Claims:I/We Claim,
1. A system (1) for valuing impacts of Air Pollution due to an enterprise comprising:
- an input unit (3) adapted to receive a location identification (4) of the enterprise;
- a memory unit (5) adapted to store an air pollution data (6) and a composite air pollution 5 externality coefficient data (7); and
- a first processing unit (8) is adapted to receive and process the location identification (4), and based on such processing, the first processing unit (8) is further adapted to retrieve and process the air pollution data (6) and the composite air pollution externality coefficient data (7), and to generate an externality cost (2), 10
wherein the air pollution data (6) is related to at least a type of air pollution, or amount of air pollution, or combination thereof for the particular location,
wherein the composite air pollution externality coefficient data (7) is defined as spatially oriented 3D data of marginal externality cost of all pollutants for the particular location,
wherein the externality cost (2) is defined as total externality cost of Air pollution for a particular 15 enterprise at the particular location.
2. The system (1) according to the claim 1, wherein the memory unit (5) is further adapted to store a financial data (9) related to market performance of the enterprises, and the first processing unit (8) is further adapted to retrieve the financial data (9), and adapted to process the financial data (9) 20 along with the air pollution data (6) and the composite air pollution externality coefficient data (7), and to generate the impact intensity data (10) related to air pollution due to a particular enterprise with respect to its market performance.
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3. The system (1) according to the claim 2, wherein the memory unit (5) is further adapted to store the impact intensity data (10), and a sector data (11), the system (1) further comprises:
- a second processing unit (12) adapted to receive and process the sector data (11), and based on such processing, the second processing unit (12) is further adapted to receive and process the 5 impact intensity data (10) of a plurality of companies in the particular sector, and the financial data (9) of each of the plurality of companies, and to generate a benchmark intensity data (13) related to air pollution due to the particular sector with respect to market performance of the sector.
4. The system (1) according to any of the claims 1 to 3 comprises: 10
- a display unit (14) adapted to receive and display at least one of the impact intensity data (10), the benchmark intensity data (13), or the externality cost (2), or combination thereof.
5. The system (1) according to any of the claims 1 to 4 further comprises:
- a third processing unit (15) adapted to receive and process the location identification (4), and 15 based on such processing to further receive and process at least one of a morbidity data (16) related to number of morbidity cases at the location and a cost related to illness for morbidity cases at the location, a first disability adjustment life year data (17) due to morbidity at the location and associated cost due to such disability at the location, a reduced life expectancy data (18) related to number of reduced life expectancy cases in the location due to air pollution and associated cost 20 related to reduced life expectancy cases, a second disability adjustment life year data (19) due to reduced life expectancy and associated cost due to reduced life expectancy, or combination thereof, and to generate a first air pollution externality coefficient data (20) for the location.
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6. The system (1) according to the claim 5, wherein the third processing unit (15) is further adapted to receive and process at least a cancer case data (21) related to number of cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, a non-cancer case data (22) related to number of non-cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, a third years of life 5 lost data (23) due to disability related to cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, a fourth years of life lost data (24) due to disability related to non-cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, or combination thereof, and to generate a second air pollution externality coefficient data (25) for the location.
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7. The system (1) according to the claim 6 further comprising:
- a fourth processing unit (26) adapted to receive and process a heavy metal pollutant data (27) related to amount of each category heavy metal released in air at particular location and a hazardousness impact data (28) related to hazardousness of each category of the heavy metals on human health, and to generate least the cancer case data (21), the non-cancer case data (22), the 15 third years of life lost data (23), the fourth years of life lost data (24), or combination thereof.
8. The system (1) according to any of the claims 5 to 7, wherein the third processing unit (15) is adapted to process the first air pollution externality coefficient data (20) and the second air pollution externality coefficient data (25), and to generate the composite air pollution externality 20 coefficient data (7). , Description:FIELD OF INVENTION
The invention is related to a computer implemented method for valuing impacts of air pollution 5 in a target geographical area. More specifically, the invention is related to valuing impacts of air pollution caused due to Business Activity of an Enterprise in the target geographical area.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Poor air quality is one of the most serious environmental problems in urban areas around the world. 10 According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Air pollution has emerged as the fourth leading risk factor for deaths worldwide (IHME, 2017). While pollution-related premature deaths predominantly affect young children and the elderly, it also results in lost labor income for working age men and women. An estimated 5.5 million lives were lost in 2013 (4.6 million lives were lost in 2017 (IHME, 2017) to diseases associated with outdoor and household air pollution, causing 15 human suffering and reducing economic development. These premature deaths cost the global economy an estimated US$225 billion in lost labor income in 2013 and more than US$5 trillion in welfare losses, pointing toward the economic burden of air pollution (The World Bank; IHME, 2016). Moreover, it affects crop yields and the environment, with impacts on biodiversity and
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ecosystems, amongst others. These impacts have significant economic consequences, which will affect economic growth as well as welfare.
Air pollution can be categorized into primary (which can directly cause negative impacts on the environment and the people) and secondary pollutants (result from reactions between primary 5 pollutants and other gases under certain conditions, and which subsequently also have negative impacts on the environment and people). Primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere, such as diesel soot, whereas secondary particles are created through the physicochemical transformation of gases, such as nitrate and sulphate formation from gaseous nitric acid and Sulphur dioxide (SO2), respectively (Brook, et al., 2004). The most significant 10 primary and secondary air pollutants are discussed in the following sections.
Key air pollutants are Particulate Matters (PM), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Oxides of Sulphur (SOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and Heavy metals dispersed in air. 15
Particulate matter (PM) refers to a range of different types of solid particles that are suspended in ambient air. PM is mainly produced from the burning of biomass and fossil fuels and the generation of dust from agricultural activities and industrial processes. PM is classified according to particle size: PM10 refers to coarse particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 20 micrometres or less); PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less). Fine (2.5 microns) or ultra-fine (0.1 microns) particulates are the most hazardous because of their ability to penetrate lung airways and access to other body tissues. Ultra-
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fine particles, comparable to the size of viruses, have very low mass but are present in very large numbers. Their large surface area may be the most significant factor in their ability to deliver toxic chemicals to respiratory and circulatory systems. They remain suspended in the air for long periods prolonging the period of exposure to anyone breathing polluted air. However, all fractions of PM10 should be regarded as hazardous and there is substantial evidence that PM2.5– PM10 (the so-called 5 “coarse fraction”) causes inflammatory changes in body tissues (Hedley A. J., 2009).
Nitrogen oxides are reactive substances commonly includes nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen trioxide, nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). These compounds are referred to collectively as “NOX” (EPA, 1993; Brook, et al., 2004). These are 10 naturally present in the atmosphere but are also released in large quantities through the combustion of fossil fuels and particularly transport fuels.
Oxides of Sulphur (SOx) is a highly irritating, colorless, soluble gas with a pungent odor and taste. In contact with water, it forms sulphurous acid, which accounts for its strong irritant effects on 15 eyes, mucous membranes, and skin. SOx is released through the processing of sulphurous mineral ores and from many industrial processes that involve the burning of sulphurous fossil fuels. The vast majority of SOx in the atmosphere comes from human sources (Brook, et al., 2004).
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, and tasteless gas that binds to hemoglobin with 20 an affinity 250 times that of oxygen, thereby interfering with the delivery of oxygen to tissues. CO is released through the combustion of fuels in a limited supply of air and is also a by-product of numerous industrial and agricultural processes (Brook et al., 2004).
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VOCs are the organic compounds that have boiling point between 50°C and 260°C (Sarigiannis, Karakitsios, Gotti, Liakos, & Katsoyiannis, 2011). They comprise a wide range of organic compounds that have a high vapour pressure under normal atmospheric conditions, for example, benzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethyl acetate, glycol ethers, and acetone. They are released in 5 large quantities as a result of human activities such as the use of solvents in industrial processes, as well as from some natural processes. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, 1:3 butadiene, and benzo(a) pyrene and many others, are involved in the causality of cancers including leukaemia, and damage to embryos in the uterus of a pregnant mother (Hedley A. J., 2009). VOCs are divided into two sub-categories with regard to whether they are considered as carcinogens or 10 not. Some of the most common carcinogenic compounds include benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and naphthalene. Among non-carcinogenic VOCs, toluene, xylenes, styrene, ammonia, limonene and a-pinene are most prevalent (Sarigiannis, Karakitsios, Gotti, Liakos, & Katsoyiannis, 2011).
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Heavy metals are released into air due to natural as well anthropogenic (man-made) activities such as forest fires, volcano eruption, industrial operation, coal fired power plants, mining activity, vehicular release etc. Cadmium, lead and mercury are most common released heavy metals from industrial activity. Heavy metals are of prime concern due to their toxicity to both human and animals. Heavy metals are persistent compounds with bioaccumulation potential in food chain 20 (WHO, 2007). Some of the heavy metals such as Chromium IV, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Nickel are listed carcinogens (Cancer causing substances) (Suvarapu & Baek, 2016). Other commonly
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released heavy metals include Antimony, Barium, Beryllium, Lead, Mercury, Thalium, Vanadium, Zinc etc.
Exposure to air pollution is associated with increased chances of diseases including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases leading to premature deaths (mortality) and morbidity (Cohen, et al., 5 2004). There is an inverse relationship between the severity of health problems and their frequency of occurrence. more severe health issues are less frequent but would require formal and costly healthcare whereas less severe health problems are more frequent and more likely to cause no hospitalisation and involve self and traditional medication (Cohen, et al., 2004; Hedley A.j., 2009).
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It is pertinent to be noted that major cause for Air pollution is due to multiple activities across the value chain of an enterprise. Activities like the use of fossil fuels in boilers, process emissions, transportation of raw material and finalized products, fugitive emissions during handling of raw material and road transportation etc. can lead to the release of one or more categories of air pollutants. All these activities lead to an increase in the concentration of air pollutants in the local 15 environment which can be called biophysical change or primary ‘outcome’. It is pertinent to be noted that pollution released by an enterprise may impact an environment of both geographical areas, where it is located, as well as, where the pollutant flows through the air. It is a need of time that impact intensity of the air pollution due to such enterprises shall be determined irrespective of whether the enterprise is located in the specific geographical area or not. 20
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OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is to provide a mechanism for valuing impacts of the pollution in environment of a geographical area due to release of pollutant by an enterprise, irrespective of whether the enterprise is located in same geographical area of not. 5
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the invention is achieved by a system for valuing impacts of Air Pollution due to an Enterprise according to claim 1. 10
The system includes an input unit, a memory unit and the processing unit. The input unit receives a location identification of the enterprise. The memory unit stores air pollution data and a composite air pollution externality coefficient data. The first processing unit receives and processes the location identification, and based on such processing, the first processing unit is 15 further adapted to retrieve and process the air pollution data and the composite air pollution externality coefficient data, and generates an externality cost. The air pollution data is related to at least a type of air pollution source, a type of air pollutant or amount of air pollutant, or combination thereof for the particular location. The composite air pollution externality coefficient data is defined as spatially oriented 3D data of marginal externality cost of all pollutants for the particular 20 location. The externality cost is defined as total externality cost of Air pollution for a particular enterprise at the particular location.
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According to one embodiment of the system, wherein the memory unit stores a financial data related to market performance of the enterprises, and the first processing unit further retrieves the financial data, and processes the financial data along with the air pollution data and the composite air pollution externality coefficient data, and generates the impact intensity data related to air pollution due to a particular enterprise with respect to its market performance. 5
According to another embodiment of the system, wherein the memory unit also stores the impact intensity data, and a sector data. The system further includes a second processing unit receives and processes the sector data, and based on such processing, the second processing unit further receives and processes the impact intensity data of a plurality of companies in the particular sector, and the 10 financial data of each of the plurality of companies, and to generate a benchmark intensity data related to air pollution due to the particular sector with respect to market performance of the sector.
According to yet another embodiment of the system, the system includes a display unit which receives and displays at least one of the impact intensity data, the benchmark intensity data, or the 15 externality cost, or combination thereof.
According to one embodiment of the system, the system further includes a third processing unit which receives and processes the location identification, and based on such processing further receives and processes at least one of a morbidity data related to number of morbidity cases at the 20 location and a cost related to illness for morbidity cases at the location, a first disability adjustment life year data due to morbidity at the location and associated cost due to such disability at the location, a reduced life expectancy data related to number of reduced life expectancy cases in the
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location due to air pollution and associated cost related to reduced life expectancy cases, a second disability adjustment life year data due to reduced life expectancy and associated cost due to reduced life expectancy, or combination thereof. The third processing unit further generates a first air pollution externality coefficient data for the location.
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According to another embodiment of the system, wherein the third processing unit further receives and processes at least a cancer case data related to number of cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, a non-cancer case data related to number of non-cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, a third years of life lost data due to disability related to cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, 10 a fourth years of life lost data due to disability related to non-cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location, or combination thereof, and generates a second air pollution externality coefficient data for the location.
According to yet another embodiment of the system, the system includes a fourth processing unit 15 which receives and processes a heavy metal pollutant data related to amount of each category heavy metal released in air at particular location and a hazardousness impact data related to hazardousness of each category of the heavy metals on human health, and generates least the cancer case data, the non-cancer case data, the third years of life lost data, the fourth years of life lost data, or combination thereof. 20
According to one embodiment of the system, wherein the third processing unit processes the first air pollution externality coefficient data and the second air pollution externality coefficient data, and generates the composite air pollution externality coefficient data.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic representation of a system for valuing impact of the pollution due to an enterprise.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the figures and specific language will be used to describe them. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such 10 further applications of the principles of the invention as would normally occur to those skilled in the art are to be construed as being within the scope of the present invention.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended 15 to be restrictive thereof.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such a process or 20 method. Similarly, one or more sub-systems or elements or structures or components preceded by "comprises... a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other, sub-systems,
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elements, structures, components, additional sub-systems, additional elements, additional structures or additional components. Appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment" and similar language throughout this specification may, but not necessarily do, all refer to the same embodiment.
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Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are only illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
Increased concentration of pollutants can lead to multiple secondary outcomes such as exposure 10 to the human population, exposure to plants or crops, decreased visibility, exposure to buildings, and can hamper recreational activities. And finally, these outcomes can lead to ‘impacts’ such as an increase in morbidity or premature deaths from increased incidences of diseases, loss of agricultural productivity, impacts on aviation, transportation, infrastructure, and tourism. The invention is focused to determine intensity of impact related to air pollution generated by an 15 enterprise. The impact intensity shall be estimated in monetary terms.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a system 1 for valuing impact due of air pollution due to an enterprise in a geographical area. The system 1 includes an input unit 3, a first processing unit 8, a second processing unit 12, a third processing unit 15, and a fourth processing unit 26, and 20 a memory unit 9, which cooperates together to determine the intensity impact 10 due to pollution created due to the enterprise in a geographical area. It is pertinent to be noted that the enterprise need not be situated in the geographical area for which the impact assessment is carried. The air
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pollutants are carried away by air, and have an impact on other geographical area, other than the one where the pollution was originated.
The input unit 3 receives a location identification 4 of an enterprise. The location identification 4 shall be unique for each enterprise. This location identification 4 is further sent to the first 5 processing unit 8, which processes it further to receive and process an air pollutant data 6, and the composite air pollution externality coefficient data 7, and generates an externality cost 2. The air pollution data 6 is related to at least a type of air pollution, or amount of air pollution, or combination thereof for the particular location. The composite air pollution externality coefficient data 7 is defined as spatially oriented 3D data of marginal externality cost of all pollutants for the 10 particular location. The externality cost 2 is defined as total externality cost of Air pollution for a particular enterprise at the particular location. The externality cost 2 can further be sent to the display 14 to be shown on the display 14 to the user who is using the system 1.
The memory unit 5 also store a financial data 9 related to market performance of the enterprises. 15 The first processing unit 8 retrieves the financial data 9, and processes the financial data 9 along with the air pollution data 6 and the composite air pollution externality coefficient data 7, and generates the impact intensity data 10. The impact intensity data 10 relates to air pollution due to a particular enterprise with respect to its market performance. The impact intensity data 10 is further be sent to the display 14 to be shown on the display 14 to the user who is using the system 20 1. The impact intensity data 10 is also sent to the memory device 5. In one embodiment of the system, only the externality cost 2 is sufficient to be mentioned to determine intensity impact due to air pollution created by an enterprise. In such scenario, the financial data 9 may not be required
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to be stored in the memory unit 5, and further shall not be required for processing by the first processing unit 8.
The memory unit 5 further stores a sector data 11. The sector data 11 defines a sector to which the enterprise belongs to. The second processing unit 12 receives and process the sector data 11, and 5 based on such processing, the second processing unit 12 is further adapted to receive and process the impact intensity data 10 of a plurality of companies in the particular sector, and the financial data 9 of each of the plurality of companies, and generates a benchmark intensity data 13 related to air pollution due to the particular sector with respect to market performance of the sector. The second processing unit may procure impact intensity data 10, and financial data 9 of all the 10 companies in the sector, or a preselected plurality of companies. The benchmark intensity data 13 is further sent to the display unit 14 for displaying the benchmark intensity data 13 along with the impact intensity data 10 of a particular company which belongs to the same sector for which the benchmark intensity data 13 is displayed. In one embodiment, the benchmark intensity data 13 can also be sent to the memory unit 5 for storing, so that it can be directly retrieved whenever there is 15 a requirement to make a comparison between the impact intensity data 10 of a particular enterprise and cumulative impact intensity due to enterprises in a sector. In another embodiment, the benchmark intensity data 13 is not required, when a comparison is not required to be provided to the user, and in such cases the second processing unit 12 is not required, and the memory unit 5 is not required to store the sector data 11. 20
The memory unit 5 further stores a morbidity data 16, a first disability adjustment life year data 17, a reduced life expectancy data 18, and a second disability adjustment life year data 19. The
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morbidity data 16 is related to number of morbidity cases at the location and a cost related to illness for morbidity cases at the location. The first disability adjustment life year data is related to adjustment of life year due to disability caused because of morbidity at the location and associated cost due to such disability at the location. The reduced life expectancy data 18 relates to number of reduced life expectancy cases in the location due to air pollution and associated cost related to 5 reduced life expectancy cases. The second disability adjustment life year data 19 is related to adjustment of life year due to disability because of reduced life expectancy and associated cost due to reduced life expectancy. The location identification 4 is further received by the third processing unit 15, which processes it further to receive and process the morbidity data 16, the first disability adjustment life year data 17, the reduced life expectancy data 18, and the second disability 10 adjustment life year data 19, and generates a first air pollution externality coefficient data 20 for the location. The first air pollution externality coefficient data 20 is defined as a total cost associated to all health conditions created by Air Pollutants such as Particulate matter (PM), Oxides of Sulphur (SOx), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Ammonia (NH3). The cost related to each health condition is taken in consideration along with 15 total number of cases. Also, loss of human capital due to disability is also taken in consideration. It also considers even disabilities due to health conditions and associated costs, reduced life expectancy due to diseases and its related costs, and disabilities due to reduced life expectancy and its related costs. The diseases taken in consideration are such as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), Respiratory, Cardiovascular, etc. It is to be noted that the third processing 20 unit 15 need not process all four of the morbidity data 16, the first disability adjustment life year data 17, the reduced life expectancy data 18, and the second disability adjustment life year data 19, rather any one of them, or a combination of them can also be taken to generate the first air
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pollution externality coefficient data 20, however in such cases, the quality of the first air pollution externality coefficient data 20, may be not refined, and shall be ball park. In one embodiment, the third processing unit 15 may not be required, if the first air pollution externality coefficient data 20 is pre-generated and stored in the memory unit 5.
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The memory unit 5 further stores a cancer case data 21, a non-cancer case data 22, a third years of life lost data 23, and a fourth years of life lost data 24. The cancer case data 21 relates to number of cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location. The non-cancer case data 22 relates to number of non-cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location. The third years of life lost data 23 related to life years lost due to disability related to 10 cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location. The fourth years of life lost data 24 related to years of life lost due to disability related to non-cancer cases at a location and its associated external cost for the location. Based on the processing of the location identification 4, the third processing unit 15 further receives and processes a non-cancer case data 22, a third years of life lost data 23, and a fourth years of life lost data 24, and generates a second 15 air pollution externality coefficient data 25 for the location. The second air pollution externality coefficient data 25 is defined as a total cost associated to all health conditions created by Heavy metals released in air as Air Pollutants. The cost related to each health condition is taken in consideration along with total number of cases. Also, loss of human capital due to disability is also taken in consideration. It also considers even disabilities due to health conditions and associated 20 costs, reduced life expectancy due to diseases and its related costs, and disabilities due to reduced life expectancy and its related costs. The consideration is also given to productivity loss. The diseases taken in consideration are cancer, and non-cancer related like Cardiovascular disease,
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Diabetes, Digestive problems, Chronic kidney diseases, Congenital Heart diseases, Glaucoma, Cataract, cleft, etc. It is to be noted that the third processing unit 15 need not process all four of the cancer case data 21, the non-cancer case data 22, the third years of life lost data 23, and the fourth years of life lost data 24, rather any one of them, or a combination of them can also be taken to generate the second air pollution externality coefficient data 25, however in such cases, the 5 quality of the second air pollution externality coefficient data 25, may be not refined, and shall be ball park. In one embodiment, the third processing unit 15 may not be required, if only first air pollution externality coefficient data 20 is required to be generated or both the air pollution externality coefficient data 20, 25 are pre-generated and stored in the memory unit 5.
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The third processing unit 15 processes the first air pollution externality coefficient data 20 and the second air pollution externality coefficient data 25, and generates the composite air pollution externality coefficient data 7. In one embodiment, the first air pollution externality coefficient data 20 and the second air pollution externality coefficient data 25 need not be generated, rather the third processing unit 15 directly generates the composite air pollution externality coefficient data 15 7 after procuring relevant data from memory unit 5, and further processing them.
The cancer case data 21, the non-cancer case data 22, the third years of life lost data 23, and the fourth years of life lost data 24 are also generated in real time using the fourth processing unit 26, and after generation, a copy of them are also sent to the memory unit 5 for storing. The fourth 20 processing unit 26 receives a heavy metal pollutant data 27, and a hazardousness impact data 28, and processes them to generate the cancer case data 21, the non-cancer case data 22, the third years of life lost data 23, and the fourth years of life lost data 24. The heavy metal pollutant data 27
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relates to amount of each category heavy metal released in air at particular location and a hazardousness impact data 28 relates to hazardousness of each category of the heavy metals on human health. It is to be noted that the fourth processing unit 26 need not generate all four of the cancer case data 21, the non-cancer case data 22, the third years of life lost data 23, and the fourth years of life lost data 24, rather any one of them, or a combination of them can also be generated. 5
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LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS
1 System
2 Externality cost
3 Input unit
4 Location identification 5
5 Memory unit
6 Air Pollution data
7 Composite air pollution externality coefficient data
8 First Processing unit
9 Financial data 10
10 Impact intensity data
11 Sector data
12 Second Processing unit
13 Benchmark intensity data
14 Display unit 15
15 Third Processing unit
16 Morbidity data
17 First disability adjustment life year data
18 Reduced life expectancy data
19 Second disability adjustment life year data 20
20 First air pollution externality coefficient data
21 Cancer case data
22 Non-cancer case data
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23 Third years of life lost data
24 Fourth years of life lost data
25 Second air pollution externality coefficient data
26 Fourth processing unit
27 Heavy metal pollutant data 5
28 Hazardousness impact data