Claims:I/We Claim,

1. An Energy Management System designed to measure, monitor and notify the energy parameters of 3-Phase and 1-Phase load comprising; Node(101), Hub/Gateway(102) and Web-services/Cloud-Based Analytics(103).
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, the machines {loads} (2000) are connected to the Nodes; and the Nodes are connected to the Hub/Gateway (102) using wireless ZigBee protocol in multi-hop mesh Network(73).
3. The apparatus of claim 1 & 2, wherein, a Node(101) can also work as a router and relay messages for its neighbouring Node(101) attached to the same Hub/Gateway(102) network.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, Multiple Nodes(101) cooperate to relay a message to its destination.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, the distance between two wireless connected Nodes(101) is limited by 100m length.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, data from all the Nodes(101) connected in that particular network Hub/Gateway are stored locally, in the internal memory, in comma-separated values {CSV} format.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, Hub(102) is designed to transmit data to Web-services/cloud based Analytics(103) by Wi-Fi/Ethernet or GSM.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, Web-services/cloud-based analytics (103) provides a graphical representation of all the parameters that are measured by the Node (101) and generates reports and push notifications which can be viewed on a handheld device or computer.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, the Node measures the electrical parameters every second and sends the 60th sample to the Hub/Gateway (102) every minute.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 & 7, wherein, the Hub/Gateway (102) stores data into a temporary file if there is no internet access and transmits data on the restoration of internet services.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, the Node (101) is designed to measure the variation of neutral current and individual harmonics along with the total harmonic distortion.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, the Node (101) is designed to draw power supply from a selected Phase from three Phases at the time of installation. , Description:FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a wireless energy management system that leverages the internet of things and analytics to minimise the energy consumption across the typical industrial facility/organisation. In this manner, our invention helps organisations to cut their energy cost, optimise the operational parameters, avoid penalties due to various regulations and bring down their carbon footprints in order to comply with the energy standards set by the implementing agency.

ADVANTAGES OF EMS

Maximum Demand: To avoid penalties for maximum demand the user must ensure that the power drawn, never exceeds the contracted power.
Usually, electric power suppliers compare contacted power with the highest maximum drawn power. Economic penalties are levied whenever drawn power exceeds the contracted power. EMS notifies whenever such incidents occur.

Peak Time: Electricity tariff rates are not uniform for the industrial customer. Peak time notifications help in taking corrective actions by either switching off unnecessary load or switching to a renewable energy source (if available). Thus, saving operating cost and time.

Load Imbalance: There are various types of faults, which might occur between line-to-line and phase–to–phase voltage & current due to the presence of non-linear loads. Load imbalance notification helps in securing the assets before it is damaged.

Total Harmonic Distortion: Some notorious load may introduce harmonic distortion in the power supply, which can harm other connected electronic equipment. THD notification helps in securing the assets.

Power Factor: Energy suppliers are increasingly penalising organisations that use inefficient assets or devices with a low power factor. EMS gives notification on your handheld device in case power factor reduces below a threshold so that corrective actions can be taken.

Individual Harmonics Calculation: Harmonic distortion of the current waveform has negative effects on the power system, by overheating transformers and cables; for a given active power, the heat increases with rising current distortion and the higher order harmonics produce more heating per Ampere than fundamental component. In certain cases, the impact of harmonics within a value stream can be so severe so as to force equipment derating in order to prevent faults that are more serious. For example, a large third harmonic current can result in a large current flowing through the neutral conductor, and this can cause serious incidents if the neutral conductor is not equipped with overload protection. Utilising power measurement instruments to accurately quantify the harmonic content of a value stream power system facilitates the mitigation of operational and safety issues arising from the presence of harmonics. Detecting individual harmonics helps in finding out the root cause of specific faults.

No data loss due to unavailability of the internet for a limited period: The node continuously sends data to the gateway every minute. The gateway stores data into a temporary file if there is no internet connection available. Once, the internet is available (GSM/Ethernet/WIFI), the gateway sends the data to the web-services. In this way, there is no loss of data due to the connectivity problem.

Compatibility: Third party meters are possible to connect over RS485/RS232.

Higher data sampling rate: The node measures the electrical parameters every second and sends the 60th sample to the gateway every minute. In the case of unfortunate event detected by the node within the span of 1 minute, the node sends that data also to the gateway. This is useful to detect small transient events.

Network Support: The gateway supports WIFI + Ethernet +GSM to push data to the web-services.

Scalable: Overall architecture is scalable.

Low cost: Due to the distributed architecture (node-hub-web services), one hub is capable of connecting with 20 nodes over WIFI & Ethernet and 6 nodes over GSM. It reduces the overall cost of the project.

Web services and mobile display: Our web-services are capable of generating various graphs and comparisons, which is useful to prepare the compliance report to the electricity board.

Environmental Compliance (reduction in carbon footprints): Governments are raising the bar for compliance with energy standards and a reduction in carbon footprints. EMS helps to reduce the energy consumption by minimising wastage without compromising on comfort and other ergonomic considerations.

Zigbee Mesh Wireless Protocol: Node and Hub communicate over Zigbee Mesh Wireless Protocol. A major benefit of wireless mesh networks is path diversity, which provides many routes to the central network in case one of the routers fails or its transmission path is temporarily blocked. The mesh topology enhances the overall reliability of the network, which is particularly important when operating in harsh industrial environments.

USE OF INVENTION

Our invention; The wireless energy management system can be used for monitoring energy usage in a wide range of commercial and industrial environments. It can be used to monitor manufacturing lines, HVAC equipment, distribution panels, three-phase machines, main incomers or any other three-phase loads in retail environments, hotels, leisure centres, data centres, pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing plants, food processing plants, brewing plants or any other commercial buildings. The meter also can be used to monitor micro-generators such as wind turbines, CHP systems and PV arrays.

PRIOR ART AND PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED

The world is experiencing serious energy crisis due to the increased energy demand in the past few years. Effective energy management is a critical focus area for utilities and energy service providers as well as end-customers. The rising cost of energy is causing organisations to evaluate smart ways of saving energy. In addition, energy suppliers are increasingly penalising organisations that use inefficient assets or devices with a low power factor. Simultaneously, governments are raising the bar for compliance with energy standards and a reduction in carbon footprints.

One approach to meet such a growing need is to invent technologies to generate electricity from green energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy; bio-mass, geothermal energy etc. to make it affordable and viable. The alternative approach is to reduce the energy consumption by minimising wastage without compromising on comfort and other ergonomic considerations such as humidity, carbon dioxide level etc. However, it is first necessary to quantify the amount of energy needed, to determine the degrees of freedom for an optimisation. An efficient energy management system helps optimise energy consumption by sensing both voltage and current simultaneously and a microprocessor that calculates the required values from the acquired data.

An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device.

At present, a large number of electrical energy meters are available in the market with varying degrees of sophistication and functionality. Chang et. al. (2013) developed a wireless energy management system for the residential area which utilises a ZigBee wireless sensor network as a communication platform, but it could not connect the 3-phase load. Also, the analytics is developed in Visual Basic Software which is poorly designed & lacks the swiftness in operating. IoT-based smart power metering solution has been developed by Arati Kurde & V. S. Kulkarni that uses Arduino-Uno micro-controller and raspberry-pi, which finally post the data to web-services. Their system does not provide a comprehensive analysis of wider variance of power quality parameters such as the level of harmonic distortion within a value stream. Harmonic distortion at varying levels can have a seriously damaging effect in an industrial installation. For example, a large third harmonic current can result in a large current flowing through the neutral conductor which can cause serious incidents if the neutral conductor is not equipped with overload protection. Accurate quantification of the harmonic content mitigates the operational and safety issues arising due to the presence of harmonics. A variety of energy monitoring solutions have been proposed over the years and it is comprehensively reviewed by Eoin O’Driscoll, Garret E. O’Donnell (2013) and Abubakar et. al. (2016). In this work, we have proposed a wireless energy management system that consists three modules viz. Node, hub and web-services that effectively sense the electrical parameters at the machine level, calculates various other related parameters that address the issues related to power quality combined with JAVA based web services that help in comparing various parameters, preparation of graphs, reports and generate notifications. Implementation of a large-scale energy metering system across the industrial facility can be easily implemented with our solution as it can effectively address the issues related to the inconvenience of installation, interpretation of data, overall benefit in driving energy savings etc.

US PATENT 2012/0106394 A1; Discloses a mixed mesh wireless network that includes a Mixed Mesh network, and Energy Data Server (EDS), EDS data, a Utility portal, and a Consumer portal. The EDS Server is connected, to Utility portal, Consumer portal and EDS database via a VPN.

US PATENT 2010/0217651 A1; Discloses a method of energy resources, comprising the steps of collecting energy-related data in an event database from a plurality of network-connected iNodes, using a network-connected statistics server to compute a reliability rating for a plurality of user base.

US PATENT 8,626,344 B2; According to an aspect of the disclosure, an energy management apparatus for a Home Energy Management System and method includes a processor operable to manage energy use at a site.

US PATENT 2008/0177678 A1; Discloses a method for communicating between a utility and individual customer locations includes the step of communicating between the utility and customer equipment located at each individual customer location via the internet or via an advanced utility meter.

WO 2016111604 A1; An energy management system of the present invention can measure and integrate a power consumption amount of each device, can integrate and monitor regional total power consumption amounts, and allows energy to be effectively used by collecting, analyzing, storing and transmitting a use pattern, data and the like through the internet-of-things (IoT) between respective devices and completely and automatically cutting off and controlling the power to be wasted in a device when the device is not used.

Above inventions suffer from critical drawbacks as mentioned below:
• In the absence of the internet, the data collected during such a period would be lost and non-recoverable.
• Data transmission and communication is via Wi-Fi, Zigbee, or both.
• Further detailed measurement of harmonics is not possible.
• Moreover, connecting the third party meter is not possible.
• Data sampling is very weak.

US PATENT 2008/0177678 A1 has a major disadvantage that in the event of the load having error the load would be automatically dis-connected of power.

WO 2016111604 A1, the critical disadvantage is that neutral phase current monitoring is not possible.

STATEMENT OF INVENTION

Our invention satisfies the above critical drawbacks of prior art.
Our invention has the below novel features:

Our invention provides flexibility, security and ease of installation with minimum disruption to operations on site, and with confidence that the customer data is secure. Our invention, Energy management system is a wireless energy management system that consists three modules viz. Node, hub and web-services that effectively sense the electrical parameters at the machine level, calculates various other related parameters that addresses the issues related to power quality combined with JAVA based web-services that help in comparing various parameters, preparation of graphs, reports and generate notifications. Implementation of a large-scale energy metering system across the industrial facility can be easily implemented with our solution as it can effectively address the issues related to the inconvenience of installation, interpretation of data, overall benefit in driving energy savings etc.
• The nodes are designed to measure individual voltage harmonic up to 7th of each phase, which continuously sends data to the gateway every minute thus data sampling rate is much higher.
• In the event of absence or unavailability of the internet for a limited period (15 days), data would be stored in CSV file format.
• The Gateway, which supports Wi-Fi/Ethernet/GSM, sends the data to the web-services, as soon as internet connectivity is restored. This reduces data losses due to connectivity problems.
• It is possible to connect third party meters over RS485/RS232

Neutral Phase current Monitoring is possible

In an uneventful event of an error in the load, an error trigger would be communicated to the operator/user to over-ride or take necessary action.
Our EMS issues notification whenever maximum demand is reached and enables the operator to take corrective action accordingly.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It has already been proposed a wireless energy management system [EMS].

The principal object of this invention is to minimise energy consumption across the typical industrial facility/organisation.

Another object of this invention is to measure a wide variety of additional electrical statistics related to power quality such as under voltage, over voltage, harmonics, unbalance, voltage fluctuations and total harmonic distortion.

A further object of this invention is to reduce business downtime, equipment malfunction and equipment damage.

A further object of this invention is to reduce the energy consumption by minimising wastage without compromising on comfort and other ergonomic considerations such as humidity, carbon dioxide level etc.

Another object of this invention is an efficient energy management system that helps optimise energy consumption by sensing both voltage and current simultaneously and a microprocessor that calculates the required values from the acquired data.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

“With 40% of the world’s energy used by commercial buildings & industrial facilities, and up to 40% of this is wasted – there is a huge opportunity to reduce costs and emissions, but the key to unlocking these savings is making it easier to collect energy usage data from buildings and that’s where our invention comes into picture”
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Our Invention is an Energy management system, which monitors energy consumption patterns in equipments, commercial buildings & industrial facilities remotely connected via Gateway. This provides facility and energy managers with targeted energy consumption information essential for increasing efficiency and reducing overall power consumption. Notifications of an unfortunate event are communicated to handheld devices. The user can access cloud-based analytics to compare different parameters, visualise the trends in the form of bar chart, pie chart, further, he can monitor energy consumption of each machine in the facility and can compile a compliance report easily.

By comparing energy usage to benchmarks and tracking production levels; areas of waste are highlighted. Facility managers are then presented with a tailored action plan to improve efficiency – which could include adjusting control systems, changing temperature set points, or upgrading inefficient equipment.

Our invention provides flexibility, security and ease of installation with minimum disruption to operations on site, and with confidence that the customer data is secure. Our invention, Energy management system is a wireless energy management system that consists three modules viz. Node, hub and web-services that effectively sense the electrical parameters at the machine level, calculates various other related parameters that address the issues related to power quality combined with JAVA based web services that help in comparing various parameters, preparation of graphs, reports and generate notifications. Implementation of a large-scale energy metering system across the industrial facility can be easily implemented with our solution as it can effectively address the issues related to the inconvenience of installation, interpretation of data, overall benefit in driving energy savings etc.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Our invention, the wireless energy management system (EMS) is designed to measure, monitor and notify the energy parameters of 3-phase and 1-phase load in an industrial facility or an organisation. The architecture of wireless EMS is shown in Figure- 1. The nodes (101) are connected to the hub (102) wirelessly using the ZigBee protocol and the hub (102) wirelessly sends the data to the web-services (103) over Wi-Fi/GSM/Ethernet.

A node (101) and hub (102) can communicate with each other for mutual transfer of messages. A node (101) can also work as a router and relay messages for its neighbouring node attached to the same hub (102) network. Multiple such nodes (101) cooperate to relay a message to its destination. In this way, through the relaying process, a packet of wireless data will find its way to its destination, passing through intermediate nodes with reliable communication links. The distance between two wirelessly connected nodes (101) is limited by 100m length. Since multi-hop mesh network uses low power transmissions to reach only the nearby nodes (101) there is less interference with radio signals from other nodes (101). A major benefit of wireless mesh networks is path diversity, which provides many routes to the central network in case one of the routers fails or its transmission path is temporarily blocked. The mesh topology enhances the overall reliability of the network, which is particularly important when operating in harsh industrial environments.
Each hub (102) fetches the data from all the nodes (101) connected to that particular network and stores it locally, in the internal memory. Hubs (102) are capable of storing 15 days data of all connected nodes in CSV format. Further, hub (102) is designed to transmit data over web-services (103)/cloud based analytics (103) by Wi-Fi/Ethernet or GSM technology. Web-services (103) provide a graphical representation of all the parameters that are measured by the node and generates reports and notifications, which are helpful for the user to initiate appropriate action. Web-services (103) can also be configured to send "recommended actions" in the form of pop-up messages to the selected handheld devices/smart phones (104).

Figure-4 shows a simplified block diagram of the actual node (101). EMS node (101) can be directly connected to a 3-phase or 1-phase load (2000) using an internal current transformer (89) if the load rating is 240 Volts, 5 Amp. Whereas, if the load (2000) rating exceeds the above-specified limit, the EMS requires an external current transformer (1008) and power transformer (1009) depending upon the application. The EMS does not need any auxiliary/separate power supply for its operations; rather it draws power from any one of the selected three phases at the time of installation. It uses internal switch-mode power supply (98) of the power supply section (99) for its operation. The node (101) measures the voltage and current data of the load (2000). The current AFE (90) & voltage AFE (97) converts the measured voltage & current to the appropriate level that is suitable for A/D converter {ADC} (96). The A/D converter (96) of the node (101) converts the measured data into digital form. The digitised voltage and current values are then used to find kWh, kVAh, Power factor, KVAR, Total Harmonic Distortion, kW and kVA for all the three phases. The microcontroller (1001) has the inbuilt algorithm that calculates above-derived parameters from the measured parameters. The real-time clock {RTC} (84) on EMS node (101) records active run-time and total run-time from the moment it is turned on after installation. The communication section (1006) of the node (101) consists UART interface (1002) with ZigBee (1005) which is useful to communicate with the hub (102). The I2C interface (91) with FRAM (92) is responsible for the storage of apparent energy & active energy parameters when power is not available. The input switch (82) shown in Figure-4 is used for factory reset (81). Crystal oscillator (83) generates 32 KHz clock on which the microcontroller (1001) runs. There are 3-LED indicators such as the indicator for node supply on status (86), the indicator for transmit-receive status (87) & the indicator for ZigBee working status (88) which are connected to a general-purpose input-output section (85) of the node (101).

The block diagram of the hub (102) is shown in Figure - 5 It consists of two sections viz. Motherboard (11) & Daughterboard. Motherboard (11) put the request to the node (101) to transfer the data over ZigBee (12). In the case of third party meters (107), motherboard (11) put the request to third party energy meters (107) for transfer of data over Modbus (16). Once, the motherboard (11) receives the data, it converts the data to a suitable format and throws it to the web-services/cloud based analytics (103).

The daughterboard comprises of ZigBee (12), Modbus (16), Wi-Fi (15), Ethernet (13) & GPRS (14). ZigBee (12) is the communication means between the node (101) & the hub (102). Modbus (16) is the communication means between the third party meters (107) & the hub (102). The hub (102) communicates with the web-services (103) over Wi-Fi (15)/Ethernet (13) /GPRS (14).

Web-service is a Javascript based user interface (UI) that is used to analyse & plot various electrical parameters in a graphical form. Web-services can also be configured to issue the notifications of unfortunate events and corresponding recommended actions either in the form of alarms or pop-up messages on handheld devices.

Figure-2 shows one such arrangement of the typical industrial, manufacturing facility in which the wireless EMS is installed. There are two different zones {production facility} (233 & 232). At any given point, maximum 6 nodes can be connected to a hub. The nodes (501-506) & the nodes (601-606) are connected with the production line machines {loads} (2000) of zone-1 (233) & zone-2 (232) respectively in order to measure its energy consumption. The nodes (501-506) & the nodes (601-606) are connected wirelessly to hub-1 (701) & hub-2 (702) respectively, using the ZigBee protocol in multi-hop mesh network (73) as shown in Figure- 2. The hub-1 and hub-2 send the data to web-services over Wi-Fi/GSM/Ethernet (103). The web-services (103) can issue the notifications of unfortunate events on handheld devices (104) over GSM/Wi-Fi (72) and produce the customised graphs, tables of various important electrical parameters.

The real-life application of wireless energy management system to minimise the energy consumption by regulating the operational parameters of the chillers (31) of the cold storage room (33) is shown in Figure- 3. The chillers (31) operate by circulating chilled water into the room’s water pipes. In each room (33), a number of blowers (36) blow air over the chilled water pipes, in turn cooling the air and leading to the air conditioning of the cold storage room (33). The same mechanism is followed by central heaters; the only difference being that the water is heated instead of chilled. This is a two-stage process of energy expenditure. First, energy is consumed in cooling the water that is then circulated through pipes that run in the rooms (33). In the second stage, the blowers (36) that blow air over the water chilled pipes consume energy. The ability to maintain a static temperature in a location depends upon a host of factors. These include the occupancy, weather conditions, chiller parameters, the temperature of chilled water, the blower in the room (33) and the other factors such as heat-producing items in the room (33). A set of scorecards needs to be developed. One set of scorecards can be developed that considers the temperature of the chilled water to decide the number of blowers (36) needs to be switched on or off to regulate the room temperature. Third party meters that measure temperature can be attached to the EMS using Modbus protocol. The EMS leverages the IoT (34) to obtain the real-time values of the energy consumption of the blowers and temperature information of the chilled water to issue the notifications and recommended action to switch on or off a number of blowers (36).

The typical wiring diagram of conventional three phase energy meter is shown in Figure- 6. In conventional meter, at the time of installation, initially, the auxiliary power supply is used to configure current transformer ratio and power transformer ratio in single phase supply connection. After the configuration, one of the phases is required to be connected to the auxiliary supply.

The wiring diagram of wireless three phase energy management system (connection of node with load) is shown in Figure-7. Our wireless EMS eliminate the need for the separate auxiliary power supply as the current transformer ratio and power transformer ratio can be configured over the air. The power supply for the node is inherited from one of the phases of the three-phase load.

The following examples show how the invention works in a particular situation:
e.g.1

Maximum Demand

? The user can set the threshold limits (contracted power) for maximum demand through the web-services (103).
? An algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the maximum demand (kW or kVA) and transmits it to web-services (103) via a hub (102).
? Either the web-services (103) compare the calculated data with the threshold and issue the notifications in the form of alarms or it can be in the form of messages on a handheld device. The user, while configuring the web-services (103) at the time of installation can also set the type of notification. The user as needed can even modify it.

? Web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the recommended action in such events. For example: In this case, the recommended action could be “to disconnect non-critical loads that do not affect the main production process”.
(Lighting, air-conditioning systems, pumps, fans, packaging machines, extractors etc. are some example of non-critical loads.)

Peak Time (Dynamic Price Optimization)

Many utility providers, employ dynamic pricing strategies, such as real-time pricing {RTP}, these involve rate changes based on the market price of electricity, weather-events, or other conditions. These changes can happen, anywhere from within just minutes or 24 hours notice, and in worst-case scenario power, costs have jumped during an RTP spike, to more than 100 times the normal rate. Our advanced EMS lets the user respond automatically to ongoing price fluctuations by shifting consumption to lower rate periods or reducing consumption during costly super-peak times.

? The user can set the value of the peak-time based on the information (about peak-time) received from the utility provider.
? The web-services (103) compare the current time with the peak-time and issue the notifications accordingly.
? The web-services (103) can issue the notifications either in the form of an alarm or message on a handheld device. The customer while configuring the web-services (103) at the time of installation can also set the type of notification. The user as and when needed can modify it.
? Web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the recommended action in such events. For example: In this case, the recommended action could be following:
a. Disconnect the non-critical load.
b. Switch to renewable source if available.
c. Alter the production cycle.

Load Imbalance

An important property of a three-phase balanced system is that the phasor sum of the three line or phase voltages is zero, and the phasor sum of the three line or phase currents is zero. When the three load impedances are not equal to one another, the phasor sums and the neutral current are not zero, and the load is, therefore, unbalanced. There are several causes of load imbalance such as unregulated supply, open or short circuit conditions etc.

? The node (101) measures the line-to-line or phase to phase voltages and currents. The algorithm inside the node (101) calculates the load imbalance and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The web-services (103) prepare the graph between the line-to-line voltages vs. time and line-to-line currents vs. Time.
? The web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the following recommended action:
“Shut off the load as it is imbalanced.”

Total Harmonic Distortion

Some notorious load may introduce harmonic distortion in the power supply, which can harm the other connected electronic equipment with the same source.

? The algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the THD and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The web-services (103) prepare the graph of THD vs. Time.
? The user can view the graph on the mobile phone or on the computer.
? The web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the following recommended action:
“Shut off the load as it is imbalanced.”

Power Factor

Ageing or Improper load can reduce the Power factor of a machine. Energy suppliers are increasingly penalising an organisation that uses inefficient assets or devices with a low power factor.

? The algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the power factor and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The web-services (103) display the percentage value of the power factor.
? The user can set different threshold values based on the requirement.
? The critical threshold value is 85%. If the calculated power factor goes lower than the critical threshold, web-services (103) show red color value.
? The web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the following recommended action:
? “Please disconnect the inefficient load and send for repair/maintenance.”

Individual Harmonic Distortion

Harmonic of the current waveform has negative effects on a power system by overheating transformers and cables; for a given active power, the heat increases with increasing current distortion and the higher order harmonics produce more heating per Ampere than the fundamental component. In certain cases, the impact of harmonics within a value stream can be so severe so as to force equipment derating in order to prevent faults that are more serious. For example, a large third harmonic current can result in a large current flowing through the neutral conductor, and this can cause serious incidents if the neutral conductor is not equipped with overload protection. Utilising power measurement instruments to accurately quantify the harmonic content of a value streams power system facilitates the mitigation of operational and safety issues arising from the presence of harmonics. Detecting individual harmonics helps in finding out the root cause of specific faults.

Third Harmonic Distortion

The third order harmonic is the third multiple of the fundamental wavelength.
This type of harmonics is generated in non-linear loads. Examples of nonlinear loads include transistors, electrical motors, and the non-ideal transformer.
? The algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the third harmonic and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The user can configure the threshold value (maximum value of the third harmonic of a particular load) using web-services (103).
? The web-services (103) compare the calculated value of third harmonic distortion with the threshold and issue the notifications.
? The web-services (103) can issue the notifications either in the form of an alarm or message on a handheld device. The user, while configuring the web-services (103) at the time of installation can also set the type of notification. The user as and when needed can modify it.
? The web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the following recommended action:
“Please disconnect the load and send for repair/maintenance.”

Fifth Order Harmonic Distortion

The fifth order harmonic is the fifth multiple of the fundamental wavelength.
The 5th harmonic causes a CEMF (counter electromotive force) in large motors, which act in the opposite direction of rotation.

The CEMF is not large enough to counteract the rotation; however, it does play a small role in the resulting rotating speed of the motor.

? The algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the third harmonic and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The user can configure the threshold value (maximum value of the fifth order harmonic for a particular load) using web-services (103).
? The web-services (103) compare the calculated value of fifth order harmonic distortion with the threshold and issue the notifications.
? The web-services (103) can issue the notifications either in the form of an alarm or message on a handheld device. The user, while configuring the web-services (103) at the time of installation can also set the type of notification. The user as and when needed can modify it.
? The web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the following recommended action:
“Please disconnect the load and send for repair/maintenance.”

Seventh Order Harmonic Distortion

The seventh and ninth order harmonic is the seventh and ninth multiple of the fundamental wavelength.

It arises in the presence of loads such as the Variable frequency drives and faulty motors. It is also generated because of the back electromotive force of the motor. As they are higher harmonic, they do not make much impact on the power quality.

? The algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the seventh harmonic and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The user can configure the threshold value (maximum value of the seventh order harmonic for a particular load) using web-services (103).
? The web-services (103) compare the calculated value of seventh order harmonic distortion with the threshold and issue the notifications.
? Either the web-services (103) can issue the notifications in the form of alarms or it can be in the form of messages on a handheld device. The user, while configuring the web-services (103) at the time of installation can also set the type of notification. The user as and when needed can modify it.
? The web-services (103) can also be configured to issue the following recommended action:
“Please disconnect the load and send for repair/maintenance.”
Individual harmonic distortion helps in identifying the root cause of the problem. It helps in identifying which load is causing harmonic distortion.
Measurement of THD only, will not be able to identify the root cause.

Neutral Phase Current

Neutral current flow into a device is considered to be in an "off" mode where ideally no current is flowing.

Neutral current flows through the protective ground conductor to ground, in the absence of a grounding connection called as earthy, it is the current that could flow from any conductive part or the surface of non-conductive parts to ground if a conductive path was available such as a human body.

Because of faulty earth ground wiring, this type of fault may occur and immediate action is required in such conditions.

? The algorithm embedded in the node (101) calculates the neutral phase current and sends the data to web-services (103) via a hub.
? The user can configure the threshold value (maximum value of the seventh order harmonic for a particular load) using web-services (103).
? The web-services (103) compare the calculated value of seventh order harmonic distortion with the threshold and issue notifications.
? The web-services (103) can issue the notifications either in the form of alarms or message on a handheld device. The user, while configuring the web-services (103) at the time of initiation can also typeset the type of notification. The user as and when called for can change it.

BEST METHOD OF INSTALLATION

1. Installation of Node (after switching off the incomer):
Process:
A) The External Current transformer is placed between Load and meter's internal transformer.
B) The External Power transformer is placed between meter's voltage sense and external power transformer.

2. Configuration of gateway on web services:
A) Add gateway number.
B) Add number of meters associated with particular gateway.

3. Installation of Gateway (after installation of meter and configuration):
A) The Gateway searches for its configuration and provide details of the meters associated with it.
B) The Configuration of electrical network of web-services.
C) The External Current transformer and Power transformer value from web services to meter.
D) The Meter starts sending data to web-services and graphs start displaying.
E) The Alarms & Notifications engine will work according to its settings.