Description:Field of Invention
The present invention relates to improvement in combustion and performance of CRDi engine adapting Waste plastic oil with Lignocellulosic ethanol as fuel.
Background of the Invention
Bamboo being the fastest growing plant, it should be able to clean the environment better than any other plant in the world. It’s a water table increasing plant. Bamboo has high cellulose and hemi celluloses which makes it viable for production of bioethanol. Bamboo biomass has the capacity of producing 200 to 250 litres of rectified spirit per tonne with the present day conversion technology in India. However, the plant has a rigid and compact cell wall structure, in which the cellulose fibrils interact with intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and are wrapped and sealed by the polymeric matrix of hemicellulose and lignin. Typically, bamboo is a very recalcitrant biomass with high lignin content, and thus most of the relevant pre-treatments applied on bamboo are targeting at removing the lignin and thus increasing its carbohydrate accessibility. Nevertheless, these pretreatments were conducted at severe conditions with high chemical loadings, which would significantly increase the cost in the biorefinery, and mild pretreatment at low temperature and low chemical loadings are imperative to be developed. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (AHP) has been widely adopted in pulp bleaching to remove the chromophores and whiten the pulp.
US9011640B2, relates to a method for obtaining cellulose by separating lignin from a biomass comprising lignocellulose in the form of plants or plant parts, wherein the biomass comprising lignocellulose is solubilized in a boiler in an alkaline medium comprising alkanol amine, and dissolved lignin is separated from the resulting raw cellulose. The biomass comprising lignocellulose is not from a wood source, and is solubilized at a temperature of less than approximately 170° C. in a solubilizing agent based on alkanol amine and water, wherein the weight ratio of alkanol amine to water is set to 80:20 to 20:80, and raw cellulose thus produced is separated from the waste lye using a typical method.
US20190316161A1, Methods are provided for reducing one or more dimensions of individual pieces of biomass; treating biomass, such as size-reduced biomass; changing a molecular structure of a biomass material; and, optionally, subjecting the biomass to a primary process to form a product. The methods include processing biomass materials using a screw extrusion process, and treating the biomass material with a screw extrusion process in size-reduction and treating steps.
JP2009189250A, provide a method for saccharifying lignocellulose with which saccharides can be obtained in high yield by using the lignocellulose as a raw material. The method for saccharifying the lignocellulose includes a step of heating the lignocellulose containing hemicellulose and cellulose with steam, and saccharifying the hemicellulose, and a step of carrying out an enzymic treatment of the lignocellulose heated with the steam, and thereby saccharifying the cellulose. The lignocellulose subjected to the enzymic treatment contains the saccharides produced by saccharifying the hemicellulose.
AU2014299013B2, A method of processing lignocellulosic biomass comprising: - Providing soft lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, - Pretreating the feedstock at pH within the range 3.5 to 9.0 in a single-stage pressurized hydrothermal pretreatment to log severity Ro 3.75 or lower so as to produce a pretreated biomass slurry in which the undissolved solids comprise at least 5.0% by weight xylan, and Hydrolysing the pretreated biomass with or without addition of supplemental water content using enzymatic hydrolysis for at least 24 hours catalysed by an enzyme mixture comprising endoglucanase, exoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, endoxylanase, and beta-xylosidase activities at activity levels in nkat/g glucan of endoglucanase of at least 1100, exoglucanase of at least 280, beta-glucosidase of at least 3000, endoxylanase of at least 1400, and beta-xylosidase of at least 75, so as to produce a hydrolysate in which the yield of C5 monomers is at least 55% of the original xylose and arabinose content of the feedstock prior to pretreatment.
Ethanol is used as solvent for industrial applications and also as fuel. The gaining factor in the present day is to produce huge quantity of ethanol. The process of making fuel grade ethanol is the order of the day and researchers are putting every effort in the same. In India, 3% to 5% of ethanol is being blend with petroleum fuel rather Brazil has the capacity to blend 85% of ethanol to petroleum fuel.
Plastics are “one of the greatest innovations of the millennium” and have certainly proved their reputation to be true. There are a numerous ways that plastic is and will be used in the years to come. Plastics are light in weight, do not rust, reusable and conserves natural resources. When subjected to heat and pressure, plastics can be moulded into any desired shape. With unmatched usability and wide range of applications, plastics have become imperative these days. Plastics make ubiquitous presence in technological advancements being lighter in weight versatile and durable even so seen as challenge to animals, marine life and human when dumped in landfills. Plastics are non-biodegradable compounds and various chemical additives such as colouring agents, anti-oxidants and stabilizers in plastics have a strong tendency to seep in and mix with whatever environment they are discarded in because of photo degradation. These chemicals expose humans and other living organisms to harmful toxins which cause adverse health issues.
Conversion of plastic waste and municipal solid waste are known in the prior art. For instance EP3110912A1 discloses the conversion of municipal plastic waste into petrochemicals. The plastic waste was fed into a hydro-cracker unit to undergo pyrolysis process. The produced gases from reactor are separated into liquid and gaseous streams. The gaseous stream is liquefied into useful petrochemicals. Whereas, the liquid stream form hydrocracker is sent into hydro-cracker as it contains less amount of aromatics. A problem underlying this invention is the maximization of petrochemicals, e.g. ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene, butenes and aromatics like benzene, toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene, from mixed plastics and provide an integrated process which also maintains a stable feed to hydrocracker.
US patent application No 2009/151233 relates to a method comprising the steps of, pyrolyzing biomass concurrently with a waste plastic, wherein said waste plastic comprises at least about 75 wt. % polyolefins at a temperature of from about 450° C. to about 650° C so as to yield pyrolysis oil separating the pyrolysis oil into at least two component fractions comprising a 650° F.- fraction and a 650° F.+ fraction hydrotreating at least one of the at least two component fractions so as to yield at least one hydrotreated intermediate, and catalytically-isomerizing the at least one hydrotreated intermediate so as to yield at least one isomerized product. An object of US patent application No 2009/151233 is to maximize transportation fuels generated following the steps of co-feeding biomass and plastics to a pyrolysis unit, hydrotreating and isomerizing at least one boiling cut fraction in the product from pyrolysis unit to form a transportation fuel. US patent application No 2009/151233 is not concerned about co-feeding pyrolysis liquid along with petroleum feed to a hydrocracker and the stability of asphaltenes in the combined hydrocracker feed.
Second generation bioethanol produced from bamboo pulp is blend with waste plastic oil to be used as fuel on CRDI engine to assess the combustion and performance characteristics.
Summary of the Invention
In the light of above mentioned utilization of lignocellulosic ethanol with waste plastic oil in CRDi engine, present invention aims to adapt blend of waste plastic oil and lignocellulosic ethanol as fuel on CRDi engine.
The specific objective of the invention is to assess the combustion characteristics on CRDi engine.
A further specific objective of the invention is to assess the performance characteristics on CRDi engine.
Brief Description of Drawings
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the exemplary embodiments shown in the figures wherein:
Figure 1 Experimental setup
Figure 2 Pressure – Crank angle (P- Ө) diagram
Figure 3 Heat release rate – Crank angle diagram
Detailed Description of the Invention
The embodiments of present disclosure provide facility to adapt alternate fuel on conventional CRDi engine to assess the suitability of said fuel and also assess the combustion and performance characteristics based on following criteria, i) lignocellulosic bioethanol derived from bamboo should be thoroughly and properly blend with diesel and ii) the accessories attached to the engine are to be calibrated to measure the observations accurately.
With reference to figure 1, the engine test rig is provided in accordance to an embodiment of the present disclosure. A common rail direct injection engine (1) having specifications of 4 cylinders; 1248 cc swept volume; rated power of 190NM @ 2000rpm; compression ratio 18:1; injection timing 13 bTDC. The fuel in an electronically controlled engine is stored at variable pressure in a cylinder or ‘rail’ connected to engine’s fuel injectors via individual pipes, making it a ‘common rail’ to all injectors. Pressure is controlled by a fuel pump but it is the fuel injectors, working in parallel with fuel pump, that control timing of fuel injection and amount of fuel injected. In contrast earlier mechanical systems rely on fuel pump for pressure, timing and quantity. CRDi ensures fuel injection timing, quantity of fuel and atomization or fuel spray are controlled electronically using a programmable control module. This allows multiple injections at any pressure at any time (within pre-defined limits), providing a level of flexibility which can be exploited for better power, fuel consumption and emission control.
An eddy current dynamometer (2) attached to the CRDi engine to determine power or torque of an engine by creating eddy currents. They are used extensively in automotive industry to produce braking torque. Also known as eddy current dynos, these devices offer advantages of low maintenance, high levels of control, and simple construction. The range of speed and torque that eddy current dynamometers provide makes these dynos versatile and ideal for engine testing. A flexible coupling was provided between the engine and dynamometer to achieve the power transmission without any speed reduction. The load acting on the engine was varied by changing the current passing through the eddy current dynamometer. A strain gauge is attached with the torque arm on the dynamometer to measure the force acting on engine. From this torque, the brake power produced by the engine can be measured.
In accordance to an embodiment of the disclosure, a fuel tank which holds fuel of 10 litres capacity. A loading unit (3) is used to impart electrical load on the engine. An exhaust gas analyzer (4) which can be used to measure Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), HC infrared (NDIR) measurement, Fuel dependent Hydrocarbons (HC), and Oxygen (O2). Gas Analyzers use NDIR as well as chemical sensors to do the exhaust gas analysis.
A data acquisition system (5) is a device designed to measure various parameters. The purpose of the data acquisition system is generally to do analysis of data and improvement in accuracy of measurements. The data acquisition system is normally electronics based, and it is made of hardware and software. The hardware part is made of sensors, signal conditioners & data acquisition card and computer. It stored and transmitted the processed signal to the personal computer for analysis and display. HDAQ was used to analyze the cylinder pressure variations with respect to crank angle. Components of the data acquisition system include pressure pickup, crank angle encoder, charge amplifier, A/D card, combustion analyzer, and a computer. The cylinder pressure with respect to crank angle has large cycle to cycle variation; hence only one cycle data was not sufficient to represent the particular operating condition. Average value of 100 cycles was taken into the account to get the repeatability and accuracy. The A/D card converted the analog signal into digital signals. After data processing process, the data are stored in the personal computer. Crystal-based piezoelectric transducer is employed in the combustion chamber to measure the combustion characteristics). The piezoelectric transducers are self-generating. They are capable of measuring the pressure from 0 to 100 bar. Piezoelectric transducer is preferred because of its linearity, quick response, and high accuracy. The transducer should have very high natural frequencies to avoid resonance. The charge output from the transducer is proportional to the in-cylinder pressure. The charge produced by the pressure transducer was converted to analog voltage by a charge amplifier. This charge output was then fed into the pressure data derivative to measure the cylinder peak pressure and heat release rate.
The plot of in-cylinder combustion pressure and heat release rate (HRR) profiles, averaged over 100 consecutive cycles, in comparison with the baseline diesel for WPO-BE20 at 100% load and 2000 rpm is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Generally, it can be seen that the pressure profiles for the fuel blend are comparable to that of baseline diesel and only slightly peak pressure variations are observed. Also, the HRRs for all the tested fuels have similar shape, having a pilot combustion phase during the compression stroke, followed by a main combustion phase during the expansion stroke. The pilot combustion phase is formed due to the combustion of pilot injected fuel, while the main combustion phase is for the combustion of main injected fuel. Compared with the baseline diesel, WPO-BE20 develops almost the same level of peak pressure. As compared with diesel, the peak cylinder pressure for WPO-BE20 is lower by 4.9%. This behavior is attributed to the different densities and bulk moduli of elasticity influencing the whole injection process, while the static injection timing (at pump spill) was kept constant at each load. The pressures increase with load, while the compression lines remain the same at each load and increase with load due to the turbocharger action. WPO-BE20 blend diagrams show slightly lower maximum pressures with respect to the corresponding ones with diesel fuel, a fact attributed to the delayed combustion with the WPO-BE20 blend. The latter is attributed to the delayed dynamic injection timing mentioned above and to the higher ignition delay of ethanol due to its lower cetane number.
Heat release rate is the function of viscosity, density, calorific value, latent heat of fuels and burning velocity of fuels, and combustion temperature. The heat release rate consists of premixed combustion, controlled combustion, and late combustion. The heat energy liberated during the combustion process is referred to as HRR. Fig. 3 illustrates the heat release rate of the engine against crank angle for diesel and WPO-BE20 blend at 100% load. Fig. 3 shows the negative peak appeared before premixed combustion zone for all testing fuels due to the cooling effect caused by fuels absorbing heat from the combustion chamber and cylinder wall during the evaporation process. WPO-BE20 has the minimum HRR compared to conventional diesel fuel due to its lower heating value. It was observed that the HRR curves move from the TDC. This is because ethanol has lower cetane number, which deteriorates the evaporation rate and causes early start of combustion compared to diesel. Heat release rate is the function of viscosity, calorific value, volatility of the fuel.
6 Claims & 3 Figures
Equivalents
A CRDi engine test rig of the present invention discloses its usage in terms of assessing the combustion and performance characteristics of the given fuel, which is a blend of waste plastic oil and lignocellulosic ethanol derived from bamboo. The same test rig may be used to measure emission characteristics of engine for the said fuel. , Claims:The scope of invention is defined by following claims:

Claim:
1. A CRDi engine test rig comprising:
a. A common rail direct injection engine, which runs on blend of waste plastic oil and lignocellulosic ethanol (1)
b. An eddy current dynamometer, which measures power or torque of engine (2)
c. A loading unit, which imparts electrical loading on engine (3)
d. A five gas analyzer, which measures the composition of engine exhaust emission (4)
e. Data acquisition system, to record the data from other parts of test rig (5)
2. As per claim 1, a CRDi engine, a device that works on oil derived from plastic waste and blended with lignocellulosic ethanol derived from bamboo is connected to the eddy current dynamometer
3. As per claim 1, the eddy current dynamometer, a device to measure power or torque of an engine by creating eddy currents
4. As per claim 1, the loading unit, which imparts electrical load on the engine
5. As per claim 1, the five gas analyzer, which can be used to measure Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), HC infrared (NDIR) measurement, Fuel dependent Hydrocarbons (HC), and Oxygen (O2)
6. As per claim 1, the data acquisition system collects data from various sensors fixed across the engine test rig and are seen on computer which is interfaced to the test rig.