WATERSOLUBLE LINEAR COPOLYMER
The invention belongs to the chemistry of high molecular substances more
specifically to the synthetic high molecular substances, the chain of which can be
hydrophilic 3D matrix arising due to H-linkages that emerge between the amide and
carboxylic groups of polyamides and provide the possibility to keep the water
environment.
In the variety of polymer systems one can distinguish netlike or cross-linked
polymers, the chains of which are connected by the covalent connections with the
creation of the single space structure - polymer net. The characteristic properties of
netlike polymers are the absence of viscous-flow state and little solubility in any
solvent. Netlike polymers swelled in the solvent are called gels.
But the unique properties of the polymer group that provide the possibility to
keep water environment and unusual sensibility to external conditions (pH, solvent
content, temperature) attract the interest of the researchers. The creation of
membranes with the controlled penetration, carriers of treatment preparations and
their direct transport, new fillers, work at the new types of robots, plant growing in the
new nutritional solutions - all these are possible due to the unique properties of such
substances.
Quite a lot of substances on the basis of cross-linked polyacrylamide are
developed and used nowadays. They are received usually from the following
elements: acrylamide and methylene-bis-acrylamide in which the linear chains of
polyacrylamide as carbochain homopolymer are connected by methylene-bisacrylamide
by the strong covalent connections, in other words cross-linked by the
methylene-bis-acrylamide with the creation of 3D net, centers of which keep water.
These are the chemically stable substances with the little solubility and small indexes
of swelling under the normal conditions.
Because of the peculiarities of their structure these substances have the
steady character (as their 3D net is based on the strong covalent connections).
For example (patent RU2301814):
As a result one can come to the conclusion that the high cross-linking by the
cross-linker of 3D net of homochain polyacrylamide, restrict the swelling and fluidity in
the solvent and lead to such a negative property as tixotropy. As a result these
substances have the general properties: swell only during 80-100 hours at high
temperatures (for example RU2301814), which points out on the cross-cross-linked
polyacrylamide with branched structure.
These properties of polymers as solubility, ability to thick flow, stability, high
sensibility to the creation of covalent chemical connections between the
macromolecules (the so called cross-linking).
Solubility of polymers and their chemical stability depend on the peculiarities of
the structure, presence of branching, cross-linkages, length of macromolecule and
other factors.
Cellulose is a known watersoluble cross-linked dipolymer. It has three
dimensional structure formed with the help of acrylamide or acrylamide and acrylate
linked through the divinyl monomer that is used in the composition and has water and
group of salts (see, patent US4051086).
Upper boarder line of the swelling of known watersoluble cross-linked
dipolymer is restricted by the low values, besides strictly linked and three dimensional
structure restricts its fluidity. Copolymer is characterized by the long termed chemical
stability, which is undesirable in some practical cases.
Watersoluble cross linked dipolymer which has the three dimensional structure
(see, patent JP6227328) formed on the basis of ammonium acrylate and linking agent
is also known.
Upper boarder line of the swelling of known watersoluble cross-linked
dipolymer is restricted by the low values, besides strictly linked and three dimensional
structure restricts its fluidity. Copolymer is characterized by the long termed chemical
stability, which is undesirable in some practical cases.
The aim of the development work is the creation of watersoluble linear
heterochain dipolymer on account of low-energetic connections of monomers, that
create it, which is hydrophilic 3D matrix that keeps water environment and gives it
watersolubility, increases fluidity and reduces its chemical stability.
To fulfill this aim watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer has the general
formula:
(-CH2-CRiR2)n-(R4-NHCO-R5 -NHCO-R4)m
in which
R can be atom of hydrogen or alkyl CH3,
R2 can be COOH, CONH2 (CH3)-COOH depending on the kind of vinyl
monomer,
R3 is atom of hydrogen or OH group, depending on the kind of divinyl
monomer,
R4 can be (CH2-CHR3) or (CH2-CHR3-CH2) ,
R 5 can be (CH2) or (CH(OH))2, depending on the kind of divinyl monomer.
m and n - interrelationships between the vinyl and divinyl monomers,
herewith the correlation m/n is within 0 to 100,
herewith the sections of the chain in which amide groups -CO-NH- are present,
are connected with the similar sections through the H-linkages between the amide
and carboxyl groups.
Such a substance belongs to the polymer of new structure, that can be referred
to the watersoluble dipolymers, that can be received in a way of copoiymerization of
vinyl monomers of group of ethylene carboxylic acid CH2=CH-COOH and its
derivatives (methyl-acrylic acid (2-methylpropene acid) CH2=C(CH3)-COOH,
acrylamide (CH2=CH-CO-NH 2) , methylmethacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)-COOCH3, and
divinyl monomers that have in their content amide groups (-CO-NH-) N ,N'-
diallyltartardiamide (DATD) -CH2=CH-CH2-NH-CO-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CO-NH-CH 2-
CH=CH2, BISAM (C2H3-CO-NH-CH 2-CO-NH-C2H3) into the linear dipolymer. After the
copoiymerization as a consequence of the receiving the amide groups -CO-NH- by
the main chain, the homopolymer gets the structure of heteropolymer (polyamide)
with the different physical-chemical properties.
Polyamides are the heterochain polymers, in which in the main chain of
macromolecule the amide groups -CO-NH- are present. Carbon-chain polymers with
the side amide groups -CO-NH2, for example polyacrylamide, do not belong to the
polyamides.
Amide section of the molecule is unique according to its structure properties
and according to the peculiar intermolecular interactions. Due to the hybridization of
nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen atoms in the amine group, this section is almost flat.
What is also important is that the hydrogen, connected with the nitrogen atom and
oxygen atom in carbon groups are able to create the strong hydrogen linkage.
Besides in the mentioned substance the cross-cross-linked net of polymer is
not created. Therefore the macromolecule of the substance is hydrophilic 3D matrix
which arises on the account of H-linkages between the amide and carboxyl groups of
polyamide, which keeps water environment.
H-linkages are approximately 20 times less strong than covalent. Unlike the
usual chemical linkages, H-linkage arises not as a result of single-stage synthesis
using the radical linking agent but is created under the correspondent artificial
circumstances.
The distinctive feature of the H-linkages is comparatively low strength, its
energy is almost one order less than the energy of covalent chemical linkage for
example.
These exactly linkages provide the big swelling and watersolubility of the
mentioned substance.
In some variants of realization of watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer the
vinyl monomers are chosen from the group of ethylene carboxylic acid CH2=CHCOOH
and its derivatives (methylacrylic acid (2-methylpropene acid) CH2=C(CH3)-
COOH,
and acrylamide (CH2=CH-CO-NH2)
or methylmethacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)-COOCH3
The usage of the mentioned peculiarities in dipolymer additionally increases
the swelling of the target substance.
In some variants of realization of watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer the
vinyl monomers are chosen from the group of N,N'-diallyltartardiamide (DATD)-CH2 =
CH-CH2-NH -CO-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CO-NH-CH 2-CH=CH2, BISAM (C2H3-CO-NH-CH2-
CO-NH-C2H3) .
The usage of the mentioned peculiarities in dipolymer additionally increases
the solubility of the target substance.
Watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer is illustrated by the examples. On
the figure 1 the structure of watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer with the
mentioning of the H-linkages between the amide and carboxyl groups is graphically
represented in general view.
The substances in the general view are received by two step polymerization in
water environment with the initiating agents of polymerization. The following
substances can be used as the initiating agents of the first grade of polymerization:
Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) C6Hi 6N2 - (CH3)2N-CH2-CH2 -N(CH3)2,
Dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) C H10N2 - (CH3)2N-CH2-CH 2-CN,
Ammonium persulphate (APS) (N . 2S2O
6,7-Dimethyl-9-(D-1 -ribitil) - isoalloxazine (riboflavin) C17H20N4O6
Example 1
Target dipolymer on the basis of methyl-acrylic acid and BISAM was received
by two step polymerization in water environment with the initiating agents of
polymerization.
Polymerization was performed according to the following scheme.
To receive 100 ml of solution which contains 5 weight percent of polymethylacrylic
acid, 5 ml of methyl-acrylic acid (MAA) were used, BISAM 0,009 g was taken
as a divinyl monomer in an amount of 1 section for 100 sections of polymethyl-acrylic
acid. Water solution of ammonium persulphate (APS) (0,5 g) and small quantity of
dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) were added. The received solution was mixed
and left for 45 minutes. After that primarily synthesized preproduct was taken out of
the glass and comminuted.
The preproduct was scoured with distilled water, after that the homogenization
was performed mechanically (under the ultraviolet lamp) adding drop by drop water
solution of riboflavin - this way the second step of polymerization was performed.
Example 2 .
Target dipolymer on the basis of methyl-acrylic acid and (DATD) was received
by two step polymerization in water environment with the initiating agents of
polymerization.
To receive 100 ml of solution which contains 5 weight percent of acrylic acid, 5
ml of acrylic acid (AA) were used, N,N'-diallyltartardiamide (DATD) 0,65 g was taken
as a divinyl monomer in an amount of 1 section for 80 sections of acrylic acid. Water
solution of ammonium persulphate (APS) (0,5 g) and small quantity of
dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN) were added. The received solution was mixed
and left for 45 minutes at room temperature. After that primarily synthesized
preproduct was taken out of the bottle and comminuted.
The preproduct was scoured with distilled water, after that the homogenization
was performed mechanically (under the ultraviolet lamp) adding drop by drop water
solution of riboflavin - under these circumstances the second step of polymerization
was performed.
Example 3 .
Target dipolymer on the basis of acrylamide and BISAM was received by two
step polymerization in water environment with the initiating agents of polymerization.
To receive 00 ml of solution which contains 4 weight percent of acrylamide, 4
g of acrylamide (AA) were used, BISAM 0,08 g was taken as a divinyl monomer in an
amount of 1 section for 50 sections of acrylamide. Water solution of ammonium
persulphate (APS) (0,5 g) and small quantity of dimethylaminopropionitrile (DMAPN)
were added. The received solution was mixed and left for 45 minutes. After that
primarily synthesized preproduct was taken out of the bottle and comminuted.
The preproduct was scoured with distilled water, after that the homogenization
was performed mechanically (under the ultraviolet lamp) adding drop by drop water
solution of riboflavin - under these circumstances the second step of polymerization
was performed.
CLAIMS
1. Watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer of general formula:
(-CH2 -CR1R2 ) n- ( 4-NHCO-R5-NHCO-R4)m
where
Ri can be atom of hydrogen or alkyl CH3,
R2 can be COOH, CONH2, (CH3)-COOH depending on the kind of vinyl
monomer,
R3 is atom of hydrogen or OH group, depending on the kind of divinyl
monomer,
R4 can be (CH2-CHR3) or (CH2-CHR3-CH2) ,
R5 can be (CH2) or (CH(OH))2,depending on the kind of divinyl monomer
m and n - interrelationships between the vinyl and divinyl monomers,
herewith the correlation m/n is within 10 to 100,
herewith the sections of the chain in which amide groups -CO-NH- are present,
are connected with the similar sections through the H-linkages between the amide
and carboxyl groups.
2. Watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer according to claim 1, where the
vinyl monomers were chosen from the group of ethylene carboxylic acid CH2=CHCOOH
or its derivatives (methyl-acrylic acid (2-methylpropane acid) CH2=C(CH3)-
COOH, and acrylamide (CH2= CH-CO-NH2) or methylmethacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)-
COOCH3.
3. Watersoluble linear heterochain dipolymer according to claim 1, where the
vinyl monomers were chosen from the group of N,N'-diallyltartardiamide (DATD) -
CH2=CH-CH2-NH-CO-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-CO-NH-CH 2-CH=CH2, BISAM (C2H3-CO-NHCH2-
CO-NH-C2H3) .