Claims:Claim: Universal Automaton

#include // include the library code
char array1[]="Prakash's "; //the string to print on the LCD
char array2[]="Univers Machine "; //the string to print on the LCD
int tim = 250; //the value of delay time
LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13);
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2); // set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
}
void loop()
{

// lcd.setCursor(0,0); // set the cursor to column 15, line 0
// for ( int positionCounter1 = 0; positionCounter1 < 15; positionCounter1++)
//{
// lcd.scrollDisplayLeft(); //Scrolls the contents of the display one space to the left.
// lcd.print(array1[0]); // Print a message to the LCD.
// delay(tim); //wait for 250 ms
// }
// lcd.clear(); //Clears the LCD screen and positions the cursor in the upper-left corner.
// lcd.setCursor(0,1); // set the cursor to column 15, line 1
// for (int positionCounter2 = 0; positionCounter2 < 26; positionCounter2++)
//{
// lcd.scrollDisplayLeft(); //Scrolls the contents of the display one space to the left.

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(array1[0]); // Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print(array1[1]);
lcd.setCursor(2,0);
lcd.print(array1[2]);
lcd.setCursor(3,0);
lcd.print(array1[3]);
lcd.setCursor(4,0);
lcd.print(array1[4]);
lcd.setCursor(5,0);
lcd.print(array1[5]);
lcd.setCursor(6,0);
lcd.print(array1[6]);
lcd.setCursor(7,0);
lcd.print(array1[7]);
lcd.setCursor(8,0);
lcd.print(array1[8]);

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(array2[0]); // Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print(array2[1]);
lcd.setCursor(2,1);
lcd.print(array2[2]);
lcd.setCursor(3,1);
lcd.print(array2[3]);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print(array2[4]);
lcd.setCursor(5,1);
lcd.print(array2[5]);
lcd.setCursor(6,1);
lcd.print(array2[6]);
lcd.setCursor(7,1);
lcd.print(array2[7]);
lcd.setCursor(8,1);
lcd.print(array2[8]);
lcd.setCursor(9,1);
lcd.print(array2[9]);
lcd.setCursor(10,1);
lcd.print(array2[10]);
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print(array2[11]);
lcd.setCursor(12,1);
lcd.print(array2[12]);
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print(array2[13]);
lcd.setCursor(14,1);
lcd.print(array2[14]);

delay(tim); //wait for 250 ms
// }
}

#define echoPin 7 // attach pin D2 Arduino to pin Echo of HC-SR04
#define trigPin 8 //attach pin D3 Arduino to pin Trig of HC-SR04
long duration; // variable for the duration of sound wave travel
int distance; // variable for the distance measurement
const int leftForward = 2;
const int leftBackward = 3;
const int rightForward = 4;
const int rightBackward = 5;
const int nextrightForward = 10;
const int nextrightBackward = 11;
const int nxtrightForward = 12;
const int nxtrightBackward = 13;

void setup()
{
pinMode(leftForward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(leftBackward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(rightForward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(rightBackward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(nextrightForward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(nextrightBackward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(nxtrightForward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(nxtrightBackward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an OUTPUT
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an INPUT
Serial.begin(9600); // // Serial Communication is starting with 9600 of baudrate speed
Serial.println("Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Test"); // print some text in Serial Monitor
Serial.println("with Arduino UNO R3");
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delay(250);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delay(250);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2; // Speed of sound wave divided by 2 (go and back)
Serial.print("Distance: ");
delay(250);
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
if (distance < 50 && distance > 0){
digitalWrite(leftForward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(rightForward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(rightBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nextrightForward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(nextrightBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nxtrightForward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(nxtrightBackward , LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(leftForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(rightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(rightBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nextrightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nextrightBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nxtrightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nxtrightBackward , LOW);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(leftForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(rightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(rightBackward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(nextrightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nextrightBackward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(nxtrightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nxtrightBackward , HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(leftForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(rightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(rightBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nextrightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nextrightBackward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nxtrightForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(nxtrightBackward , LOW);

}
}

#define IN1 11
#define IN2 10
#define IN3 9
#define IN4 8
const int leftForward = 3;
const int leftBackward = 4;
int Steps = 0;
boolean Direction = true;//
unsigned long last_time;
unsigned long currentMillis ;
int steps_left = 1095;
long time;
int led = 13; // the pin that the LED is atteched to
int sensor = 2; // the pin that the sensor is atteched to
int state = LOW; // by default, no motion detected
int val = 0; // variable to store the sensor status (value)

int ThermistorPin = 0;
int Vo;
float R1 = 10000;
float logR2, R2, T;
float c1 = 1.009249522e-03, c2 = 2.378405444e-04, c3 = 2.019202697e-07;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(IN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(IN2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(IN3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(IN4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(leftForward , OUTPUT);
pinMode(leftBackward , OUTPUT);

pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // initalize LED as an output
pinMode(sensor, INPUT); // initialize sensor as an input
Serial.begin(9600); // initialize serial
}

void loop(){
val = digitalRead(sensor); // read sensor value
if (val == HIGH) { // check if the sensor is HIGH
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn LED ON

digitalWrite(leftForward , HIGH);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , LOW);

delay(1000);
digitalWrite(leftForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , LOW);

while (steps_left > 0)
{
currentMillis = micros();
if (currentMillis - last_time >= 1000)
{
stepper(1);
time = time + micros() - last_time;
last_time = micros();
steps_left--;
}
}
Serial.println("Wait...!");
Vo = analogRead(ThermistorPin);
R2 = R1 * (1023.0 / (float)Vo - 1.0);
logR2 = log(R2);
T = (1.0 / (c1 + c2*logR2 + c3*logR2*logR2*logR2));
T = T - 273.15;
T = (T * 9.0)/ 5.0 + 32.0;
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.println(T);
Serial.println("Your Oxygen 95 ");

delay(500);
digitalWrite(leftForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(leftForward , LOW);
digitalWrite(leftBackward , LOW);

Direction = !Direction;
steps_left = 1095;

if (state == LOW) {
state = HIGH; // update variable state to HIGH
}
}
else {
digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn LED OFF
delay(1000); // delay 200 milliseconds
if (state == HIGH){
state = LOW; // update variable state to LOW
}
}
}

void stepper(int xw)
{
for (int x = 0; x < xw; x++)
{
switch (Steps)
{
case 0:
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN4, HIGH);
delay(10);
break;
case 1:
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN4, HIGH);
delay(10);
break;
case 2:
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);
delay(10);
break;
case 3:
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);
delay(10);
break;
case 4:
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);
delay(10);
break;
case 5:
digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);
delay(10);
break;
case 6:
digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);
delay(10);
break;
case 7:
digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN4, HIGH);
delay(10);
break;
default:
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN4, LOW);
delay(10);
break;
}
SetDirection();
}
}
void SetDirection()
{
if (Direction == 1)
{
Steps++;
}
if (Direction == 0)
{
Steps--;
}
if (Steps > 7)
{
Steps = 0;
}
if (Steps < 0)
{
Steps = 7;
}
}

, Description:Introduction
As the second wave began, no less than 174 Doctors, 116 Nurses, 199 Health Workers Died Due To Covid-19 as of February, 2021. The list is growing as we have entered the next wave of infections and some speculate that the 3rd wave, mostly infecting kids, may be imminent (PTI, 2021 ). Astonishingly, Amnesty International States that over 17,000 health workers have died due to Corona virus (Amnesty International, 2021). As the States are again reeling with upsurge in cases and curfew like situations are being considered or imposed, the situations in Hospitals continue to be grim. Whilst patients tend to be admitted and discharged and there is an end to their ordeal but there is no respite for Hospital staff and Health care workers and experts. Day in and day out they have to continuously work with these patients and every single second they are in real danger of contracting the deadly disease. In some hospitals they are working beyond their regular times and they cannot even take a day off as the situation continues to be very serious. And what do some get as a bargain --- nothing but a deadly disease as a reward to their exemplary social service to mankind (PTI, 2021).
Apparently, there is no alternative for them as they are the best bet for everyone, as who else can replace them? So, is it not fair that the technologists come forward to their rescue? If these health care workers are risking out their lives for the mankind, is it not the duty of the society, technology companies, tax payers, angel investors and even the government agencies to do a little bit to take them out from such a terribly sticky situation? So far a zillion of robots have been constructed and deployed but still one does not find them at common health care centers or hospitals assisting for common jobs. This paper considers that certainly one can and a possible answer is to develop a robot to assist these workers and even the health care experts in their daily chores. Certainly the robots cannot replace the human nurse or doctors but can surely assist them in the tasks like undertaking preliminary diagnosis of a patient like initial registration, Adhar card verification, providing those tokens, recording the temperature, and even tending them for plausible treatment. The object is to simulate the job of human nurse so that instead of the humans, these robots may come into the contact with the patient as there is no way that a robot can be affected or contract the deadly disease (Kaiser et,al., 2019).

Hypothetical Situation
Shyama (fictitious name) is the only bread winner for her family. She had been completely dedicated to the Hospital and would leave every day on time and would also return on time after the completion of her shift. Her old mother would be waiting for her every single day. Her mother was about 80 years old and would wait for her and was completely dependent on Shyama. Shyama never married as her father had died while she was still young and she sacrificed for the sake of her mother. But, this was not the only sacrifice, as after the spread of Covid-19, one day she left her house, never to return back again (Masceranhas, 2021).
Dr. Ravi recently married and had been happily living with her wife and a little daughter. His wife and daughter used to take dinner with him and till date they never dined without him, especially his daughter who was absolutely fond of him and her biggest fan. That day Dr Ravi promised to come on time for special occasion for a special dinner, but never returned back. The reason was that he was in charge of Covid-19 facility and was not feeling well throughout the afternoon. By evening had to be admitted to the ICU of the same hospital. He was responsible to discharge countless patients but that day he could not be discharged. Henceforth, his daughter and wife will have to take the dinners all alone as he will never return (AHA, 2021).Should we allow this to happen? Perhaps the real stories could be similar or even grimmer as so many did sacrifice their lives for us! What if a health care worker just has small kids only, waiting for him or her to come back to them? (AHA, 2021).
State-of-Art Robotics helping health care workers and units
There are currently very expensive state-of-art robots that have been deployed so far in the various countries. Earlier United States had identified their first infection by the corona virus in its territory. He was admitted to Everett Regional Medical Center in Washington. There, to prevent the spread of the virus, every detail counts and technology had become a great ally. From the first minute, doctors had communicated with the patient through a robot called Vici that has a screen, speakers and a microphone. The device, which looks like a tablet on wheels and was developed by the company InTouch Health , also has a stethoscope and allows basic tests such as temperature measurement. Like Vici, there are other machines that can contain the escalation of the corona virus and help reduce the workload of doctors. For example, the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital in southern China has started using robots capable of opening and closing doors and taking the elevator autonomously to deliver medicines to patients, according to Chinese public television CGTN (Kaiser, et.al., 2021).
In the pandemic situations it is essential to avoid contagion and spread. Robots can be used to test citizens, detect possible diseases and prevent other people or medical personnel from being infected. Everything indicates that the corona virus is spread between people who are close through contact, for instance, through the small drops of saliva that the virus carrier excretes when coughing. Therefore, minimizing human contact is critical. Among those killed is Liang Wudong, was one of the doctors treating patients in Wuhan, the epicenter of the corona virus. He was one of the first health workers killed due to the deadly infection. The death of the 62-year-old doctor has highlighted the risks to which medical personnel are exposed. Already in 2003, with the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) epidemic, a large part of the health personnel was affected while caring for infected people. Therefore, it is rather a pity that robots could not find its place in terms of common and easily affordable equipment, like other rather ubiquitous machines, for instance, x-ray machines or ultra-sound machines. Currently the robots are very expensive to the tune of over 100,000 – 400,000 Euros which are mostly out of reach for a popular health care center in the 3rd world countries like India (Katevas, 2001).

The Universal Automaton
Robotic mechanism intention is to replace manual work with machines, essentially in intensive operations and tasks that are risky and repetitive for instance in Hospital Industry. The intent of this research is the development of universal robot as this sector is characterized by being a great hand absorber in risky chores and dangerous as well as risky tasks in patient tending. Robots can act as manipulators having the characteristics with a degree of technical development that proves to be sufficient to meet the needs in various tasks. Harnessing the potential and virtuosities of the progress of robotics can lead to changes in the Robot construction process from the conception and project phase up to the execution technologies at the health care sites and at hospitals. Thus, it is investigated for the performance of robots in the current production sites of the Robotic construction as well as Hospital sites and the applicability potential of the robotics in upstream industries with manufacturing tasks performed in an environment controlled, in the form of constructive processes liable to be executed in the traditional factory.
In this work an application of universal robots is developed to help in the execution of risky chores like human nurse tending a patient affected from significantly contagious diseases like Covid-19. In recent years there has been a great technological development in the mastery of programmable automata (robots) and their use in various industries, with clear advantages over manual production processes. In fact, we live in a global and very competitive market, where demands are very diverse, often defined by the customer himself, looking for a low price and with higher quality. The industry also experiences continuous pressure to increase productivity and realize the final product with uniform quality. This pressure from the market means that the industry has to bet more and more in Flexible Production Systems (FPS) that can be easily adapted to changes one want. These FPSs are preferably computerized systems where the installation of manipulator robots is essential due to its flexibility (since they are reprogrammable systems), being adaptable to several functions in which its high precision and repeatability are not affected.
On the other hand, the transition from fully manual processes to automated processes or quasi- automatons assist to increase productivity, and this is also the key to the success of robotic systems. Thus, the industrial robot has in many cases become the ideal solution for automation of production systems, allowing for very flexible systems and the introduction of frequent product modifications, at a Minimum cost. Besides, the industry is obliged to put aside the Rigid Production Systems, needed in mass production and provide for an intermediate stage of storage. Depending, of course, on our software and the suitability of the tool for the function to be performed, there are several industrial sectors that have already invested in making their lines of automated and robotic production systems, the automotive industry being one of pioneering examples in several countries. In short, robotics have proliferated and infiltrated too many different domains.

Research Model
A prototype of Universal Automaton was prepared by taking into account the movement of robots as well as the manipulation of objects that imply the knowledge of position and orientation, especially at the end of the robot. Particularly important aspect is the study of the robot control and the analysis of the interaction between the machine and its surroundings. This section presents different mathematical tools for that purpose. For the control of robots, a kinematic and dynamic model is required. The kinematics allows relating the position and orientation of the terminal element of the robot with the values of its particular coordinates. The dynamics allows one to know the relationship between the movement of the robot and the forces that originate it. The prototype development also referred to the fundamental concepts of kinematics and dynamics of industrial manipulator robots.
The process of designing the universal automaton went through three fundamental phases:
i. task analysis
ii. robot structure analysis and
iii. Functional analysis of the robot.
Every one of these phases corresponds to a specific job. The analysis of the task and the respective production process consists of determining more specific tasks, methods and tools to be used in each of the stages of its realization. After this first phase, the analysis of the structure of the robot includes its functional specifications, the design and software and hardware detail. This phase results in documentation with all the information relevant to the manufacture, assembly, operation and maintenance of the robot. The conception and project phase ends with the functional analysis of the robot allowing to identify the functions and performance levels that can be automated, specifying the environment in which the task will be undertaken, that is, the experimental verification of the robot prototype.
However, if deficiencies are found in terms of quality, performance and potential costs, we must move on to a phase of improvement of robot performances, requiring the modification and variation of the planned tasks in order to make the performance more profitable.
The analysis and portraying the development process of a robot allows us to take the following considerations:
- There is a close relationship between the conception and design of a robot and the specific requirements of the task to be performed;
- The analysis of the task to be performed by the robot allows us to define some (non-standardized) parameters that are fundamental for increasing their functionality. To this end, we must take into account the characteristics of objects to be handled, transported or worked with;
- The conception and design of the robot has to be developed based on functional specifications, a process that is essentially intuitive and must be systematic;
- The requirements for the kinematic configuration of the robot are determined by the complexity of the task to be performed;
- For the determination of the geometric, kinematic and mechanics of the conception and design of a robot, the work systems must be automated, selected, observed and described.
Creating Prototype of an Automaton
As highlighted Automaton is a robot prototype with an ability to create robots for industrial use. Today, industrial manipulator robots are very advanced machines of great precision and repeatability. From a mechanical point of view, they are structures consisting of a kinematic chain of rigid bodies, interconnected by revolutionary or prismatic joints which constitute the degrees of mobility of a structure (usually six), having a fixed end(base of the robot) and another free to move (terminal element). The resulting movement of the structure is obtained by the composition of the elementary movements. As in a human arm, the Industrial manipulator robots generally use the first joints to position the structure formed by the others, which are used to guide the terminal element. The joints used for positioning form the structure called the arm. The next joints form the fist, by analogy with the human arm.
The handle generally has two configurations: pitch - yaw - roll (YXZ) as the human handle, or roll - pitch - roll (ZYZ) also called spherical wrist. The latter is most used in robotics manipulation, although its structure presents singular configurations. Robots also use a revolution arm of anthropomorphic structure and spherical pulse. The mobility of a manipulator robot is ensured by the presence of the joints. The articulation between two consecutive links can be prismatic or revolutionary in nature. A prismatic articulation performs a relative movement that is a translational relationship between two links, while an articulation of revolution performs relative rotational movement between two links. The industrial manipulator robots used in the various manufacturing tasks and assembly, use one of the four basic categories of the definition of movement:
- Cartesian or rectangular coordinates (3 linear axes) – robot Cartesian;
- Cylindrical coordinates (2 linear axes and 1 rotation) – robot cylindrical;
- Spherical or polar coordinates (1 linear axis and 2 rotation axes) -polar robot;
- Articulated or revolution coordinates (3 axes of rotation) – robot revolution.
A manipulator robot uses the arm joints for the positioning and the knuckle joints for the orientation function. There are thus five main types of arms in manipulation robotics: Cartesian, cylindrical, polar, revolution and SCARA.
Cartesian robots use 3 prismatic joints in which the axes are orthogonal. They are widely used for handling tasks such as palletizing, storage and machining tasks such as jet and leisure cut in which the robot movements cover large surfaces. On the other hand, its axe scan be organized and sized according to the tasks to be performed perform.
Cylindrical robots: coordinates of this system are x, y, ???angular). The cylindrical robot differs from the Cartesian because one of the prismatic joints is replaced by an articulation of revolution. The advantage of cylindrical systems is that the coordinate system is easy to view and calculate linear movements where they can be used
Polar Robots: coordinates of this system are x, ?1, ?2. These differ from the cylindrical one because one of the two prismatic joints is replaced by a joint of revolution. The advantages of spherical or polar systems are that they cover a large volume from a given central point. Their two rotational movements can be easily isolated and they can also tilt downwards to pick up objects.
Revolution Robots: The coordinates are 3 rotation angles: ?1, ?2, ?3. The robot revolution consists of 3 articulations of revolution whose axes of the first articulation are orthogonal and the axes of the other two joints are parallel. The advantages of the revolution systems are that all connections are rotating and so it provides for the maximum flexibility since any location can be achieved. These are useful in dirty or corrosive environments, or even under water.
It is worth mentioning that the SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) robot is a subclass of cylindrical robots and has 3 revolution joints and 1 prismatic joint. Two of the revolution joints are positioned in the horizontal plane allowing the extension of the robot arm at any point on the horizontal plane. At the end of the robot arm there is a vertical link which can be moved according to a prismatic joint. The tool placed at the end of the vertical connection can rotate around vertical axis of this connection (revolution joint), facilitating the control and orientation of the respective tool in the horizontal plane.
Use of Universal Automaton in Hospital Industry
The Hospital sector is one of those that mobilize a greater number of economic resources and humans. It constitutes sector of great economic projection, both in terms of the number of companies involved and invoicing produced, both in terms of quantity and diversity of the workforce employed. One of the main characteristics of this industry is the great weight on the cost of Pandemics, since in the execution of the undertakings this cost is of about 50% of the total cost, especially in the times of emergency.
Universal Automaton intention is to just replace the human nurse or health care specialists by the machines in only risky manual work operations that are intensive and repetitive processes. These also require precision and speed, as the hospital sector has aide field for application development. We will see, however, that this objective has very broad implications throughout the construction process or the robot (conception, project, planning & execution).This does not prevent the development of robotic systems that aim to automate some of the many tasks that are part of the risky hospital processes. Due to the precision, speed and diverse nature of risky manual operations, the object of these sections would be the presentation of a concrete application that develops a prototype of generic robot. This generic robot is captioned as “Universal Automaton” as this prototype would help in developing robots dedicated to a particular risky and manual hospital operation. Extensive use of 3D modeling and employing 3D printers to develop and create robotic parts are recommended and presented. These robotic parts can then be assembled and supplied to be used for a particular risky and manual hospital operation.
To improve current hospital processes, it is advantageous to apply the technology of robotics because the robots are of high precision and powerful for the execution of different types of tasks. However, it is necessary to integrate and adapt them to the Hospitals. Thus, for the use of robots in hospital sector, it is important to characterize the working environment and the type of tasks carried out, as well as the nursing works during pandemics.
Characterization of the Areas
A careful analysis of the specific tasks of the hospital industry allows pointing out some possibilities for the use of robots in this sector. It is easy to verify that various hospital activities involve repetitive operations –measuring weight, temperature, general OPT chores like registering patients, patient verification process, assigning tickets and tokens, and later on even collection of blood samples and testing. Robots can immediately be put in use to substitute human nurses with precision, quality and speed for such homogeneous tasks. At the same time, nurses that were replaced by robots in these risky manual chores can devote their task in ensuring more complex works like assuring the quality of patient care, ensuring the oxygen and other supplies are in place and general hospital administration.
As highlighted earlier and as has been amply exemplified now during the time of pandemic spread, the hospital business is particularly perilous and continues to be, and one that surrounds higher number of work accidents, like countless nurses, health care workers and even doctors contracting the deadly disease. They contract the very disease they are treating as day in and day out they are put on duty with no respite. There is no “discharge” for them until the disease dies out. Alternatively, the robots can come to their rescue and provide them some necessary respite and a time to breath. Otherwise, the frequency and severity of the accidents is set to increase. This is so as, for one, lack of security and training deficit and tendency to commit an error on the required protection standards can cause serious harm to health care professional. For another, the high degree of risk inherent in tending dependents in highly contagious diseases may lead to lowering the standard of care due to some inevitable and unavoidable reasons. This will not be the case when robots are deployed as in no way a robot can contract the deadly disease caused by the biological germs.
Conclusion
In many cases one may witness a certain disregard for basic personal safety standards on the part of the health care workers. Reluctance to use a PPE, masks or proper sanitizers to handle appropriate tasks at hand and committing an error to use gloves, goggles, breathing masks and protection against common risks are evident and can be inevitable. Workers may continue to fail to comply with safety standards in collective actions in order to make the work environment less dangerous, namely when applying proper sanitizers at the floors or properly disposing of the waste, maintaining protected openings and ventilations at workplaces and providing properly lit and illuminated areas. Also, the high degree of risk inherent to some tasks carried out on site is an opportunity to resort to the use of robots. Apart from the pandemics, there is always risk of chemicals (toxic) or radiation (exposure to high levels of radiations) is also the potential areas where robots can be deployed in normal times.
The implementation of hospital robot in the process requires prior and detailed study of the cost (from its acquisition to its effective amortization), weighing the advantages and disadvantages of its introduction. If it is a fact that the economic justification for the use of robots determines their viability and profitability, it is also a fact that, in addition to the cost of acquisition, tools and equipment and installation of the robot in the factory, we have to consider the benefits that the use of the robot, or automation in terms of general. The bottom line is to create robots that can just replace the risky tasks, and not all tasks, in hospital operations. The created robots should be very cost effective and affordable to common hospitals in 3rd world countries. Furthermore, the robot itself must operate in risk-free manner and must be durable. Universal Automaton will have the capability to construct such robots that are made of soft material and operate in a risk free manner and highly affordable.

References
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