of the plasma
constituents automatically through the IMGS results in a dramatic improvement in the
quality and production yield of all forms of diamonds such as nano-crystalline,
polycrystalline and single crystalline forms of electronic grade, detector grade, optical
grade, thermal grade, mechanical grade or combinations thereof.
[0089] Further, the IMGS is used to apply power density in a precisely controlled pulse
with much higher peak power while maintaining the average power output to be the same
as what the operation chamber can sustain. The additional advantage of having higher
peak power in pulsed form is enlarging the plasma area without overheating of the
process reactor and substrates. This results in increasing production yield of high-quality
diamonds multifold.
[0090] Another advantage of the IMGS is that it provides the same microwave power
within 50 MHz of the specified frequency (of 2450 MHz and 915 MHz). This fine
adjustment of the output frequency helps in optimizing the production yield of each
MPCVD unit, thus not only increasing the overall production yield from a production
plant of a large set of multiple units but also stabilizing the batch to batch production in a
single unit and from unit to unit.
[0091] In summary, the present invention replaces the individual devices, microwave
source and the pressure controller with the IMGS for the growth of single and
polycrystalline diamonds and provides the following benefits to CVD diamond growth:
high-quality growth with much higher production yield, and with no requirements of
prior or post growth conditions or treatment for improving the growth quality and cost
effectiveness of the production plant and the product.
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[0092] These benefits allow production of all forms of diamond, from nano-crystalline,
polycrystalline and single crystalline forms of electronic grade, detector grade, optical
grade, thermal grade, mechanical grade or combinations thereof, and are cost effective
for all the applications of diamond.
[0093] Those skilled in the art will realize that the above recognized advantages and
other advantages described herein are merely exemplary and are not meant to be a
complete rendering of all of the advantages of the various embodiments of the invention.
[0094] The system, as described in the invention or any of its components may be
embodied in the form of a computing device. The computing device can be, for example,
but not limited to, a general-purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor, a microcontroller, a peripheral integrated circuit element, and other devices or arrangements of
devices, which can implement the steps that constitute the method of the invention. The
computing device includes a processor, a memory, a nonvolatile data storage, a display,
and a user interface.
[0095] In the foregoing specification, specific embodiments of the invention have been
described. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications
and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in
the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an
illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be
included within the scope of the invention. The benefits, advantages, solutions to
problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur
or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential
features or elements of any or all the claims. The invention is defined solely by the
appended claims including any amendments made during the pendency of this
application and all equivalents of those claims as issued.

We Claim:
1. A system for growing one or more crystalline materials, the system comprising:
a microwave plasma reactor;
a microwave generator;
an optical emission spectrometer (OES); and
a pressure controller, the OES and the pressure controller being integrated with
the microwave generator to form an Integrated Microwave Generator System
(IMGS), the IMGS further comprising an IMGS controller,
wherein the OES provides a real-time feedback loop to the IMGS controller based
on microwave plasma input from the microwave plasma reactor, to control at least
one parameter in a closed loop and maintain required proposition of plasma
constituents for the growth of the one or more crystalline materials in the microwave
plasma reactor, wherein the parameter is at least one of a power, pressure, power
density, and pulsed power.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the one or more crystalline materials
comprise at least one of Diamonds, Carbon Nitride, Boron Nitride, Silicon Nitride,
Gallium Nitride, Silicon, Silicon Dioxide, Silicon Carbide, Zirconia, Tin Selenide,
Gallium Oxide Whiskers and Nanowires, Carbon Nanotubes, Zinc Oxide Nanowires,
and Graphene.
3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plasma constituents comprise at least
one of atomic hydrogen, OH, N2, CN, H, CxHy, BH, H, CO, H2, C2, H, CO+
, O2
+
,
H, O2, O, and Ar.
4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system is a Microwave Plasma
Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD)-based system for the growth of nanocrystalline, polycrystalline and single crystalline forms of diamonds of electronic
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grade, detector grade, optical grade, thermal grade, mechanical grade or combinations
thereof.
5. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the system is used for the growth of
diamonds without the need of direct temperature control by an optical pyrometer.
6. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the system is used for the growth of
diamonds with a precision of 1% or lower variation in the normalized concentration
of plasma constituents.
7. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the system is used for the growth of low
birefringence high-quality single crystalline electronic grade diamond with low
birefringence on any type of diamond seed.
8. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the system is used for the growth of
optical grade single crystalline diamond for gem and other applications with high
growth rates in larger areas and without any post growth treatment such as low
pressure high temperature or high pressure high temperature.
9. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the OES monitors real-time concentration
of plasma constituents just above the growing surface of diamonds and feeds the realtime information to the IMGS controller to automatically adjust power density to
maintain the concentration of plasma constituents on the growing surface of the
diamonds.
10. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the IMGS is facilitated with a function of
providing a pulsed power output in a precisely controlled manner of the peak power
with duty cycle, wherein the function when integrated with the plasma constituents
concentration feed, improves three-dimensional uniformity of the growth of
diamonds.
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11. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the IMGS provides the same microwave
power within 50 MHz of the specified frequency of 2450 MHz and 915 MHz as
output, which helps in optimizing production yield of each MPCVD unit, and
stabilizes the batch to batch production in a single MPCVD unit and from unit to unit.
12. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the microwave generator is one of a chipbased microwave generator and a magnetron tube-based microwave generator.
13. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the chip-based microwave generator
comprises a set of semiconductor chips and devices for generating microwave
frequencies, wherein the set of semiconductor chips and devices comprises at least
one of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase-locked loop (PLL) chip.
14. The system as claimed in claim 13, wherein the PLL chip comprises a negative
feedback system comprising a multiplier, a loop filter and a VCO connected together
to provide the feedback in a loop, wherein the VCO generates a sine wave and its
frequency is determined by an external applied voltage.