Description:System/Method to Detect Fault in Transmission Line Using Actuating Relays and Atmega328p Controller
Field of invention
The current invention concerns a system and procedure for the detection and analysis of faults in transmission lines, specifically by using actuating relays and an Atmega328P controller. The system provides real-time fault location information, which is essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of the electrical power transmission system. This invention is useful for electrical engineers, power transmission companies, and others who are involved in the maintenance and management of electrical power transmission systems.
The objectives of this invention
This invention goal is to develop a system for the efficient and accurate analysis and detection of faults in transmission lines using actuating relays and Atmega328P controller. The system aims to enhance the speed and accuracy of fault identification and analysis, reducing downtime and maintenance costs, and ensuring the safe and efficient operation of transmission lines. The Atmega328P controller and actuating relays will provide real-time monitoring and control of transmission line conditions, enabling prompt and effective response to faults. Ultimately, the goal of the invention is to enhance the overall performance and safety of transmission lines through the integration of advanced technology and innovative solutions.
Background of the invention
A vital part of the electrical power system is the transmission line. That transports electricity over long distances. The reliable and secure operation of the transmission line is crucial to ensure the stable and uninterrupted supply of electricity to the consumers. However, the transmission line is vulnerable to various sorts of faults, including earth, open-circuit, and short-circuit problems, It may cause the equipment to sustain serious damage and the power supply to be interrupted. To address this issue, the transmission line fault analysis and detection system using actuating relays and Atmega328P controller has been developed. The system employs actuating relays as fault detectors, which are integrated with the Atmega328P controller to provide a low-cost, reliable, and efficient solution for transmission line fault detection. The Atmega328P controller is a microcontroller based on the AVR architecture and provides advanced features, such as high processing speed, low power consumption, and a large memory capacity, making it an ideal choice for this application. The transmission line voltage and current are constantly monitored by the system while it runs. If there is a problem, the actuating relays are triggered, and the Atmega328P controller is used to analyze the fault and provide a real-time fault location report. This enables the system to quickly respond to the fault and minimize the duration of the interruption to the power supply. Overall, the transmission line fault analysis and detection system using actuating relays and Atmega328P controller represents a major advancement in the field of power systems and provides a cost-effective solution for ensuring the reliability and stability of the transmission line.

Discloses a method or control system for detecting malfunctioning solenoids. The present invention specifically relates to a control system and/or technique for detecting problems in solenoids of solenoid-controlled actuators for automated or semi-automatic gear changing systems in vehicles. (EP1022494B1)

An embodiment of a system includes at least one computing device that can process operational data collected from a set of line phases in the system to detect a faulted line phase, open a circuit breaker for the fault occurs line phase in responding to detecting the fault, determine whether the fault is temporary or permanent, and determine whether an arc associated with the fault is present. (US20130218359A)

Transmission lines account for 85-87% of power system defects, transmission line prevention is a crucial concern in power system engineering. This invention offers a method for quickly and accurately operating protection schemes by identifying and categorizing various shunt faults on transmission lines. By using evolutionary programming tools, distinct failure types on transmission lines can be distinguished from one another. Different operating and fault circumstances on high-voltage transmission lines, including single phase to ground fault, L-L fault, dual line to earth, and 3 phase short circuit, are simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC programmer. Due to its capacity to concurrently extract data from the transient signal and decompose fault transients, the discrete wavelets transform (DWT) is used. (ICETECT.2011.5760084.)

The invention outlines a novel method for the quick and precise categorization of power system issues utilizing current signal processing techniques. In order to obtain important data necessary in the identification and categorization of faults, the technique uses wavelet transform of faulty current and voltage waveforms, which are collected at an appropriate monitoring site in a multi-bus power system. Effective categorization of the different fault patterns is made possible by the use of wavelet analysis. A multi-bus system has been modelled in MATLAB Simulink for a case study, and several fault causes and their combinations have been simulated. The findings show that the suggested method can categories all fault types, including multiple faults. (10.1109/INDCON.2013.6726045)

The transmission line routing's complicated structure and unit composition can function steadily in a balanced state. However, the circuit units of transmission system are frequently impacted by external variables and generate faults due to some human or natural events, such as heavy winds, earthquakes, animal activity, and artificial disoperation. Hidden threats will result from transmission line faults. In order to fix line problems as quickly as possible, it is required to create a fault detection mechanism for transmission system based on sophisticated algorithms. The fault detection system can be successfully established using machine learning technology. This created a multi-layer perceptron-based transmission line fault detection system and contrasted it with several machine learning methods to highlight. (10.1109/BDICN55575.2022.00151)

The transmission line routing's intricate unit composition and structure can function steadily in a balanced state. But the circuit units of transmission lines are frequently impacted by outside forces and generate faults because of various natural or human reasons, such as high winds, earthquakes, animal activity, and artificial disoperation. Faults in transmission lines pose unknown risks. A fault detection system for transmission lines built on intelligent algorithms is required to repair line defects as quickly as feasible in the age of intelligence. The system for detecting faults can be successfully established with machine learning technology. In order to showcase its advantages over various machine learning techniques, this research developed a transmission line defect detection system utilizing a multi-layer perceptron. (ISSN: 2277-9655)

Faults affect the reliability of the power system network. The frequency and degree of faults determine the downtime (outage time) of a network power systems. When a defect happens more frequently, the less reliable the power system is. To ensure a high degree of reliability and provide quality service at a reduced cost to consumers, protection, and control of fault are required. Successful protection and regulation of faults in the power system demand adequate knowledge and analysis of faults. This research work deals with the analysis of faults in transmission lines using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this research a 300KM transmission line model was developed, faults simulated and analyzed such as 1L-G, 2L-G, and 3L-G faults) during the simulation study of the various faults, the FFT tool was used to analyze the harmonic content of the various faults. The effect of faults was observed and discussed. A discrete power gui with sampling time Ts=5e-05s was used for the simulation study under various fault conditions. (ISSN: 2395-5252)

Summary of the invention

Aiming the invention of Transmission Line Fault Analysis and Detection Using Actuating Relays and Atmega328P Controller provides a cost-effective and efficient a method for locating and analysing transmission line faults. The device employs actuating relays as fault detectors and integrates them with the Atmega328P controller to provide real-time fault location information. The Atmega328P controller continuously monitors the voltage and current in transmission lines, and in the event of a fault, the actuating relays are triggered and the controller analyzes the fault to provide a real-time report. This invention represents a significant advancement in the field of power systems and provides a low-cost, reliable, and efficient solution for transmission line fault detection. The combination of actuating relays and Atmega328P controller provides several advantages over traditional methods, including low power consumption, high processing speed, and a large memory capacity, making it suitable for use in harsh environments. Overall, the Transmission Line Fault Analysis and Detection Using Actuating Relays and Atmega328P Controller invention provides a practical and innovative solution for ensuring the reliability and stability of the transmission line.

Detailed description of the invention
The 3 phases R, Y, B are represented by connecting 3 single phase transformers (230/12V) and the supply is rectified using bridge rectifier, voltage regulators (LM7805) and filter circuits for a constant 5V supply to microcontroller and 4 channel relays. The switch circuit outputs are connected to Vcc and A0 pins of microcontroller and relay. The digital pins 2 to 5 and pins 11, 12 of microcontroller are connected to LCD display which displays the type and distance of fault. Load actuating relays are connected to microcontroller and bulbs for indication of voltage drop in the line. Switch circuit consists of analog switches separated with 1Kohm resistance as representation of 2km distance in transmission line. The project works as follows:
The single-phase supply is given to the circuit for the operation of loads. As no fault is created from switch circuit the LCD display shows no fault (NF) in every phase. The creation of fault is done by using switch circuit which resembles the three phases of transmission lines. When a fault is created from switch circuit by pressing the analog switch. The Nominal value of resistance of respective line gets reduced. An analog signal is generated which is sensed by actuating relay. As switch circuit is connected to microcontroller A0 which converts the analog input to digital output. The generated digital signal is processed and the fault created in respective phase is displayed in the LCD, when the fault is created it resembles a short circuit fault hence there will be a reduction in voltage, the reduced voltage is observed from the load representation bulbs R Y B.
The detailed description of the drawing for Transmission Line Fault Analysis and Detection Using Actuating Relays and Atmega328P Controller is as follows: Actuating Relays: The actuating relays are depicted as two blocks with electrical contacts. They are connected to the transmission line and used to detect faults in the line. Atmega328P Controller: The Atmega328P controller is depicted as a rectangular block with several inputs and outputs. It is connected to the actuating relays and is used to process the data from the relays and provide real-time fault location information. Transmission System: The transmission system is depicted as a continuous line running between the actuating relays and the Atmega328P controller. It represents the electrical power transmission system. Power Supply: The power supply is depicted as a rectangle with an electrical input and an output. It provides power to the Atmega328P controller and the actuating relays. Data Connections: The data connections are depicted as lines connecting the actuating relays to the Atmega328P controller. They represent the transfer of data between the relays and the controller. Fault Indicator: The fault indicator is depicted as a triangle with an exclamation point. It is connected to the Atmega328P controller and is used to provide an indication because of a transmission line faults. In summary, the drawing for Transmission Line Fault Analysis and Detection Using Actuating Relays and Atmega328P Controller depicts the components of the system and how they are interconnected. The actuating relays, Atmega328P controller, transmission line, power supply, data connections, and fault indicator are shown in the diagram and their functions are described.
3 Claims and 3 Figures

Brief description of Drawing
Figure 1 Block Diagram of the Overall Structure of the present Invention
Figure 2 Algorithm of the proposed model
Figure 3 Hardware Implementation , Claims:The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims:

Claim:
1. A system/method to detect fault in transmission line using actuating relays and atmega328p controller, said system/method comprising the steps of:
a) A set of actuating relays connected to the transmission line, the actuating relays being configured to detect faults in the transmission line.

b) A Atmega328P controller connected to the actuating relays, the Atmega328P controller being configured to process the data from the actuating relays and provide real-time fault location information.

C) A power supply connected to the Atmega328P controller and the actuating relays, the power supply providing power to the Atmega328P controller and the actuating relays.

2. According to claim 1, the actuating relays are triggered in the event of a fault in the transmission line. The fault indicator is connected to the Atmega328P controller and configured to provide an indication for transmission line faults.

3. According to claim 1, the comprising data connections connecting the actuating relays to the Atmega328P controller, the data connections representing the transfer of data between the relays and the controller.