This application claims priority to and the benefit of the filing date of United Kingdom Application Serial No. 1516617.6, filed September 18, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to verification for payment transactions and particularly for verification associated with the use of payment devices.

BACKGROUND

In payment transactions using a payment device (e.g. a contact integrated circuit card, a contactless integrated circuit card or a mobile device with a digital wallet), authorisation and consent are used to secure payment transactions. Authorisation ensures that a payment device is permitted to perform a payment transaction, and this is typically carried out by checking with an issuer of a payment device. For example, authorisation may be revoked by the issuer if the payment device is reported as lost or stolen by a user.

Consent ensures that a user of a payment device agrees to the payment device being used in a particular payment transaction. For example, in a 'chip-and-PIN' payment transaction using an integrated circuit card as the payment device, as the user of the payment device verifies their identity by providing their PIN on a Point of Interaction (POI, e.g. a payment transaction terminal) once the payment device is connected to the POI, consent from the user is implied.

The combination of authorisation and consent means that a fraudulent user cannot perform contactless pick-pocketing, eavesdropping attacks or perform two consecutive transactions while the user of the payment device only intended to perform one. Figure 1 illustrates contactless pick-pocketing wherein a fraudulent user 10 having a dummy POI is in close proximity to a user 12 having a contactless payment device 14.

Typically, contactless payment transaction employ an upper limit to the value of the payment transaction is imposed unless a Cardholder Verification

Method (CVM) is used. This provides speed and convenience to users as they do not have to undertake a verification method.

Consumer Device Cardholder Verification Methods (CDCVMs) are increasingly being used for payment devices comprising a mobile device with a digital wallet The use of CDCVMs generally allows the value of a payment transaction to be increased due to the security provided by verificatioa CDCVMs involve a user of the payment device verifying their identity on the payment device itself. During a payment transaction using CDCVM, no additional customer action is required on the POI or paper receipt to verify the customer, such as a signature or PIN. For example, the mobile device may be arranged to receive a PIN and/or comprise a biometric sensor for verifying the identity of a user. The payment device can then be used with a POI to undertake a payment transaction.

It is an aim of the present disclosure to address disadvantages associated with the prior art

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method for providing user authentication and user consent for a transaction made with a payment device, comprising a user authentication step to verify that a user is entitled to use the payment device and a user consent step to verify that the user consents to the transaction, wherein the user authentication step is discrete from the user consent step. The user authentication step may comprise a consumer device cardholder verification method (CDCVM). This user authentication step may be taken outside a transaction context, but may persist into a transaction context The user consent step may be an explicit user consent made within a transaction process. The user consent may in embodiments be an implicit user consent inferred from user or device actions or user or device context In another aspect, apparatus adapted to perform the methods described above are also provided.

Within the scope of this application it is expressly intended that the various aspects, embodiments, examples and alternatives set out in the preceding paragraphs, in the claims and or in the following description and drawings, and in particular the individual features thereof, may be taken independently or in any combination. That is, all embodiments and or features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and/or combination, unless such features are incompatible. The

applicant reserves the right to change any originally filed claim or file any new claim accordingly, including the right to amend any originally filed claim to depend from and or incorporate any feature of any other claim although not originally claimed in that manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 has already been described above by way of background, in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of contactless pickpocketing. One or more embodiments of the disclosure will now be described in detail by way of example only, with reference to the remaining drawings, in which:

Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram of a payment device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a consent risk manager module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

Figure 4 is a flowchart of a process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

Figure 5 shows the generation of a cryptogram in a mobile payment application for a contactless Mag Stripe embodiment;

Figure 6 shows a process used by a Mobile Payment Application to convert information to be carried using CVC3 and ATC as container for the embodiment of Figure S;

Figure 7 shows a process used by a POS terminal to integrate an Unpredictable Number and the information generated in Figure 6 into Track Data;

Figure 8 shows a process used by the transaction management system to extract data carried using die Track Data for the embodiment of Figure 5; and

Figure 9 shows a process used by the transaction management system to validate the cryptogram generated by the Mobile Payment Application for the embodiment of Figure 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

CDCVM schemes for contactless payment transactions may involve Instant CDCVM Prolonged CDCVM or Persistent CDCVM. Instant CDCVM is verification that occurs in the context of a specific payment transaction.

Prolonged CDCVM is a verification mechanism carried out in a context different from a payment transaction, and may precede the actual payment transaction. For example, if the payment device uses a passcode to unlock other functionality such as email access, a user verification performed at the time of accessing emails on the payment device may be re-used (within a predetermined time limit) to deliver verification as part of a payment transaction without requiring the user to provide verification again.

Persistent CDCVM involves an initial user verification on the payment device, after which the payment device can be used in subsequent payment transactions without requiring specific user verification for each transaction.

Typically, a payment device used for Persistent CDCVM maintains the verification status until a change occurs to the payment device. For example a smart watch monitoring the pulse of a user can be used to keep a CVM persistent after a first verification. In the event that the smart watch is removed from the user, the verification ceases to be valid until another successful verification is performed.

The Consent is defined as any action or series of events indicating mat the person holding the device agrees to the payment transaction. Consent can be expressed explicitly through an action performed within context of a payment transaction or implicitly by a series of events and actions performed prior to or during the payment transaction. In case of the latter, it is the combination and the sequence of events and actions that indicates Consent (rather than each event or action on its own) as such sequence or combination is very unlikely to happen if the user were not to consent to the transaction

When using an Instant CDCVM for user verification, Consent is automatically performed (i.e. explicitly given) as the user has to interact with the payment device or with a payment consumer device to capture authentication and consent.

Currently, explicit Consent must be given from a user in the form of CDCVM when using a digital wallet on a mobile device as a payment device. Explicit Consent relies on one-for-all validation mechanisms such as pressing a button, providing the value of a secret, or making a gesture (such as screen unlock). A disadvantage of explicit Consent is that it requires a payment application to be open before validation mechanisms can be entered.

In some cases, payment applications are opened at the time mat the transaction is performed - for instance by tapping the phone on the terminal. If then the user has to push a button or make a gesture before the transaction can complete, it means that the transaction in progress would need to be interrupted to let the user provide the explicit Consent before continuing the transaction - resulting in a two tap scenario, with the explicit Consent given between the first tap and the second tap when performing a contactless transaction. In some cases,

As result of the technical constraints of the acceptance environment (for example when using a point of sale terminal not supporting the concept of dual tap), a merchant will have to restart the transaction after the decline at the first tap. This can be seen as a blocking factor for deployment of mobile payment solutions using explicit Consent for low or high value transactions when prolonged or persistent CDCVM is used. A similar problem occurs in remote payment processes, for example cloud-based payments.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a digital wallet arranged to determine whether a user has implicitly provided Consent to undertake a payment transaction. The determination is made based on context that may not be directly related to the payment application and correlation of different events, bypassing the need for any additional user action (or interaction) with the digital wallet as would be required for explicit Consent discussed by way of background.

Figure 2 shows a payment device 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the payment device 100 is a smartphone. The payment device 100 comprises a digital wallet module 102. The digital wallet module 102 comprises a wallet processor 104, a consent risk manager module 106, a communication module 108 and a payment application module 110. The consent risk manager module 106, the communication module 108 and die payment application module 110 are each operatively connected to the wallet processor 104.

The consent risk manager module 106 is arranged to determine whether or not implicit consent of a user is given to undertake a payment transaction, as described below in greater detail with reference to Figure 3. The communication module 108 is arranged to communicate data to and from POIs during a payment transactions. In this embodiment, the communication module 108 comprises a near field communication device to communicate with POIs. The payment application

module 110 comprises a secure element with one or more payment applications for processing payment transaction data during payment transactions.

The digital wallet module 102 makes use of available information from the user behaviour and their interaction with the payment device 100 or from the payment device 100 itself, for example by creating a specific order of events, in order to determine mat the user has explicitly performed an action that is consistent with the intent to pay prior to the actual payment If this action provides sufficient evidence to assume consent, then it is rated as a satisfactory condition to report that consent was provided to a payment application in the payment application module 110, avoiding the need for the payment application to seek explicit consent from the user.

Figure 3 shows the consent risk manager module 106 in greater detail. The consent risk manager module 106 comprises a configuration module 120, a timer 122 and a decision module 124 (labelled in Figure 3 as 'expert system'). The configuration module 120 comprises instructions for how to process the inputs to the consent risk manager module 106. The timer 122 is arranged to provide trusted time information in order to support validity checks. The decision module 124 is arranged to process the inputs to the consent risk manager module 106 and determine whether implicit consent is being provided.

The decision module 124 is arranged to process input information 148 available from the payment device 100 including:

• User actions and behavioural information ISO;

• Transaction context information 152;

• Payment device information 134;

• Terminal data 156;

· Environment information 158;

• Proprietary check data 160; and

• Other information 162.

User actions and behavioural information ISO comprises one or more of:

• Providing consent prior to the start of the transaction;

• Accessing the digital wallet module 102 (e.g. if it was closed before);

• Selecting a payment application from the payment application module 110 (if the digital wallet module 102 is already being accessed);

• If the payment device is a clamshell phone, opening the clamshell phone and enabling the NFC interface by doing so;

· Detecting movement (e.g. through a gyroscope on the payment device 100) consistent with a tap; and

• Detecting daylight (e.g. if previously it was dark because the payment device 100 was in a pocket/handbag).

Transaction context information 152 is information associated with a payment transaction for which implicit Consent is being determined by the consent risk manager module 106.

Payment device information 154 comprises one or more of:

Information associated with a near field communication event using the payment device 100;

Localization information of the payment device 100 against information about a merchant initiating a payment transaction (such as when using a merchant branded digital wallet in one of the stores / malls of that brand). This may require a check against a known list of data or an online check against a database or validation service;

An SS1D (Wi-Fi Access point) when shopping in a store (in that case the implicit consent would be driven by business rules where the merchant would favour the speed of the transaction at the cashier desk);

Detecting recent use of a camera on the payment device 100 to scan a QR Code (when QR is used to trigger remote payment process);

Detection of screen pointed to a user's face (or eyes) when performing a remote payment This may not necessarily involve facial recognition (as biometric verification is covered by authentication using CDCVM) but the fact that for remote payment some level of user interaction is expected during shopping and check-out process with a user able to see / read information displayed on the screen of the payment device 100 used in the payment transaction; and

• When an "in-app purchase" within a mobile application on the payment device 100 is used to trigger a remote payment checking if the mobile application is actually installed and running on the payment device 100 used to perform the payment transaction. The check can be extended to a legitimate companion device (such as smart watch, wristband...) which can be considered as trusted and authorized to transact

Terminal data 156 comprises one or more of:

Detecting a specific merchant category code (e.g. codes used for transportation networks), optionally with the detection of special transaction amount (such as zero value transaction) in order to detect a special transaction where implicit consent would be the rule according to some business decisions;

If transactions are performed consecutively, transaction details (such as amount) are the same; and

Detecting a type of transaction (merchant, amount...) that is performed by the user on a regular and consistent basis (such as pay 1 EUR every week day in the morning to buy a newspaper or a croissant). In that base the recurrent behaviour of the user (i.e. user habits) is translated as an implicit consent

Environment information 1S8 comprises one or more of:

Detection of compliant timeframe between the time reported by the timer 122 of the payment device 100 (or a query to a trusted online clock service) against the opening hours reported for the store of that merchant;

Evaluate the spot speed and altitude of the payment device 100 to assess whether it is compliant with the acceptance environment and location as reported in the transaction data and localization information (for example transacting at 70 mph in a physical store would be rated as abnormal while transacting at 500 mph at 10.000 feet would be an in-flight transaction); and Match merchant name used for payment transaction with the last used web pages or in-app used on the mobile device or legitimate companion device (such as smart watch, wristband...) to trigger the remote payment process.

Proprietary check data 160 includes information determined from the outcome of proprietary checks. For example, proprietary checks may be defined to answer some specific needs linked with the delivery of a digital wallet associated with a given merchant brand (such as digital wallet from shop ABC / retailer XYZ).

Figure 4 shows a process 200 of determining whether implicit Consent is given according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The process 200 is carried out by the decision module 124 and comprises:

Step 202 - receiving user actions and behavioural information 150;

Step 204 - receiving transaction context information 152; Step 206 - receiving payment device information 154;

Step 208 - receiving terminal data 156;

Step 210 - receiving environment information 158;

Step 212 - receiving proprietary check data 160;

Step 214 - receiving other information 162;

Step 216 - receiving time information from the timer 122; Step 218 - determining whether consent is implicit based on the received data from Steps 202 to 216 using the instructions in the configuration module 120; and

Step 220 - outputting the determination from Step 218 to the payment application module 110 for it to carry out a payment transaction.

When the decision module 124 outputs that implicit Consent is granted, then the payment transaction can be completed without an additional interaction from the user (this is separate to the conditions of authentication being satisfied). In the event that implicit Consent cannot be granted by the decision module 124, explicit Consent would be obtained using CDCVM on the payment device 100.

CDCVM data is used to carry information about user consent and user authentication to the Issuer Authorization System (or Transaction Management System). CDCVM applies bom to remote and contactless Payments. CDCVM data is

earned using two bytes (Bytel or Bl, Byte 2 or B2) in a contactless EMV solution (EMV specifications may be found at httpsy www.emvco.com/specifications.aspx) and for Digital Secure Remote Payment (DSRP). This CDCVM data may also be used for generation of the cryptogram in EMV transaction protocols. An exemplary composition of CDCVM data is described in detail below, as is also a Mag Stripe based solution. For a Mag Stripe solution there is only one digit available for CDCVM data so a codebook solution is used - this is also described in detail below.

In the CDCVM data according to embodiments of the disclosure, not only the nature of the CVM and the existence (and nature) of consent is provided, but also the strengths of the CDCVM method, of the control on prolonged or persistent consent, and of the consent method. These strengths may be rated by the transaction scheme provider or by the card issuer.

CDCVM data according to mis approach may be considered to have three layers: CDCVM method, CDCVM quality and CDCVM integrity. Methods may include PIN, password, pattern, biometrics (fingerprint, iris, face) or

combinations of methods (typically "something you are" and "something you know"). Quality may relate to number of digits of a PIN, number of characters of a password (and requirements for character types), number of dots or complexity of a pattern and false acceptance rate of a biometric.

In considering integrity, both die component C used to capture the

CDCVM and the component A being the application using the outcome of CDCVM validation need to be considered. Of significance here is whether a Trusted User Input is employed to provide a cryptographic security mechanism to assure the validity of the process - mis needs to be supported by the operating system of the device.

The embodiments described here identify ratings as undefined, weak, medium or strong, but do not provide a specific mapping of values for the qualities discussed above on to ratings— this will typically be determined by a card issuer according to the card issuer's own security model. This applies to the CDCVM method, and also applies to the control of Prolonged or Persistent CDCVM.

CDCVM may not always be required for a low value transaction (LVT) - for example, when a card-like model is used for the payment application on the device. Consent is used to ensure that the holder of the device agrees to the current transaction.

In the absence of Prolonged CDCVM and Persistent CDCVM, data collected from the card by a fraudster could only qualify for Low Value Transactions - unless the fraudster can persuade the user to authenticate using instant CDCVM. However, if the payment application is using a Prolonged CDCVM or a Persistent CDCVM, data collected fraudulently could be used for High Value Transactions as well. In that case the Consent is the gatekeeper to ensure that the holder of the device agrees to a high value transaction.

As noted above, Consent may be explicit or implicit (for example, contextually derived) - mis should be communicated with the CDCVM. It is possible to improve the quality of the information with the delivery of a rating of the consent That way without delivering proprietary information about the methods used to deliver the implicit consent, it would be possible for the Issuer to qualify the transaction. Consequently it is desirable also to give a rating for the consent. It is also desirable to determine and convey whether the CDCVM was captured on the same device as used to provide the consent

Explicit Consent is the standard approach to provision of consent Such approaches rely on a standard mechanism such as pressing a button, providing the value of a secret (essentially an authentication) or making a gesture (such as screen unlock). Any of these mechanisms are captured and processed by the payment application. They are applied systematically and they do not rely on additional context information - for instance the fact that the user opened their wallet and selected a card within the last few seconds.

The basic idea of implicit Consent is to let the wallet on the payment device determine that the Consent was actually provided based on context that may not be directly related to the payment application and correlation of different events, bypassing the need for an additional user action tiiat needs to be entered in me wallet applicatioa This may be achieved by a Consent Risk Manager, as described above and illustrated in Figure 3. Generally, the wallet may leverage from available information from the user behavior and their interaction with the device or from the device itself - creating a specific order of events - in order to determine that the user has explicitly performed an action that is consistent with the intent to pay prior to the actual payment If this action provides sufficient evidence to assume consent, then it is rated as a satisfactory condition to report mat consent was provided to the payment application, avoiding the need for the payment application to ask the user to perform an additional action.

Preferably, CDCVM and Consent information using a defined set of codes and values that are agnostic of the technology used to obtain the CDCVM and Consent information. An exemplary approach is set out in more detail below. In using a Wallet on a device to provide such information, it is preferable for this information to be secured, such as by inclusion in the cryptogram used in the transaction process (AC for an EMV based solution, CVC3 for a Mag Stripe based solution).

Where such information is carried as part of the transaction, the following principles may be employed:

CDCVM and Consent information can be combined as CDCVM

Data;

in EMV, a 2-byte field may be used to carry the CDCVM Data and used to generate the cryptogram (AC); and

in Mag Stripe, with significantly greater constraints and issues with processing of Track 1 and Track 2 data, one digit of the track data is used to carry a subset of the CDCVM Data encoded using a CDCVM Codebook - the relevant value from the codebook is used in generating the cryptogram C VC3.

EMV and Mag Stripe solutions will now be described in more detail.

In the EMV solution, the following information can be carried.

CDCVM information:

o TUI Information

■ Was TUI used? (unknown / yes /no) -Note that TUI can be TEE-based or using another method like SE-based

■ Does the OS support TUI? (yes / no)

o What is the CDCVM method used? (identifier of the method - including no CDCVM case)

o What is the rating of the CDCVM method? (no rating defined / strong /

medium /weak)

o What is the type of CDC VM? (unknown / instant / prolonged / persistent) o What is the rating of the control on Prolonged / Persistent CDCVM? (no rating defined / strong / medium / weak)

♦ Consent Information:

o What is the type of Consent? (explicit / implicit)

o What is the rating of the Consent method? (no rating defined / strong /

medium /weak)

In working according to EM V specifications, field DE55 or DE48 could be used - in using DESS, for example, the CDCVM data could be added to the Issuer Application Data (IAD) in carrying information as part of the transaction data.

The CDCVM data is a 2-byte field. The first byte may be represented as shown in Table 1 below, whereas the second byte may be provided as shown in Table 2. Note that these tables also contain information about the input to be used to determine the value of the CDCVM Codebook described in detail below in relation to the Mag Stripe based solution.

The value of CDCVM B2 bS may be set by the Wallet according to the use cases set out below in Table 3.

. The Mag Stripe solution will now be described in detail. As the Mag Stripe based solution is much more constrained, it is not possible to carry 2 bytes of information. An approach that can be employed is to assign one digit in the track data and use h to carry one value taken from a codebook of ten values. An exemplary codebook is set out in Table 4 below.

Using a new subelement to the DE48 field (DE48 SE28), CDCVM Data or CDCVM Codebook information can be delivered as part of the transaction as a series of codes or values agnostic of the technical details required to carry the information. The information can be presented in a readily interpretable format for the user using a series of subfields as below:

Subfield 1 - Type of Consent

Subfield 2 - Rating of the Consent Method

Subfield 3 - Security Level

Subfield 4 - CDCVM Method Category

· Subfield S - CDCVM Method

Subfield 6 - Type of CDCVM

Subfield 7 - Trusted User Input (TUI) Information

Subfield 8 - Rating of the CDCVM Method

• Subfield 9 - Rating of the control on Prolonged / Persistent CDCVM

Subfield 10 - Capture of CDCVM and Consent

An exemplary format for each subfield is set out below.

Subfield 1 - Type of Consent

CLAIMS

1. A method for providing user authentication and user consent for a transaction made with a payment device, comprising:

a user authentication step to verify mat a user is entitled to use the payment device and;

a user consent step to verify that the user consents to the transaction, wherein the user authentication step is discrete from the user consent step.

2. Hie method of claim 1 , wherein the user authentication step comprises a consumer device cardholder verification method (CDCVM).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the user authentication step is taken outside a transaction context, but persists into a transaction context

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the user consent step is an explicit user consent made within a transaction process.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein die user consent is an implicit user consent inferred from user or device actions or user or device context

6. The method of claim 1, wherein results of the user authentication step and the user consent step are provided within a transaction.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the results of the user consent step comprise a type of consent.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the results of the user consent step comprise a rating of the user consent step.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the results of the user authentication step comprise a type of user authentication used.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the results of the user consent step comprise a rating of the user authentication step.

11. The method of claim 6, wherein the results of the user authentication step and the user consent step are transmitted in accordance with EMV protocols.

12. The method of claim 6, wherein the results of the user authentication step and the user consent step are transmitted as magnetic stripe track data.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising encoding the results of the user authentication step and the user consent step into a coded value before transmission in the transaction.

14. A payment device comprising a processor programmed to perform the following steps to provide user authentication and user consent for a transaction made with the payment device, the steps comprising:

a user authentication step to verify that a user is entitled to use the payment device and;

a user consent step to verify that the user consents to the transaction, wherein the user authentication step is discrete from the user consent step.

15. The payment device of claim 14, wherein the payment device is adapted to provide results of the user authentication step and the user consent step within a transaction.