FORM 2
THE PATENT ACT 1970
(39 OF 1970)
&
The Patents Rules, 2003
PROVISIONAL complete
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
USE OF LATEX POWDER OF JATROPHA CURCAS AS SURFACTANT

USE OF LATEX POWDER OF JETROPHA CURCAS AS SURFACTANT

USE OF LATEX POWDER OF JETROPHA CURCAS AS SURFACTANT
Field of invention
In agriculture industry various substance in the form of pesticide and herbicide are used. For
their spreading various chemicals used as surfactant. These surfcasters are also chemicals. These are costly and cause pollution. We have developed simple surfactant from the plant waste latex. These are low cost and very effective.

USE OF LATEX POWDER OF JETROPHA CURCAS AS SURFACTANT
Objects of invention
> The effects of Chemical surfactants on aquatic plants The damage degree of Chemical surfactants to aquatic plants relates to its concentration.
> When the content of Chemical surfactants is high in the water, it will affect the growth of algae and other microorganisms in water, resulting in decreased primary productivity of water bodies, thereby undermining the food chain of aquatic organisms in water bodies.
> The reason that Chemical surfactants causing acute poisoning can lead to membrane permeability increase, so that the material exospore and cell structure gradually disintegrate. The content of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll decrease.

> The accumulation of Chemical surfactants increase with time.
> From the chemical structure, the relationship between the chemical structure of Chemical surfactants and the toxicity of water to aquatic organisms
> The greater hydrophobicity (HLB value is smaller) of Chemical surfactants, the greater the aquatic toxicity; , The more ethoxylate group, the lower toxicity of aquatic organisms; Compared with non-ionic Chemical surfactants, the toxicity of anionic Chemical surfactants decreases.
> The effects of Chemical surfactants on aquatic animals A certain toxicity of Chemical surfactants will pass into the animal through animal feeding and skin penetration way. When the surfactant concentration in water is too high,
> Fish is very easy to absorb Chemical surfactants by the body surface and gills, and with the blood circulation they distribute to body tissues and organs.
> When the fish expose to the Chemical surfactants, serum transaminases and alkaline acid phosphatase activity increase, it indicates that fish produce the adverse effects. Contamination fish enter the body through the food chain and produce inhibition to various enzymes in the human body, thus reducing the body's immunity.

> The toxicity of Chemical surfactants on bacteria and algae can be expressed in ECO50, which means the suppression degree of Chemical surfactants on the movement of aquatic bacteria and algae within 24 h [18].Table 1 is ECO50 for several Chemical surfactants.
> The effects of Chemical surfactants on the water environment Chemical surfactants-containing wastewater discharged into the environment can cause water pollution problems.
> When the concentration of the surfactant reaches to O.lmg/L, the water may appear persistent foams. A lot of bubbles are not easy to disappear in the water, forming foam insulating layer.
> The insulating layer weakens exchange between the water body and gas atmosphere, leading to reduction of dissolved oxygen. A large number of micro-organisms are dead due to hypoxia, resulting in deterioration of water bodies. Below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), with the increase of Chemical surfactants concentration, and surface tension decrease rapidly.
> When the surfactant concentration exceeds CMC in the water column, it can increase the concentration of insoluble or soluble-water pollutants in the water.
^ They take substance which have no original adsorption energy into adsorption layer material, this solubilization behavior can lead to indirect pollution and change the properties of water.
> Chemical surfactants can also kill microorganisms in the environment and inhibit the degradation of other toxic substances.
> Since most detergents contain large amounts of polyphosphate as net agent, the wastewater contains large amounts of phosphorus, which could easily lead to eutrophication.
^ In sewage treatment of plant wastewater, when the concentration of Chemical surfactants exceeds a certain concentration, it will affect aeration, sedimentation, sludge nitrification and many other processes and increase the difficulty of wastewater treatment.
> Chemical surfactants promote emulsification and dispersion in water-insoluble oil and polychlorinated organics, reducing the efficiency of pollutant treatment. The effects of Chemical surfactants on the human body The effects of Chemical surfactants on the human body are divided into effects on the skin and into the body.
> The main ingredients of modern life detergents are Chemical surfactants, long-term use cause skin irritation effect and lead to some degree of damage. After the Chemical surfactants enter into the human body, they damage the enzyme activity and thus disrupt the body's normal physiological function. Chemical surfactants have some toxicity and may accumulate in the human body, so it is difficult to degrade .

> Extensive use of synthetic Chemical surfactants in households and industries impose serious environmental issues as the most part of them is dispersed in different compartments of environment.
> These compounds may cause health hazards like dermatitis, respiratory irritation, eye irritation, etc., and thus researchers are very keen to find environmentally friendly alternatives to such compounds.
> Natural Chemical surfactants possess several advantages over the chemically synthesized ones, and they have low environmental risk due to their natural origin .
> To overcome this we have to develop the bio surfactant some of the advantages of such compounds over the synthetic ones are their biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility, low cost and specificity. They are available in large quantities and are also very effective in extreme conditions like temperature, pH and salinity

USE OF LATEX POWDER OF JETROPHA CURCAS AS SURFACTANT Summary of the invention
> We have converted the latex of Jatropha curcas plant in to the powder using different treatment
> Different extract of the powder of the latex of Jatropha cur cas plant was prepared
> Various polar and nonpolar solvent used for the extract Prepation.
> Surfactant activity of all extract was studied
> Aqueous extract can show maximum activity
> Aqueous extract can be used as surfactant
> 1 to 100 % concentration of powder of the latex of Jatropha cur cas plant was used.

Background
The existing commercial surfactants are mostly based on slowly or non-degradable compounds and in some cases they are, or at some point during their degradation become harmful to the environment or to human beings.
The reasons for choosing natural raw materials are several:
1. Renewable starting materials: Natural raw materials are renewable, since they are derived from continuous ecological cycles. They are constantly produced in nature and thus, in principle, available for commercial use with little risk of shortage.
2. Cheap: Starting materials produced in nature are sometimes easy to obtain and purify, which results in low prices. Examples are sucrose, lactose, D-fructose, D-glucose, fatty acids and terpenoids.
3. Lower toxicity and less environmental impact: Since nature provides the starting materials, there are microorganisms that are adapted to the degradation of the products. When the surfactants are degraded into their natural, smaller components (i.e. hydrophobic and hydrophilic ones) it is assumed that they are included into the natural ecological cycles, without any significant toxicological impact. Most natural product based surfactants are also believed to be degraded fast and should, therefore, pass the eco-tests for toxicity, bio-degradability and bioaccumulation, necessary for commercial products. Thus, they will, hopefully, not put a burden on the natural balances as many of the non-natural products based surfactants do. For example, sugar-based surfactants show good skin compatibility (1-6) and are widely used in a range of cleaning formulations, from all-purpose cleaners to laundry detergents (7, 8). It should, however, be noted that the fact that a compound is naturally occurring by no means automatically mean that it is non-toxic.
4. Commercially feasible: For the various reasons mentioned (cheapness, non-toxicity etc.) surfactants derived from natural products offer a good substitute for existing surfactant types. The combination of cheap processes leading to effective surfactants with little or no toxic effect is a very desirable principle to choose.

Surfactant molecules, defined as surface-active agents, consist of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic moiety that are clearly separated in the molecular structure. The polar part engages in electrostatic interactions (hydrogen bonding, dipolar interactions, ionic bonding etc.) with surrounding molecules, e.g. water and ions. The non-polar part, on the other hand, associates with neighboring non-polar structures via hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
The associated structures first formed when the surfactant concentration in an aqueous solution is increased are typically closed structures that are relatively small. Such structures are called micelles and they can exist in various sizes and shapes depending on surfactant concentration, surfactant structure, pH, ionic strength, temperature etc.
The self-association process starts at a well-defined concentration, the micelle concentration, CMC. Thus, surfactants associate with both polar and non-polar compounds, but different parts of the surfactant are involved in the association with molecules of different polarity.
Surfactants are usually classified according to their polar head group as anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterion. This review pertains to the general properties of nonionic surfactants, unless otherwise stated.
Natural surfactants have gained importance because of realizing economical aspect, health and environmental effect of usage of synthetic surfactants. Primary studies in surfactants were concerned with obtaining natural surfactants from plants such as S. mukorossi, Soybean ... (Glycine max L. Merrill), Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), The Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Soap Lily (Chlorogalum pomeridianum\ etc. used as surfactants.
Natural surfactants can be obtained either from sources of either plant or animal origin (9-11). Saponins, a class of nonionic biosurfactants derived from plants (12), are triterpenic or steroidal glycosides largely distributed in plant materials. Their structural diversity is reflected in their physicochemical (foaming, emulsification, solubilization, sweetness, bitterness) and biological properties (haemolytic, antimicrobial, moluscacide, insecticide), which are exploited in many applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (13) as some interfacial phenomena, such as detergency, solubilization, and surface or interface tension reduction, not

directly involving micelles, are affected by micelle formation (14). Recently, organic chemists and biochemists have turned their attention to micelles because of their specific catalytic properties in organic reactions (15).
There are many studies on the concentration at which micelle formation takes place, on parameters influencing cmc (critical micelle concentration) and changes of thermodynamic functions during micelle formation. The cmc values are usually determined from the sudden change of a physical quality in a very small concentration range of surfactants. However, in many cases, some differences can be observed in the values obtained for the same surfactant depending on the methods used to study the behavior of bulk solutions of surfactants, e.g. in surface tension, density, viscosity, conductivity, light scattering, etc. (16). For saponins present in diverse plant species, great variation in their structure and properties has been observed (17). The reported external use of saponins as washing soap has not proved any toxic effects on human skin or eyes (18).
The fruit of this tree is known as soapnut or reetha and it is traditionally used as shampoo for cleaning hair and as detergent for cleaning woolen fabrics (18).
Extensive use of synthetic surfactants in households and industries impose serious environmental issues as the most part of them is dispersed in different compartments of environment. These compounds may cause health hazards like dermatitis, respiratory irritation, eye irritation, etc., and thus researchers are very keen to find environmentally friendly alternatives to such compounds. Natural surfactants possess several advantages over the chemically synthesized ones, and they have low environmental risk due to their natural origin (19). Some of the advantages of such compounds over the synthetic ones are their biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility, low cost and specificity. They are available in large quantities and are also very effective in extreme conditions like temperature, pH and salinity.

Present Invention
(1) Latex of Jatropha curcas plant was collected early in the morning in sterilized glass vessel. Amyl alcohol was added in 1:10 proportions. Latex was dried in sunlight till it converted to the powder. The powder obtained subjected for extraction with different polar and/or nonpolar solvents.
(2) Latex of Jatropha curcas plant was collected early in the morning in sterilized glass vessel. Dried in the oven at 35°C for six hours or till it forms into powder. This powder is extracted with 10 volume of methanol/ethanol/DMSO/DMF. The solvent fraction was evaporated to form powder and it used for surfactant activity.
Surface Tension Measurement
A consequence of the surface tension appearance at the liquid/gas interface is moving up of the liquid into a thin tube that is capillary, which is usually made of glass. This phenomenon was applied for determination of the liquid surface tension. For this purpose, a thin circular capillary is dipped into the tested liquid. If the interaction forces of the liquid with the capillary walls (adhesion) are stronger than those between the liquid molecules (cohesion), the liquid wets the walls and rises in the capillary to a defined level and the meniscus is hemispherically concave.
In the opposite situation the forces cause decrease of the liquid level in the capillary below that in the chamber and the meniscus is semi spherically convex.
If the cross-section area of the capillary is circular and its radius is sufficiently small, then the meniscus is semispherical. Along the perimeter of the meniscus there acts a force due to the surface tension presence.

Where, r is the capillary radius, y is the liquid surface tension and 9 is the wetting contact angle. The force Fi in above equation is equilibrated by the mass of the liquid raised in the capillary to the height h that is the gravity force F2. In the case of non-wetting liquid, it is lowered to a distance h.


Where, d is the liquid density (g/cm3) (actually the difference between the liquid and the gas densities), g is the acceleration of gravity. At equilibrium (the liquid does not moves in the capillary)

If the liquid completely wets the walls (e.g. mercury in a glass capillary), then it can be
= 1. As the meniscus is lowered by the distance h, equation gives a correct result.


References
1. Swenson, M.,in Novel Surfactants, Holmberg, K. (ed.), Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1998, p. 179.
2. Shah, D.O., Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Plenum Press, Edited by Shah, G.-J., New York, 1981, p.3
3. Rico-Latter, I. and Lattes, A., Synthesis of new sugar-based surfactants having biological applications: key role of their self-association, Colloids and Surfaces A, 1997, 123-124, 37.
4. Soderberg, L, Drummond, C.J., Furlong, D.N., Godkin, S. and Matthews, B., Non-ionic sugar-based surfactants: selfassembly and air/water interfacial activity, Colloids and Surfaces A, 1995, 102,91.
5. Aveyard, R., Binks, B.P., Chen, J., Esquena, J., Fletcher, P.D.I., Davies, B.R. and Davies, S., Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Systems Containing Pure Sugar Surfactant, Langmuir, 1998, 14.
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7. Garofalakis, G., Murray, B.S. and Sarnay, D.B., Surface Activity and Critical Aggregation Concentration of Pure Sugar Esters with Different Sugar Headgroups, J. Coll. Int. Sci., 2000, 229,391.
8. Sarney, D.B., Kapeller, H., Fregapane, G. and Vulfson, E.N., Chemo - Enzymatic Synthesis of Disaccharide Fatty Acid Esters, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 1994, 71,711.
9. Balzer, D., Cloud Point Phenomena in the Phase Behavior of Alkyl Polyglucosides in Water, Langmuir, 1993,9, 3375.
10. Folmer, B.M., Svensson, M., Holmberg, K. and Brown. W., The Physicochemical Behavior
of Phytosterol Ethoxylates, J. Coll. Int. Sci., 1999, 213, 112.

11. Folmer, B.M, Holmberg, K., Gottberg-Klingskog, E. and Bergstrom, K., Fatty Amide
Ethoxylates; Synthesis and Self Assembly, J. Surf. Det, 2001, 4, 175.
12. Garcia, M.T., Ribosa, I., Campos, E. and Leal J.S., Ecological properties of
alkylglucosides, Chemosphere, 1997, 35, 545-556.
13
14. Matsuruma, S.; Imai, K.; Yoshikawa, S. JAOCS, 1990, 67, 996-1001.
15. K., von Rybinsky W. and Stoll G. (eds), Weinheim: VCH, 1996.
16. Information can be found at www.svanen.nu
17. Information can be found at www.blauer-engel.de
18. Veeneman, G.H., Carbohydrate Chemistry, Blackie Academic & Professional, Edited by Boons, G. -J., London, 1998, pp. 98-174.
19. Jonsson, B., Lindman, B., Holmberg, K. and Kronberg, B., Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2001.

Claims
Claim 1
Different extracts of the Jatropha curcas show good surfactant activity
Claim 2
Different methods for preparation of powder from latex
Claim 3
Water extract have more surfactant activity
Claim 4
We claim 1 % to 100 % ethanol/ methanol/ DMSO/DMF extract of Jatropha curcas shows good surfactant activity
Claim 5
We claim 1 % to 100 % aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas for good surfactant activity
Claims 6
We claim different structures for the powder obtained from the Jatropha curcas latex