FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT, 1970
(39 of 1970)
and
THE PATENTS RULES , 2003
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
[See Section 10 and rule 13]
1. Title: Torrefaction unit with automatic process control mechanism
2. Applicant: Abellon Clean Energy Limited
10* Floor, Sangeeta Complex, Near Parimal Crossing, Ellisbridge, Ahmedabad - 380006, INDIA

The following specification particularly describes the invention and the manner in which it is to be performed.
Field of invention
The invention relates a machine for torrefaction of biomass to increase energy density
Background of invention
Global wanning is the continuous rise in the average temperature of earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global warming is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, resulting from human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. The sustainability of biomass as a clean and economic fuel has been already identified and they can easily replace these fossil fuels and other conventional energy sources like coal, lignite etc.
Pelletization of biomass for heat and power generation is a fully mature technology, which offers a ready disposal mechanism for agriculture, forest, municipal and industrial organic residue. However, only a small portion of biomass residues are being used because of their high moisture content, low calorific value and hygroscopic, hydrophilic nature, Contaminated, biodegradable, heterogeneous properties. Because of these troublesome properties, the logistic cost for handling and storage increases. Some of this drawbacks can be overcome if the biomass residues are densified in order to provide uniform shape and size and high energy per unit volume. Still pellets are highly sensitive to moisture and has low combustion efficiency. Also, during initial combustion pellets emit smoke due to volatile matter present in the biomass.
Torrefaction can be seen as a promising pretreatment for eliminating some of the disadvantages mentioned above.
Prior art
The prior art of torrefraction devices tend to be adapted to solve one particular problem often at the expense of other problems. They generally do not simultaneously optimize all the parameters enlisted above.
The patent WO 2011/001410 Al describes the torrefaction apparatus including a drum having biomass inlet and out let as torrefaction chamber. Drum heated externally to achieved torrefaction temperature in drum. Hot gas is used to heat the drum by circulation of gas in pipe around the drum. However in described apparatus the cooling of torrefied biomass and collection of volatile matter is
lacking.
Whereas in the design described in the WO 2011/123025 Al, the innovation is mainly concentrating on torrefaction of biomass material at low temperature. Finely divided biomass material is essentially of the

said methods and apparatus too. Moreover torrefaction temperature is achieved by rotating jacket. How ever the various size of biomass optimization and automation to said apparatus is not covered.
According to the patent US 2010/0083530 Al, the innovation consist in mainly concentrating on torrefaction of water containing cellulosic material in developed material processing chamber having a plurality of processing zones. The drying process in said apparatus is described well, however in all mater optimization of torrefaction is lacking.
The US 2010/0242351 Al, describe system and method for preparing a torrefied biofuel. In which innovation portion is indicated by focusing first removing moisture form biomass by using steam at 900T and followed by torrefaction of dry biomass in torrefraction reactor. Biomass in torrefaction comes by gravity movement. Collection of developed torrefaction gases and reused in to biomass drying and torrefaction. However the automation of apparatus and with respect to optimization of drying and torrefaction is not there.
According to EP 2287278 A2, the patent describe system and methods for producing torrefied lignocellulosic material in commercially suitable process. Methods comprises first a dryer for drying of biomass followed by torrefaction at pressure 1 to 50 bar and temperature between 100°C to 1000°C. Generated hot torrified gas adapted to recycle back to the torrefaction reactor.
The patent WO 2007/078199 describes the process of treating the material such as biomass or waste. Process mention in patent comprises drying chamber and torrefying chamber separately. Drying of material is carried out by blowing hot gas in to drying chamber. Torrefaction of dry material is carried out by introducing a hot torrefying gas flows through the torrefying chamber. Moreover torrefraction chamber in process is essentially vertical as per the process. However there is no automation and specific devices for torrefraction.
The integration of the processing of versatile input material, economic process, safety, and automation in process aspect up to now has not been taken in account of torrefaction design. The exhaust gas and volatile gas/liquid generated in torrefaction chamber contains useful component which can be further converted on to useful products. In our invention, we have the provision to collect mixture of torrefaction gas and volatile matter which is mostly neglected in prior art.
Highly efficient torrefaction process/apparatus/system are claimed in above mentioned prior-art, but the dual utilization with versatility for range of biomass material for torrefraction/drying is mostly neglected. Our invention includes the specific design of torrefaction unit with applicability in both drying and torrefaction process with all kind of biomass material.

Summary of the present invention
The present invention relates to a torrefaction machine which incorporates Feed Hopper, isolation bean with actuator valves (inlet), Screw Feederl with heating, Screw Feeder 2 with Cooling, isolation bean with actuator valves (outlet), structure and thermic fluid Heater with expansion tank.
The feed hopper receives biomass material of any types. The hopper is equipped with Resisting Transmitting Device (RTD) sensor to measure the biomass temperature at time of feeding. The isolation bin operates with two butterfly valve, both valve operates to avoid external air entry to torrefaction chamber. When material comes from hopper actuated value (upper valve) of inlet isolation bin open and at the same time actuated valve (lower valve) of inlet isolation bin remained closed. Isolation bin is equipped with RTD sensor to measure the temperature of feed material. Once isolation bin filled up with biomass, upper actuated valve closes, once material become isolated from outer environment lower actuated valve opens and material starts feeding to torrefaction chamber.
Screw Feeder 1 (SF-1) is divided into three heating compartments. The SF-I is equipped with RTD sensor at starting and end portion, middle interconnecting portion is also equipped with RTD sensor to measure biomass temperature at these three location. The SF-1 is connected with electric motor. Motor is connected with Variable frequency drive (VFD) and runs at 0 to 50 Hz (0 to 100 %). The SF-1 is covered with chamber with arrangement for circulation of thermic fluid to heat biomass. Inlet and outlet of thermic fluid chamber is equipped with RTD sensor to measure the temperature of thermic fluid. The direction of flow of thermic fluid and material is in opposite direction for better heat transfer efficiency.
The SF-1 is connected with another chamber with same arrangement of liquid flow and screw feeder for cooling of biomass and is known as cooling chamber. Material flows from SF-1 to SF-2. In SF-2 biomass is pushed further down through various stages of cooling. Biomass moved from the three chambers. These three chambers are covered/jacketed with flow of chilled water for cooling purpose. The SF ~ 2 is connected with electric motor via VFD and runs at 0 to 50 Hz (0 to 100 %). By circulating chilled water, torrified material gets cooled and move towards outlet. Cooling chamber is also equipped with RTD sensor to measure the temperature of water from inlet and outlet.
Cool material collected in isolation bin, isolation bin has two butterfly valve, from upper valve cooled material comes inside the isolation bin. Once whole material come into isolation bin, upper valve gets closed and lower valve opens to collect the cooled, torrified material.
The whole electric system is connected with common electric panel, and linked with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) to monitor it remotely and logging of data & graphs generation.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the torrefaction unit provides some features that make it unique for its mechanism and safety.
(1) The invention consists of two chambers namely heating chamber and cooling chamber in which material/biomass gets torrified and cooled respectively. Design of inlet and outlet of said

chambers is unique to provide whole reaction of torrefaction and cooling in absence of oxygen. SF-1 & SF-2 are isolated from atmosphere and from each other.
(2) The unit is able to work at temperature range of 100 °C to 350°C.
(3) Unique provision to extract volatile matter liberated during torrefaction process through vacuum pump
(4) Expansion tank to accommodate thermic oil expansion
(5) Isolation bin with butterfly valve at biomass entry and exit position for atmosphere isolation.
(6) Screw feeder for biomass conveying with forward and reverse movement
(7) Compatible to range of biomass like; sawdust, wood chips, flower waste, plastic waste, rubber waste, cow dung etc.
(8) Temperature measurement for individual chambers of unit will provide better temperature profiling of unit.
(9) Flexible heat source can be used to heat thermic fluid

(10) The unit is linked with SCADA to monitor, operate and program from distance.
(11) The unit is designed for torrefaction of biomass however, it could also be used for drying of biomass. The feeding hopper, SF-1 & 2 and the other components are easily cleanable. Maintenance is an important factor of lifespan for unit/devices and thus components are made up of mild steel (MS) to prevent corrosion.
(12) An additional but most important advantage of torrefaction unit is extraction & collection of all volatile matter along with moisture would facilitate smoke free operation to end user .The OVC would further have scope of isolation and extraction of organic acid and bio-products on bio-refinery platform.
As a result, our invention embodying a simple efficient, user friendly and safe for the eco friendly environment.

A brief description of the drawing
In the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein like numerals of reference refer to similar parts throughout.
Fig. -1. A schematic view of present torrefaction unit.

Number Element Figure
1 Heat Exchanger (Heater) Fig-1
2 Heat Exchanger (cooler) Fig-1
3 Expansion tank Fig-1
4 Feed hopper Fig-1
5 Isolation bin Fig-1
6 Isolation bin Fig-1
7 Actuated valve Fig-1
8 Structure Fig-1

Fig. 1(a): Heat Exchanger (Heater)

Number Element Figure
1 Shaft Fig 1 (a)
2 Casing body Fig 1 (a)
3 Coupling Fig 1 (a)
4 Electric motor Fig 1 (a)
5 Gear box Fig 1 (a)
6 Paddles adjustable Fig 1 (a)
7 Bearing Fig 1 (a)
8 End box Fig 1 (a)
9 Insulation Fig 1 (a)
10 Water flow Fig 1 (a)

Fig 1(b): Heat Exchanger (cooler)

Number Element Figure
1 Shaft Fig 1 (b)
2 Casing body Fig 1 (b)
3 Coupling Fig 1 (b)
4 Electric motor Fig 1 (b)
5 Gear box Fig I (b)
6 Paddles adjustable Fig 1 (b) _
7 Bearing Fig 1 (b)

8 End box. Fig 1 (b)

9 Insulation Fig 1 (b)
10 Water flow Fig 1 (b)
Fig 1(c): Expansion tank


Fig 1(d)*. Feed hopper


Fig 1 (e): Isolation bin
Fig (f): Actuated valve


Detailed description of the invention
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention as shown in the front & plan perspective view in FIG. I, a torrefaction unit includes protection cover 1. Heat exchanger unit (Heater), 2. Heat exchanger unit (cooler), 3. Expansion tank, 4. Feed hopper, 5. Isolation bin two, 6. Actuated valve and 7. Structure

1. Heat Exchanger unit (Heater)
The heat exchanger unit as show in Fig. 1 (a) is main heating chamber where torrefaction is carried out. This chamber length is 3200 mm, diameter is 16 inch and divided in to three equal chambers of 0.12 cubic meter size.This chamber containing screw feeder- 1 ( SF -1) of 3.5 meter long and connected with electric motor (3 phase, 1.5 KW, RPM 1390, HP 2, Amp -3.8). Heating of biomass is carried out by hot thermic fluid circulation in thermic fluid circulation jacket. Heat exchanger unit is connected with vacuum pump (Phase 1, HP 2, KW 1.5, AMP 3.7, RPM 1440) to the inside space in torrefaction chamber to collect volatile matter produced during torrefaction process and to create vacuum .
2. Heat Exchanger unit (cooler)
The heat exchanger unit (cooler) as show in Fig. 1 (b) is chamber where biomass cooling is carried out. This chamber length is 3200 mm, diameter is 16 inch and divided in to three equal chambers of 0.12 cubic meter size. This chamber equipped with screw feeder - 1 (SF-1) of 3.5 meter long and connected with electric motor (3 phase, 1.5 KW, RPM 1390, HP 2, Amp -3.8). Cooling of biomass is carried by water circulation through water circulation jacket by water pump (Phase -1, HP -1.5, KW 1.1, RPM 2880, AMP 8.5) . Inlet of heat exchanger unit (cooler) is connected with heat exchanger unit (heater) with 300 mm connector joint.
3. Expansion taste
The expansion tank is placed as show in Fig. 1 (c) is chamber where oil gets accommodation & expansion during heating of oil. It is cylindrical in shape with 1000 mm length and 15 inch diameter. It is connected with thermic heater with 1000 mm X 1000 mm X 1000 mm burner chambers and coil cylindrical tank with diameter of 30 inch and height of 1200 mm. Thermic pump (3 phase, HP 3, KW 2.2, AMP 4.61, RPM 1385) is connected to coil cylinder tank to pump hot oil in heat exchanger unit (Heater). This coil cylinder tank is also equipped with FD blower (phase 3, HP 1, KW 0.75, AMP 2.1, RPM 1385) to evacuate smoke/hot air generate around the coil during heating of oil by external source of energy. In external source of energy LPG burner or pellet based burner can be used.
4. Feed Hopper
The feed hopper from where we feed sample/biomass to torrefaction chamber via isolation bin is placed above the isolation bin as shown in Fig 1 (d). Size of feed hopper is 713 X 588 mm.
5. Isolation Bin (Inlet)
The isolation bin situated under the feed hopper as shown in Fig. 1 (e). Isolation bin protect entry of oxygen in to torrefaction chamber. In feed dimension of inlet bin is 713 X 588 mm.
6. Isolation Bin (outlet)
The isolation bin situated under the heat exchanger (cooler) unit is similar as in inlet as shown in Fig. 1 (e). Isolation bin protect entry of oxygen in to heat exchanger (cooler) chamber. Outlet diameter of isolation bin is 6.5 inch.
7. Actuated valve

The actuated valves are situated at inlet and outlet of both isolation bins as shown in Fig. 1 (f). Their functions are to dose the isolation bin accordingly and prevent entry of oxygen in to torrefaction chamber. 8. Structure
The structure is made to provide support to all components (Fig 1(a) to Fig 1(f)). It is made up of the mild steel (MS) and out line as shown in Fig.-l (element 8). The structure dimension is 4344 mm Length X 1075 mm Width X 3607 mm Height. The weight of whole unit is 4.0 ton. Electronic part
The electronic parts/spares in torrefaction units are; 1. SF -1 motors (3 phase, 1.5 KW, RPM 1390, HP 2, Amp -3.8),2. SF -2 motors 3 phase, 1.5 KW, RPM 1390, HP 2, Amp -3.8, 3. Thermic pump (3 phase, HP 3, KW 2.2, AMP 4.61, RPM 1385), 4. vacuum pump (Phase 1, HP 2, KW 1.5, AMP 3.7, RPM 1440), 5. water pump (Phase -1, HP -1.5, KW 1.1, RPM 2880, AMP 8.5), 6. F D Blower (phase 3, HP 1, KW 0.75, AMP 2.1, RPM 1385). 7. Actuated valves, 8. Temperature sensor (RTD) (13 nos). All these electric parts are connected with the SCADA system and programmable logic control (PLC) unit having display of all sensor control points and actual reading/output of all electronic part on screen. This display is use for setting of programs forbiomass torrefaction. All RTD sensors like; RTD 1- Hopper Temp, RTD 2 - Inlet bin temp, RTD 3 - Screw feeder - lsec .1 temp, RTD 4 - Screw feeder 1 Sec .2.temp, RTD 5 - Inter connecting duct temp, RTD 6 - Screw feeder - seel.temp, RTD 7 - Screw feeder - sec.2.temp, RTD 8 - Outlet duct temp, RTD 9 - Outlet bin temp, RTD 10 - Thermic fluid heater I/L temp, RTD 11 - Thermic fluid heater O/L temp, RTD 12 - Chilled water I/L temp, RDT 13 - Chilled water O/L temp are fitted at related component of the torrefaction unit as shown in Fig. 1. Size of all RTD sensors are 500 mm. All sensor are regulated through the control panel and is operated depending on the nature of biomass to be torrefied. Control Panel:
Control panel of the torrefaction unit having operation of all sensors, SF - 1 & 2 motors, actuated valve, thermic pump, blower, vacuum pump, water pump and main supply to the Torrefaction unit is controlled from control panel. This control panel is connected with computer and PLC panel. It is possible to control and monitor torrefaction unit from computer screen. One can set the parameters like screw feeder speed and its reverse/forward time, actuated valves ON/OFF time, and can even monitor temperature trend. Operation of the present invention
The present invented unit is for biomass torrefaction. These process of torrefaction is completed by three cycles/processes; 1. heating cycle, 2. torrefaction cycle and 3. cooling cycles. 1. Heating Cycle:
• The biomass material is entered in the heating chamber through actuated valves 1 and 2 via inlet and isolation bin and screw feeder 1 will convey the biomass material ahead in the chamber.
• Thermic oil is used to increase temperature in heat exchanger (heater) which is given heat in thermic fluid heater using LPG burner and thermic pump will circulate the oil in heat exchanger through pipe line which simultaneously enters and exits in each jacket and again goes into expansion tank.

• The temperature of biomass material is increased and moisture starts to evaporate at a constant rate.
• Vacuum pump is given to create vacuum in the chamber and to collect the torrefaction gas.
• When the critical moisture content is reached the rate of water evaporation start to decrease.
• The temperature is reached at 280 °C (depends on material) and finally the material is free from moisture.
2. Torrefaction cycle:
• This process occurred between temperature 250°C — 280 °C. According to the process parameters retention time for biomass heating is decided and then biomass moves to cooling chamber.
• Torrefaction temperature would be constant as require and it may be a peak temperature.
• Volatilization of moisture and volatile matter of biomass material starts during the heating period and continues during torrefaction period and stops during/after cooling period.
3. Cooling cycle:
• Through the actuated valve 3 torrefied biomass material enters in to cooling chamber and screw feeder 2 would convey it ahead in the chamber.
• In this chamber the material is cooled from 280 °C to desired final temperature by circulating cooling water in the chamber(heat exchanger) through water pump.
Working procedure for torrefaction Unit:
The torrefaction unit design is suitable for all kind of biomass. This unit can be run in continuous mode or in batch process too. First of all both SF -1 & 2 start and by forward & backward movement removes any trace biomass from previous batch. In mean time furnace/burner starts heating oil in to coil cylindrical tank. Switch on thermic pump and circulate heated oil and rise the temperature in heat exchanger (heater) unit. Simultaneously biomass material feed in to feed hopper. Once desired temperature achieves, open the actuated no 1 valve and collect all material into inlet isolation bin. Once all material comes in to inlet isolation bin, close the actuated valve no - 1 and open actuated valve no -2 and start SF -1 so material travels ahead in torrefaction chamber. Once all material from inlet isolation bin is transferred to torrefaction chamber, close actuated valve no 2. At the time v/hen actuated valve 1 is close, start vacuum pump and remove all oxygen from torrefaction chamber. After desired retention time, open actuated valve no -3 and allowed biomass material in to cooling chamber and reduced the temperature of biomass to ambient temperature. Once temperature comes down to ambient, open actuated valve no 4 and allowed material in to outlet bin. When all cooled biomass collected in to outlet bin close actuated valve no 4 and open actuated valve no 5 and collect torrefied biomass in to clean container. Collect the sample from torrified biomass and original in feed material and analyzed for various parameter like: Moisture, GCV, Ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, sulfur, chloride, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, bulk density, pH etc. During torrefaction process, output from all sensors are collected on set time interval would help to

understand process more scientifically.
Example:
1. Torrefaction of Cow dung:
Dry cow dung - total 12 kg was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper., Material traveled into reactor chamber -1 through screw feeder -1 (feeder speed 8%). Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 250 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 35 -40 min of residence time, material was moved towards reactor chamber -2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 35 %). Water was circulated with water pump and temperature reduced to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table - 1.
Condition:
• Input Material Weight: 12 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 10.1 Kg
• Material Resident Time : 35-40 min.
• Temperature : 250 °C
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 8 % , SF2 = 35%
• LPG Gas Consumed : 8 Kg
• Thermic Pump Speed : 30.5 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Result (As Such) Torrified
1 Nitrogen - % 1.95 2.39
2 Total carbon - % 67.4 66
3 Organic matter -% 39.1 38.2
4 5 Available Phosphorus - % 4.44 4.57

Phosphorus (P205) - % 10.17 10.8
6 Potassium - % 0.95 0.68
7 Potassium (K20) -% 1.14 0.81
8 Calcium- % 2.19 2.11
9 Calcium (CaO) -% 3.06 2.95
10 Sodium -% 0.76 0.71
11 C:N Ratio -% 34.5
12 PH 7.88 7.24
13 Electric Conductivity -Ms/cm 3.28 3.75
14 Bulk Density Kg/cm3 182 313
15 Moisture - % 5.26 1.29
16 GCV Kcal/kg 2900 3350
17 Ash % 30 44.17
18 Sulfur % 0.14 0.15
19 Chlorine % 0.43 0.54

2. Torrefaction of flower waste:
Flower waste - total 2 kg was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was moved to reactor chamber -1 through screw feeder -1 (feeder speed 8 %).. Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 135 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 35 -40 min of residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber -2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 35 %). Water was circulated with water pump and temperature was reduced to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table - 1.
• Input Material Weight: 2.0 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 1.9 Kg
• Material Resident Time : 35-40 min.
• Temperature : 135 °C
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 8 %, SF2 = 35%
• LPG Gas Consumed : 2 Kg
• Thermic Pump Speed : 30.5 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Result (As Such) Result (Pre-Heat)
] Nitrogen - % 1.73 1.95
2 Total carbon - % 87.4 80.3
3
4 Organic matter -% 50.7 46.57

Available Phosphorus - % 0.73 0.86
5 Phosphorus (P2Os) - % 1.67 1.97
6 Potassium - % 0.99 0.96
7 Potassium (K20) -% 1.19 1.15
8 Calcium- % 0.46 0.59
9 Calcium (CaO) -% 0.64 0.82
10 Sodium -% 0.15 0.16
11 C:N Ratio -% 50.5 41.1
12 PH 6.31 5.29
13 Bulk Density Kg/cm3 111 129
14 Moisture - % 52 17
15 GCV Kcal/kg 3698 3730
16 Ash % 15 22.4
17 Sulfur % 0.17 0.16
18 Chlorine % 0.53 0.43
3. Torrefaction of Fluffy Waste
Fluffy waste (7.4 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was moved to reactor chamber -1 (feeder speed 60 %) through screw feeder -1. Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 270 -280 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 35 - 40 min of

residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 90 %). In Reactor chamber -2, water was circulated with water pump to reduce temperature to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table - 1. Torrefaction Conditions:
• Input Material Weight: 7.4 Kg
• Output Material Weight : 6 Kg
• Material Temp : 270 - 280 ° C
• Material Resident Time : 35 - 40 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 =60 %, SF2 = 90%
• LPG Gas Consumed :22Kg
• Thermic Pump Speed : 40 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Unit As Such Result Torrified Result
1 Moisture content % 28 1.8
2 Ash content % 23 34.72
3 Volatile matter % 47 60.57
4 Fixed carbon % 2 2.91
5 GCV Kcal/kg 2138 3983
6 Chloride content % 0.6 1.4
7 Sulfur content % 0.13 0.13
4. Torrefaction of Sewage Sludge
Sewage sludge (20 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was moved into reactor chamber -l(feeder speed 8 %) through screw feeder -1. Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 240 QC by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 35 - 40 min of residence time, materia! traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 35 %). In Reactor chamber - 2, water was circulated with water pump and temperature was reduced to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table- 1.
• Input Material Weight: 20 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 15.4 Kg
• Material Temp : 240 °C
• Material Resident Time : 35-40 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 8 %, SF2 = 35%
• LPG Gas Consumed : 10.5 Kg
• Thermic Pump Speed : 30.5 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Result (As Such) Torrified
1 Nitrogen - % 3.5 1.96
2 Total carbon - % 51.9 42.7
3 Organic matter -% 30.1 24.8
4 Available Phosphorus - % 2.3 2.66
5 Phosphorus (P205) - % 5.2 6.0
6 Potassium - % 0.25 0.25
7 Potassium (K20) -% 0.30 0.30
8 Calcium- % 3.91 2.50
9 Calcium (CaO) -% 5.4 3.4
10 Sodium -% 0.29 0.27
11 C:N Ratio-% 14.82 21.78
12 PH 7.16 6.78
13 Electric Conductivity - Ms/cm 2.03 3.6
14 Bulk Density Kg/cm3 612 651
15 Moisture - % 17.56 <1
16 GCV Kcal/kg 1416 1966
17 Ash % 63 64
18 Sulfur % 0.97 0.67
19 Chlorine % 0.09 0.12
5. Torrefaction of sawdust
Sawdust (14 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was moved to reactor chamber -1 (feeder speed 8 %) through screw feeder -1. Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 251 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 40 - 50 min of residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 25 %). In Reactor chamber -2, water was circulated with water pump to reduced temperature to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table-1.
• Input Material Weight: 14 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 09 Kg
• Material Temp:251°C
• Material Resident Time : 40-50 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 8 %, SF2 = 25%
• LPG Gas Consumed : 14 Kg
• Thermic Pump Speed : 50 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Saw dust (Initial) Torrifed saw dust
1 Moisture % 6.54 3.80
2 Ash % 4.12 5.12
3 Volatile matter % 76.56 70.90
4 Fixed carbon % 12.78 20.18
5 Bulk density Kg / m3 202.5 238.36
6 Gross calorific (Kcal/ kg) 4249 5049.50
7 Gross calorific (MJ / Kg) 17.7 21.14
8 Gross calorific (BTU) 16860 20036
9 Chloride % 0.07 0.08
10 Sulfur % 0.035 0.05
11 Nitrogen % 0.39 0.44
6. Torrefaction of sawdust
Sawdust (26.5 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was load to hopper. Material was move into reactor chamber -1 (feeder speed 50 %) through screw feeder -1. Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 150 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 60 min of residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 50 %). In Reactor chamber -2, water was circulated with water pump and temperature was reduced to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table-1.
• Input Material Weight: 26.5 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 21 Kg
• Material Temp: 150 °C
• Material Resident Time : 60 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 50 %, SF2 = 50 %
• Thermic Pump Speed : 45 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Saw dust (Initial) Torrifed saw dust
1 Moisture % 6.54 4.1
2 Ash % 4.12 5.0
3 Volatile matter % 76.56 78.24
4 Fixed carbon % 12.78 12.66
5 Bulk density Kg / m3 202.5 225.4
6 Gross calorific (Kcal/ kg) 4249 4895
7 Gross calorific (MJ / Kg) 17.7 20.49
8 Gross calorific (BTU) 16860 19424
9 Chloride % 0.07 0.08
10 Sulfur % 0.035 0.05
11 Nitrogen % 0.39 0.41

7. Torrefaction of sawdust
Sawdust (15 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was move into
reactor chamber -1 (feeder speed 50 %) through screw feeder -1 . Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 200 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 45 min of residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 50 %). In Reactor chamber -2, water was circulated with water pump to reduce temperature to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table - 1.
• Input Material Weight: 15 Kg
• Output Materia] Weight: 13.8 Kg
• Material Temp : 200 °C
• Material Resident Time : 45 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 50 %, SF2 = 50 %
• Thermic Pump Speed : 45 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Saw dust (Initial) Torrified saw dust
1 Moisture % 6.54 4.01
2 Ash % 4.12 5.12
3 Volatile matter % 76.56 77.95
4 Fixed carbon % 12.78 12.92
5 Bulk density Kg / m3 202.5 229.4
6 Gross calorific (Kcal/ kg) 4249 5126
7 Gross calorific (MJ / Kg) 17.7 21.46
8 Gross calorific (BTU) 16860 20341
9 Chloride % 0.07 0.086
10 Sulfur % 0.035 0.039
11 Nitrogen % 0.39 0.41
8. Torrefaction of sawdust
Sawdust (20 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was moved to reactor chamber -1 (feeder speed 50 %) through screw feeder -1. Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 180 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 35 min of residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 50 %). In Reactor chamber -2, water was circulated with water pump and to reduce temperature to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogenous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table - 1.
• Input Material Weight: 20 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 16.3 Kg
• Material Temp: 180 °C
• Material Resident Time : 35 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 50 %, SF2 = 50 %
• Thermic Pump Speed : 45 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Saw dust (Initial) Torrified saw dust
1 Moisture % 6.54 4.85
2 Ash % 4.12 4.97
3 Volatile matter % 76.56 78.8
4 Fixed carbon % 12.78 11.38
5 Bulk density Kg / m3 202.5 209.4
6 Gross calorific (Kcal/ kg) 4249 4369
7 Gross calorific (MJ / Kg) 17.7 18.29
8 Gross calorific (BTU) 16860 17337
9 Chloride % 0.07 0.07
10 Sulfur % 0.035 0.037
11 Nitrogen % 0.39 0.04
9. Torrefaction of sawdust
Sawdust (9.5 kg) was processed for torrefaction. Material was loaded to hopper. Material was moved into
reactor chamber -1 through screw feeder -1 (feeder speed 24.4 %). Temperature of reactor chamber -1 was achieved up to 150 °C by circulating thermic oil through thermic pump. After giving 28 min of residence time, material traveled towards reactor chamber - 2 through screw feeder - 2 (feeder speed 35.4 %). In Reactor chamber-2, water was circulated with water pump to reduce temperature to ambient temperature. Pneumatic butterfly valves was used for homogeneous operation. Cooled material was collected in clean container and homogeneous sample was used for laboratory analysis as mentioned in table - 1.
• Input Material Weight: 9.5 Kg
• Output Material Weight: 7.1 Kg
• Material Temp: 150 °C
• Material Resident Time : 28 mins.
• Screw Feeder Speed : SF1 = 24.4 %, SF2 = 35.4 %
• Thermic Pump Speed : 45.1 Hz

Sr.No Parameters Saw dust (Initial) Torrified saw dust
1 Moisture % 6.54 5.22
2 Ash % 4.12 4.62
3 Volatile matter % 76.56 78.2
4 Fixed carbon % 12.78 11.96
5 Bulk density Kg / m3 202.5 208.3
6 Gross calorific (Kcal/ kg) 4249 4312
7 Gross calorific (MJ / Kg) 17.7 18.05
8 Gross calorific (BTU) 16860 17111
9 Chloride % 0.07 0.071
10 Sulfur % 0.035 0.038
11 Nitrogen % 0.39 0.41

We claim:
1. A biomass torrefaction machine, which comprises of:
a) Heat exchanger (heater) with double layer chamber divided in to three equal jacket
b) Heat exchanger (heater) with oil circulation facility to heat the biomass
c) Heat exchanger (cooler) unit with arrangement of chilled water circulation
d) Inlet and outlet isolation bin with actuated valve
e) Close loop of oil with heating arrangement in cylindrical coil unit and expansion tank.
f) Screw feeder 1 & 2 for conveying biomass during heating and cooling accordingly
g) Compact FD blower to remove gases/smoke/hot air from cylindrical tank
h) Thermic heater with thermic pump to circulate hot oil
i) Vacuum pump connected to heat exchanger (heater) unit
j) Automated controlled and programmable processing system with SCADA;
k) Total 13 numbers of RTD temperature sensor at all chambers
2. The torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, consists of torrefaction system, cooling system, volatile
matter collecting system and hot oil and chilled water circulation system.
3. The torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein all types of biomass material with size of 0.1 to
50mm can be used as feed material.
4. The torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein moisture content of in feed material is varies from 0
to 70 %
5. A torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, consists of large heat exchanger unit divided in three equal part
where biomass gets heated, is used for biomass drying and roasting and torrefaction
6. A torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, consists of inlet and out let bin with actuated valve as
oxygen entry restricted
7. A torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 2, consists of heat exchanger (heater) unit as heating system, heat
exchanger (cooler) as cooling system and thermic pump for hot oil and water pump for chilled water as circulation system.
8. A Heat exchanger (heater) chamber as claimed in claim 5, consists circulation loop of hot oil in isolation
manner to provide indirect heat to biomass.
9. A combustion chamber as claimed in claim 1, 5 and 8, wherein internal chamber of heat exchanger
(heater) is consisting of vacuum pipe connected to vacuum pump at outer side.
10. A torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein controllable system is consist of an automated
programmable shaft less screw feeder.
11. A torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein thermic heater is connected with cylinder coil tank -
thermic pump and oil expansion tank.
12. A torrefaction unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein a hopper for biomass material storage before inlet bin
is integral to biomass feed system.
13. A biomass pellet stove as claimed in claim 1, wherein the most of the flue gases are exhausted through
removable chimney.
14. A method for operating biomass torrefraction unit, (a) Clean both heat exchanger by forwarding and
reversing SF - 1 & 2. (b) Ignite the burner and heat up oil ( c) Load biomass in to feed hopper, (4) Transfer biomass into inlet isolation bin and close actuated valve no 1, (5) Open actuated valve no 2 and allowed biomass to move ahead in heat exchanger (heater) unit & turn on vacuum pump, (6) After appropriate residence time turn off vacuum pump and open actuated valve no 3 and allow material in to heat exchanger (cooler) unit to come down temperature at ambient level, (7) Open

actuated valve no 4 and transfer all material to outlet bin via SF-2, and once all material transfered close actuated valve 4, (8) Open actuated valve 5 and collect torrefied biomass in to clean container/ bag.
15. A high efficiency torrefaction machine as herein described with reference to foregoing drawings & examples.