" A STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF CROSS TRAININCON TEAM PERFORMANCE AND BENEFITS TO EMPLOYEES WITH REFERENCE TO MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES IN CHENNAI"
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of Department of Management studies. In this present invention, Every industry will have a specific job description for each role or each employee. This is the traditional way of working in the industry. This method is changed after cross-training is introduced where employees are trained for various skills and for job functions thatlie within their work domain. This concept is no.t new to the industry but it is existing for along time. Till recent days, cross-training is used as a temporarysolution without much planning. The primary use of cross-training wastemporarily filling the position of an employee who is on vacation orabsent from duties. Temporarily for a short amount of time, the position is filled to continue the work without stopping the production or service.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(00011 Background description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
(0002| Ashley R. Hedges et.al (2019) defines cross-training as a strategy to be followed by every team member to learn the responsibilities and duties of his co-workers. This type of training provides the team members to understand the goals of the organization,responsibilities of all other teams, how the tasks are performed by otherteammates and how the responsibilities of all the teams are interrelatedin the organization.
[0003] ^inanJN^Roy.J. Thomas.1^1 (2013) Employes .trained for different tasks in a department is called cross-training. This type of training is given to make the employees to be prepared to do more thanone job. This concept is called cross-training and also worker multi- functionality. The

author treated cross-training as a concept to secure the job. This is also used to handle and utilise the idle time in an organization.
|0004| Islam El-Bavoumi Salem and Mohamed Kama I Abdien (2017) The loss or absence of any employee due to various reasons in the organization can be well managed by employee cross-training. Apart from this, the lag in the production, loss of revenue can be well managed. The customer relations will be improved as any of the cross-trained employees can handle customer calls. Cross-training helps to promote teamwork among all the functional teams in the organization and enhances operational readiness.
|0005| Pandey, (2017) identified that career advancement is one of the critical factors in reducing employee attrition. The inclusion of non-monetary incentives such as promotion will lead to the career advancement of the employees. As his career advances, he will gain more autonomy over his job.
|0006| BurakBukc, Ozgur M. Araz, and John W. Fowler(2016) confirmed in one of their articles that cross-training is one of the most efficient ways to achieve flexibility in the workplace and to enhance responsiveness. Generally, there is a talk in the industry that the cross-trained employees will lack in performance, and productivity compared to the employees who are performing a single task at a time. Different factors such as the period, duration of the training, and by whom they are trained, etc. will affect the productivity of the employees. (0007| Eric Magnussen (2016) states that the employees not happywith their current jobs will often prefer to leave their company because their performance in a single task becomes a microcosm for their viewof the company as a whole. He recommends the company to think of an
active program where managers plan for job rotation to make the employees be active and ;
i
enthusiastic and learn new things being in their workplace. This brings an advantage to the j
company in retaining the right talents in the company. The goal of this plan is to make sure the
management gets the right talented employees. The current competitiveenvironment demands the
HR team to find knowledgeable employees than the people who are settled inside their walls.
|0008| John Reh.F., (2016) defines the training of an employee in multiple skills of different

sections in the organization as Cross- training. One worker getting trained for the work of another worker and vice versa is called cross-training. Managers can also be cross-trained because the managers get the ability to manage the workers to get the work done at the right time. It is also good for the employees as they can learn new skills, their value, and chances for promotion in the organization will increase. Any industry can use cross-training to train the employees of any position to enjoy its benefits. Companies that serve as customer care will cross-train their employees as service representatives to ensure uninterrupted customer service. |0009| Bridget McCrea, (2015) states that hands-on experience gained by professionals through cross-training is the best one comparedto all the certifications and education in the world. Cross-training givesindividuals a different perspective on their job. The job rotation activities make the employees learn all the aspects of the supply chain in the organization.
|0010| Cloud-Moulds. P.J. (2015) When all the employees in an industry are cross-trained, new employees can be hired with much fewer constraints. If a cross-trained employee is promoted to a higher position as a policy of internal promotion and also hiring a junior fromoutside will become easier in finding the skills as well as the expenses will also be less. In his opinion, cross-training makes sense and helps to remove potential animosity as the employees understand the difficulties of co-employees and respect them. Every employee learns the skill of other employees and hence they can help others in their downtime and get the work done faster. They work closely and the interaction between them improves.
|0011| Gnanletand and Gilland (2014) discussed the benefits of implementing dual resource flexibility by taking proper decisions at right time. He has defined different types of cross-training methods, total cross-training, cherry-picking, partial cross-training, and chaining.The benefits of all these training methods are evaluated in different industries that include service industries. He further says that if the breadth of the cross-training increases, the special skillsets of the
worker comes down. The specialist worker becomes less efficient in that particular task.
|0012| Fred F. Easton (2014) to extend the business tiburs of the company, the cross-trained
workers offer their services. Their duties areto be scheduled to get the operational advantage. The

scheduling needs to be done in advance and the outcome of these decisions depends on the demand of that particular service, the efficiency of the worker, knowledge of the cross-trained worker in that task. If the demand for the service is known in advance, the scheduling can be planned based on the availability of skilled cross-trained workers.
[0013J Chris Cancialosi (2014) states that apart from the industry, cross-training is treated as a part of everyday life in the military. Armedforces understood the need for duplicating a human resource andconfirms that cross-training is one of the tools to mitigate risk to ensuresuccess. The mission of the military may not be life or death but it sounds like that for an outsider. In an industry, whatever may be the type of industry, the risk of failing due to losing a key worker at critical times cannot be faced easily. To avoid such failures, it is essential to cross-train employees.
(0014| Cross-training the employees will enhance the team's capacity and makes them flexible to adjust to the varying work demands. In case of an employee leaving, the cross-trained employee will take over that position immediately which saves time in recruiting and training the new employee. Cross-training also helps to prepare the low-level employee to move-up on the career ladder in the sameorganization easily.
|0015| April Klazema (2014) discusses the job rotation which is also called cross-training that gives the employees a chance to interchange their position, understand the difficulties in another employee's work, and learn the skills required for a variety of works. This even helps to learn the skills across the functional departments even in unrelated departments. This method benefits the employee and also the employer. The employee enhances his skill set that makes him more valuable in the organization and the chances of getting salary hikes and promotions also increase. The employer gets benefitted from the flexibility of the employees in performing any task at any time andmultiple employees with the ability to perform multiple tasks.
(0016| Bradley S. Wesner (2014) in his article states that cross- training increases the flexibility
of the workers and the delay in the production is avoided. It tielps to handle the absenteeism.
Apart from helping to avoid production delays, the cross-trained workers will have the flexibility

and gain broader skill sets that will help them to expose to multiple jobs.
[0017J The excellences of^cross-training for organizations, especially those encompassing thoughts of producing goods and services, have long been lauded with cross-training generally centered on expanding labour adaptability and avoids the production delays by utilizing the services of specialized people. Auxiliary to the concept ofdodging production delays is the idea that cross-trained laborers can illustrate more prominent adaptability and create broader flexibility thatenables them to expose to multiple types of jobs at different times.
|0018| Adam J. Strang, Gregory J. Funke, et al, (2012) in their article stated that operations in the industry will have to face critical time constraints and uncertain situations. Good communication and effective teamwork will help to overcome such situations. Modern combat operations are frequently performed by working groups who arehaving the ability to accomplish the targets and to achieve the objectives with good coordination with all the teams. Team members with clarified roles and tasks can share the workload of fellow teammates at critical times. This enhances the ability of all team members.
[00191 The instructional method used can be cross-training to promote the understanding between the teams to learn the duties and tasks of co-workers.
(0020J Alan See (June 2012) in his article says that cross-training isone of the best ways for businesses to enhance employee skills andto cover all the responsibilities in a job. Employees get trained for different job functions and may perform whenever their services are required. To obtain the maximum benefits out of the employees who are cross-trained, it needs to be done in the right way. A program not planned well may result in dissatisfied customers and may cost a lot for the management. Cross-training may not be a successful strategy for every organization. To optimize the workforce, cross-training can be employed as a key strategy, thus the employees will become the best resources and more flexible to make the business successful.
|0021| Carol Asselta and Carolyn Sperl, (2012) discuss in their article that the organizations are
changing with the changing needs and values of the employees. The needs and values of the
employees and employer can be aligned with effective cross-training. During cross- training, the

employees will get trained to learn and perform tasks other than what they are doing regularly. Temporary tasks can also be planned for cross-training as an Adhoc fix. It can be either one or two-day program or can be used for job rotation or any sophisticated processes can also be taught under cross-training. Such sophisticated jobs' training duration can go up to six months. |0022J The organizations are implementing cross-training to reap benefits other than enhancing the motivation, commitment of employees and to improve productivity.
[0023J Chen and Tseng (2012) have confirmed that the peak hoursof the business or the seasonal business in restaurants and hotels can beeasily managed with cross-trained labor. As an example, during lunchtime or weekend dinner time, the restaurants will have lots of customers. The productivity with the existing staff can be enhanced byallocatingthe work to the workers from the other departments like frontoffice, housekeeping, etc.
|0024| Thus recruiting new staff to handle the peak hour business can be avoided. Thus the organizations with cross-trainedemployees will have better arrangements for emergencies. Cross-trained employees will show flexibility and efficiency during such emergencies. Their contribution to employability in the hotel industry is appreciable. The reduction of skill mismatch is achievable. The majorachievement of cross-training is shared knowledge. Employees bysharing their knowledge will enhance the quality of service and bring down the boundaries across the departments.
10025] The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, no assertion is made, and as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art regarding the present invention.
OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION
[0026| In this present invention, The title reflects the objective of the study. The study is divided
into five objectives that relate to the variables of the study. With reference to the review of the :NT literature collected, the following objectives are framed.
1. To spot the necessity for cross-training in the manufacturing industry

2. To assess the perception of things that influence the cross-training ofthe staff
3. To check the impact of cross-training on employees' performance
4. To determine the impact of performance on employee and employerbenefits
5. To analyze the influence of demographic variables on the employeeperformance
6. To spot the necessity for cross-training in the manufacturingindustry
7. To assess the perception of things that influence the cross-training ofthe staff
8. To checkthe impact of cross-training on employees' perfo nuance
9. To determine the impact of performance on employee benefits
10. To analyze the influence of demographic variables on theemployee performance
OBJECTIVES
1. To spot the necessity for cross-training in the manufacturing industry
2. To assess the perception of things that influence the cross-rtraining of thestaff

3. To check the influence of cross-training on the performance ofemployees
4. To determine the impact of performance on employee and employerbenefits
5. To check the impact of demographic variables on the performance ofthe staff
Independent variable for forming Hypothesis:
• Planning of cross-training
• On-the-job training
• Off-the-job training
• Personal life
• Career development Dependent parameters
• Employee benefits

|0027| These together with other object of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific object attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying figures and descriptive matter in which there are illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION |0028j In this present invention, In the past, industrialists and employers believed that their only duty towards the employees is to get the work done and pay satisfactory wages. But "in the due course of time, it is analysed and understood thatthe employees need something more than the salary. If the employees are allowed to learn new skills related to their current work, they feel more satisfied that their career is developing by learning new skills. As the employees are happy, they can deliver more which is beneficial to the employer.
|0029| When the employee wants to go on educational or medical leave, this can be easily manageable as the manpower with the same skills are available and rotation of staff members can be done to handle the situation. Thus the employer will also get benefited, he will get a good name by allowing them to take leave and work is also not getting affectedas job rotation can be done through the employees who have undergone cross-training.
(0030| Sometimes the employees may not show interest to learn new things as they are used to routine jobs. Employers may also be not interested to train the employees for other skills thinking that it will be expensive and a waste of time.
(00311 This situation needs to be analyzed and to be concluded whether cross-training is beneficial to employees and employers or not.
(0032| An employee can learn multiple skills through cross-training and that makes them more valuable in the organization. Gaining knowledge of new skills can bring them out of the
boredom of routine jobs.
The benefits of cross-training in brief: • Awareness of roles of all employees in the organization will be known to all

employees
• Employee scheduling can be done easily.
• Employees will have many opportunities.
• Knowledgeable employees will strengthen customer support.
• Employee absenteeism and employee turnover will come down.
• Evaluating employees' performance will become easier formanagers.
|0033| As the research is based on the study of cross-training on team performance, with special reference to the Manufacturing industry, a combination of research techniques is used. The data is collected by using the questionnaire and also secondary data from the corresponding company websites, the internet, and a few journals. Collected data is analyzed statistically and suggestions are proposed to the manufacturing industries.
|0034| Personal details of the respondents, Work details of the respondents, Employer details of the manufacturing companies, perception on the need for cross-training given the employee, Cross- training dimensions in the manufacturing industry, the work performanceof employees in the manufacturing industry, the difference between demographic variables concerning work performance, the relationship between cross-training dimensions and work performance, impact of cross-training dimensions on work performance, benefits to employees in the manufacturing industry, the difference between demographic variables concerning employee benefits, the relationship between benefits to the employee and work performance, the relationship between cross-training and benefits to employee, model for the effect of cross-training on work performance and benefits to the employee.
|0035| These together with other summary of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific summary attained p wby itsrjipe^. rpf£rence(shquklf,t)e^ha4to ttje£accolmrpanyjng figures &n3 destfiptive matter in which there are illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION |0036| In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying figures which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that the embodiments may be combined, or that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural and logical. |0037| While the present invention is described herein by way of example using several embodiments and illustrative figures, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is neither intended to be limited to the embodiments of figures or drawings described, nor intended to represent the scale of the various components.
[0038] Further, some components that may form a part of the invention may not be illustrated in certain figures, for ease of illustration, and such omissions do not limit the embodiments outlined in any way. It should be understood that the figures and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention covers all modification/s, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. The headings are used for organizational purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the description or claims. [0039| The activity that is concerned with the assembly of products, by using economical processes services is termed production or manufacturing. The industry is the central production of products.
|0040| The process of reworking the stuff into finished products thatmay be sold within the open market is termed as assembly. Any available product should undergo the assembly process. The manufacturing industry manufactures a large type of products where the most important product groups include Computers, electronics, chemicals, machinery, and food and beverages,
etc.
• [00411 Manufacturing industries are significant in the country for the development of the middle
class as most of the factory jobs are meant for the middle class. Workers who do not have a

sophisticated degree can also be employed in a factory to earn a reasonable salary. This is '
considered as one of the largest employment sectors that boost the economy of the middle-class
l population. Not only employing the less educated people but many of the secondary industries
also dependent on manufacturing. Apart from the workers, there are certain professionals like
lawyers, financial advisors, and accountants who arealso serving the manufacturing industry.
|0042| Technology advancement enables the manufacturingindustry to produce-more products in
less time. Technology penetrated all the functions of manufacturing like assembling, testing,
quality check, and packing. Year on year, the development of techniques is making the
production process easier and faster. The other side of this improvement in technology is, the
automation of production leads to the loss of jobs to many skilled workers. Manufacturing means
(1) employed in making goods, as a producing company, (2) industry of any branch of trade,
business, production or manufacture like the paperindustry, the film industry, etc.
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|0043| In recent days, manufacturing is becoming a booming industry because the government is !
providing many benefits and giving priority. Keeping the importance of the manufacturing industries in India, the researcher has chosen the manufacturing industries in Chennai for conducting the research. Major types of manufacturing industries:
1. Electronics and Computer products manufacturing
2. Chemical manufacturing
3. Automobile manufacturing
4. Textile and apparel manufacturing
5. Food industries
6. Leather and allied product manufacturing Electronics and Computer product manufacturing
|0044| The Electronic product manufacturing industry produces things like televisions, mobiles,
communication systems, and other household and industrial electronic products. Computers,
printers, servers, and peripherals are produced in the computer parts manufacturing industries.
This industry has risen and therefore the technology is persevere updating and high ended

computers are developed nowadays. Usage of integrated circuits and miniaturization of the products is important in both electronic and computer partsmanufacturmg. The latest technologies of production are used for fast production of the products.
|0045| This industry is different from other manufacturing industriesin the case of production staff as the number of staff required for this production is less compared to other manufacturing industries. Advancement of technology is utilized in this industry in a better way to reduce the manual resources. A large number of research and development teams are mandatory more than the technicians. Most of the electronic and computer industries depend on the intermediate components which are being manufactured by some.other small manufacturing companies. Thus these industries will provide life to other small scale manufacturing industries. [0046] Electronic and Computer product industries are categorized into many categories. Computer and peripheral manufacturing include the manufacturing of motherboards, graphic cards, power supplies, central processing units, RAMs, and hard disk drives. Certain manufacturing industries will source these peripherals from small industries and manufacture computers and sell them in the market.
|0047| Communication equipment industries manufactures telephones, mobile phones, and radio stations. The audio and video equipment manufacturing involves the production of televisions, DVD players,'etc. Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturers involved in manufacturing the microchips, integrated circuits, and other electronic components like resistors, capacitors, etc. Chemical manufacturing
|00481 In chemical industries, the organic or inorganic raw materials are undergone a chemical action and produce the products. These products are chemicals that may be used as basic products for further processing and generate industry-relevant products.
|0049] The chemical industry in India is said to be highly diversifiedwhich produces around 80,000
chemical products which are classified into a'grocnemicalsf petrochemicals, fertilizers, and
polymers. India ranks 14 in export and 8 in the import of chemicals which excludes

pharmaceutical products. Thus the Indian chemical industry employs more than 2 million employees. The largest share of chemicals in Indiais of Alkali chemicals' which is 69% of total chemical production and next comes the polymers with the share of 61% as per the facts of2018-19.
10050] Few of the chemical products like soaps, detergents, and perfumes, etc. are directly sold to the consumer. Few chemicals are usedas an intermediate product for other products related to the chemical industry itself. The raw material may be minerals, oils, etc. Different categories of chemical products are Basic, Special, and consumerchemicals.
[00511 Basic chemicals are the ones that are produced and sold toother chemical industries such as ethanoic acid is used to manufacturepaints and other polymers. Special chemicals are the ones used for crop protection, dyes, and pigments, etc. Consumer chemicals are the onesthat are ■ sold directly to the public. Examples are soaps and detergents.
[0052| The chemical industry should give priority to.safety as the materials under production are potentially hazardous. There may be solid, liquid, explosive, gases, or toxics. These industries use high pressures and high temperatures for the manufacturing process. Thus the safety standards and regulations are to be followed. Automobiles and parts manufacturing
|0053| Motor vehicle and parts industries will produce the vehicles for transportation and tools and equipment that are required as the spares and replacements. Automobile parts include engines, body parts, braking systems, chassis, interiors, exteriors, powertrains, mirrors, electronics in the vehicles and suspension parts are the major production of the automobile . industry. These industries will use methods like welding, forming, assembling and machining, etc. (0054| The increase in population directly related to the increase in the demand for automobile manufacturing. The middle-class development becomes the driving element for the increase of automobile demand. ' (0055| the Indian aufoi'TTcBile incfustr^ is1 at parf:witr?tfie4nSustr4es^in the Middle East and Europe. The GST implementation benefitted theauto industry by reducing the 12 percent rate to 5 percent.

Still, the costswill come down by following the cost-effective manufacturing processes. One of the raw materials required for the automobile industryis steel which is largely available in India thus it is an advantage for thegrowth of the automobile industry in India.
|0056] The automobile industry manufactures different auto motives. Few of them are Passenger cars that transport 4 to 8 passengers, Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV) that are used for carrying the goods with limited weight as per the national regulations, Minibuses to carry a passenger from 8 to 15 members, Heavy Truck Vehicles (HCV) to carry the goods up to 7 tons of weight and the buses and coaches which are used to transport the passengers commercially in large numbers. Textile and apparel manufacturing
|0057| Textile and fashion industry will have the subsector as Cut and stitch processes and therefore the second sub-sector as the manufacture of clothes. These apparels could be ready to wear or custom-made apparels. Sub-contractors will do the work for a part of the knitting or cutting and provide to the large manufacturers, who subsequently will combine all the subparts and manufacture the finished products.
|0058| The textile and apparel industry is playing a major role in India in providing employment. Nearly 45 million people are employedin this industry. The raw material required for this industry is fiber, fabric, yarn, etc. It is a diversified industry with a vast range of products like handlooms, traditional wear, handicrafts, silk, and wool products. The processes that are used in this industry are spinning, weaving, andprocessing.
|0059| The desire of people to wear better, fashionable and quality garments results in the development of the textile industry. This will lead to employing advanced production and manufacturing processes. Natural fibers like cotton, silk, and wool are used as the base materials for the apparel. Organic cotton is grown and produced without using any chemicals and in an ecological environment. India is one of the leading countries producing organic cotton. Wool fiber is used to make the warm apparels to be used in the winter. This wool fiber is recyclable and renewable thus its demand fsTiigh ii^thefe3ctirein'duStr^.lThelthirdone,^silk fiber is very soft and having linear density. Production of silkfiber is less compared to cotton and wool fiber.

Food industries
|0060| The food industry is an essential industry for the survival of human beings. Every nation
gives priority to this industry as this is verycrucial for living, maintaining the health and nutrition
of the people living in the nation.
[0061| This subsector of the industry will transform the agricultural products into the food
products that are consumed by humans. The stuff is of animal origin also. This industry is
considered as complex and diversified as the supplies are based on the agricultural products
produced by the farmers. The categories of the food industry are agriculture, manufacturing,
processing of food, and marketing, wholesale, retailing, and public markets.
|0062| Growing crops, seafood and livestock falls in the category ofagriculture. Food processing
is done to transform the perishable agricultural products to improve their shelf life and makes it
possible for storage such that these products will be available round the year irrespective of the
season of production. Producing the agrichemicals, machinery required for forming, etc. are in the
category formanufacturing.
|0063| Promoting the new products by advertising in the media, following new technics for
packaging, and maintaining public relationsare in the category of marketing. Wholesale marketing
includes the distribution of produced goods, supply chain management, and logistics. There are
certain regulations laid by regional, national, and international regulators that are to be followed
in the food production, packaging, and distribution.
|0.064] Technology is influencing the food industry also as in the case of many other industries.
Types of machinery and tractors are eliminating human labour and increasing the efficiency of
productivity.Biotechnology is playing a major role in plant breeding, plant genetics,soil science,
producing agrochemicals, and in processing food.
Leather and allied product manufacturing
[006S| Leather is one of the most traded products due to its usage indifferent industries. The
fashion industry needs leatrler' ror making-Taney jertfinsj stylish^ Sho'es^) and. beautiful bags. The
automotive industry needs leather to make reliable seats. The interior design industry needs

leather furniture such as cushions, sofas, etc.
|0066| Few of the manufacturers use substitutes for leather to makethese products. The substitutes are rubber, plastic, etc. Rubber footwear and plastic bags are commonly seen in the consumer market. Though the raw material used is different, the process of manufacturing is same for producing the product.
[0067) The leather industries are focusing on utilizing different types of leather to manufacture products like luggage bags, handbags, shoes, and other household products. The basic raw material is leather which is extracted from the skin of cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. India was producing leather abundantly and slowly it has moved to export the leather products. 20% of leather requirement in the world is fulfilled bylndia. 9% of the footwear requirement of the world is supplied by India. Due to the change in the export and economic regulations, the leather industry has grown from exporting raw leather to finished leather products thus earning foreign exchange abundantly. Indian leatherindustry has become one of the top 7 industries that are earning foreign exchange by exports.
|0068| Indian leather industry is the second-largest leather producerin the world, next to China. It is one of the oldest industries in India surviving in the global market since the 19th century. It has become prominent because of employment also along with exports and earning foreign exchange. The major hubs of the Indian leather industry are Chennai, IColkata, and Kanpur proving employment opportunities to more than 4 million people giving priority to females. 30% of the leather industry employees will be women in India.
|0069| India has formed a council for leather exports whose activities are to develop and promote the export activities in the industry. There are more than 3500 leather companies as members of this council.
|0070| Apart from these major industries, there are other manufacturing industries like pharmaceutical and medicine. Printing industry, steel manufacturing industry, etc. [0071] Tamil Nadu is a leading state in India in the case of industrialization. Successful textile,

automobile, and auto component industries are there in this state. Tamil Nadu offers a good business environment and very good infrastructure and successful industrial relations. Tamil Nadu is standing top among the other states when several industries are considered. The number of workers employed in the industrial sector is more in this state. It is in the third rank in the country in Gross Industrial Output.
[0072| The reason for being on the top is because Tamil Nadu is having good connectivity with all major cities of the world in both sea and air routes. This is the only state in India having 4 International airports and it has the second-longest coastal line and having 4 seaports that connect to major trade centers in the world. These ports are considered as 15% of overall India's port capacity.
[0073| Many of the foreign investors are showing interest to invest in the industries in Tamil Nadu. Around 3000 Joint Ventures and foreign subsidiaries like Hyundai, Nokia, Motorola, Renault-Nissan, Daimler, and Saint Gobain, etc. Our native manufacturers like Titan, TVS motors, Ashok Layland, etc. are also eyeing Tamil Nadu and havestarted their manufacturing in Tamil Nadu. In that way, Tamil Nadu has 30 leather industries, 25 Auto industries, 20 textile industries, 18electronic industries.
[0074| The operating costs in Tamil Nadu are less compared to the other states in India. This makes this state a preferable place forinvestments on industries. The major exports of Tamil Nadu include leather goods, textiles, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and electronic hardware. [0075| The strong knowledge base in Tamil Nadu is because of the presence of premier educational institutes in the state. A few of the academic institutes are the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) in Chennai, Regional Engineering College(REC), and National Institute of Technology(NIT) in Tiruchirappalli, and many other private institutes. The labour cost is also less in this state due to less cost of living compared to the other states in the country. Major industry sectors in Tamil Nadu ^^loofif^uJomJbile^nte^y^sM Governments'p^iefing constant iupport to the automobile industry for its cost-effective manufacturing. The operations of automobile giants like Renault

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Nissan, Hyundai, and Ford have started their operations in Tamil Nadu. They are producing commercial vehicles around 3,50,000 and 12,80,000 cars in a year. Based on these facts, the Central Govemmenthas shown interest to start National Automotive Testing R&D Infrastructure Project (NATRIP), in the capital city of Tamil Nadu, Chennai which facilitates the safety,
performance, and emission standards of the automobile industry.
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[0077| Textile Industry: It is one of the major contributors to the Indian economy. Direct !
employment is provided by the textile industryto around 35 million people. Its contribution to the
manufacturing sectoris 14%. Tamil Nadu is named as the textile valley of India based on thetextile
industries located in Tirupur, Karur, Erode, and Coimbatore. There are more than 950 textile mills
which include both manmade fibermills and composite mills. Few of them have focused only on
weavingand a few on exports. There are more than lOOo spinning mills in SSI sector.
[0078| Leather Industry: India's 30 percent of leather exports are done from Tamil Nadu and the
leather production in this state is 70 percent of overall leather production in India. Vellore district
located inTamil Nadu is at the top of the list of leather exporters in the country with hundreds of
tannery and leather industries located in Ambur, Ranipet, and Vaniyambadi. 70 percent of the
tanning capacity of Indiais from Tamil Nadu. Finished leather products occupy 38 percent of total
India's production. The Footwear Design and Development Institute (FDDI) and the Central
Leather Research Institute (CLRI) arealso located in Tamil Nadu only.
|0079| Chemical Industries: Tamil Nadu has chemical and petrochemical factories like Chennai
Petroleum Corporation Ltd, SPIC,and Saint Gobain, etc. These industries employ about 1,20,000
people.
|0080| These industries are giving life to many sub-industries like fertilizers, polybutenes, and
polyols, etc.
|0081| Electronic Manufacturing Industries: It is a growing industry in India and also in Tamil
Nadu. Many EMS industries have shown interest to start their service in Tamil Nadu and started
' ^ "the industries inthis state. This inaustr/is'becorning the most prioritized one in recent years'due
to the development in technology. Tamil Nadu has a very high market share in the mobile market

in the country. This state is considered as the third largest manufacturer in electronic hardware manufacturing with more than 25 Electronic Hardware Technology parks and Special Economic Zones.
|0082| Food Industries: Dairy and poultry production of Tamil Nadu is occupied second place in India and the production of fruits occupiedsecond place. Banana plantation in Tamil Nadu brings the first place toTamilnadu, Poultry second, and Tea and coffee produced to make it third in the country. Along with these food products, Tamil Nadu also plays a major role in the exports of seafood and spices. Diversified agro-climatic conditions provided different soil types making the state produce a variety of fruits, crops, plants, and vegetables. The government is encouraging the food industries in Tamil Nadu byproviding special food parts to promote the Agro-processing clusters. Major food industries in Tamil Nadu are Britannia, Nestle, Hatsun, Arvind, and Epee group.
Manufacturing industries in Chennai
|0083| Chennai being the capital city of Tamil Nadu contributes to 70% of the industrial success of the state. It is one of the largest industrial sectors in the country. The diversity of industries in Chennai are automobile, electronic manufacturing industries, textiles, chemical, and pharmaceuticals.
|0084| The electronic manufacturing industry has a strong base in Chennai. Many multinational giants stepped into Chennai to start theiroperations. This made Chennai the largest electronics hardware exporter.
|0085| Major electronic manufacturing industries in Chennai are Sanmina-SCI technologies, Flextronics and Nokia-Siemens. Major electronic industries having their research labs in Chennai are Ericsson, Siemens, Texas Instruments, Xerox, and Microchip. The highly ranked academic institutes located in Chennai are the Indian Institute of Technology, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology, Indian Maritime Academy, and many others. These institutes lead to the L '^availability of highly talented technical expertise.
|0086| Automobile industries in Chennai lead to 60 percent of India's automotive exports. This

made Chennai as Detroit of Asia. This city has a major base of the auto ancillary industry too. Major auto industry players in Chennai are Hyundai, TVS Motor Company, Ashok Leyland, Mahindra, and Mahindra. The auto ancillary industries locatedin Chennai are Dunlop MRF, TAFE, Caterpillar, and JK. Tyres.
|0087| Petrochemicals industries located in Chennai are Chennai Petro Chemicals, Manali Petrochemicals, etc. The textile industry alsomade Chennai a hub for garments and apparel. |0088| Based on the importance of manufacturing industries in Chennai, the researcher had chosen the following organizations for theresearch. The questionnaire has been circulated within these industriesfor both pilot and final study and therefore the valuable opinions and suggestions from all the workers have been collected from the workers.
Avalon Technologies
(00891 Avalon Technologies provides global end-to-end Electronic Manufacturing Service (EMS) iS]S~pluti§rfs.'FThey JhavC highly Teapa"ble machinery) for^Rririted Circuit BoSrd Assemblies, cable assemblies, andalso provision for engineering design and development.

|0090| The services offered by Avalon Technologies are assembling the box by integrating the PCBs, cable assemblies, plastics, metals, and magnets. The facility in Chennai has 8 assembly lines. Apart from Chennai, they have factories in Bangalore and also in Atlanta. Syrma Technology
[00911 Syrma Technology provides turnkey electronic manufacturing services. They provide the ' customers with design and development also along with manufacturing services. Syrma has 40 years of experience in this field and can effectively provide the EMS service with flexible volume precision manufacturing. As a part of design services, they have provided the design services for power supplies, memory modules, disk drives etc. Syrma's production facilityin Chennai is spread over 120,000 sq ft area with all the facilities for global exports Sanmina SCI Technology India Private Limited
|0092| Sanmina is another major EMS provider located in Chennai.Sanmina can provide complex
i
manufacturing services that combines electronics, motion control, and fluidics. They have highly
complicated assembly lines where all these manufacturing services can be done. Their assembly
services include the products related to semiconductor systems, Medical equipment, power
inverters, multimedia kiosks etc.
|0093| Sanmina is having 30 years of experience in the EMS field with proven excellence in
diversified products. They have production facilities in various countries in Asia Europe and
America.
Coramandel Electronics i
(0094| Established in 1985, the Coramandel electronics provides turnkey and sub-contracting
electronic manufacturing work to original equipment manufacturers and also to end customers on
small quantities.Continuous improvement in the facilities to satisfy the customers and providing
i the complete solutions starting from PCB assembly to complete product assembly are the
activities of this factory. Coramandel has completely automated SMT lines as well as manual
assembly provisions to tultill the customer s requirements. Incoming component quality and
output qualities are maintained according to thestandards.
i

MEL Systems and Services Limited
[0095| MEL systems and services Ltd in short called MELSS is a part of Murugappa Group in Chennai. MELSS had started independent operations in 1982. They are functioning in different verticals. A few of them are electronic manufacturing services, customized product development, Design services, and software development services. MELLS has attained a good name in the industry because of its commitment and maintaining quality. Ambattur Clothing Pvt Ltd
|0096| Ambattur Clothing Pvt Ltd is one of the leading textilecompanies in Chennai. It is established in 1980 with the manufacturingof garments to export to different countries. With the success in the business, they have expanded their operations to the United Kingdom too. They are giving life to nearly 20,000 associates. They have 85 lines of operations in their Chennai plant with a turnover of $250 million.
|0097| They are well known for their creative ideas and utilizing unique material for their products thus providing quality and customized products to the customers. They implement novel ideas in knitting, laundry, and silhouettes. Ford India private limited
|0098| Ford India is a well-known automobile establishment that produces different models of cars. Few models are Ford Figo, Endeavor, Fiesta, and Eco sports. Ford's headquarters are located in the USA and they have started Indian operations in 1995 at Chennai and Gujarat. Their models of cars include basic level passenger cars to hatchbacks and sedans. They introduce new models very frequently and gives importance to the customer's satisfaction. Ford has around 14,000employees in all of its facilities in India. The Chennai center has the testing facilities for vehicles and also its discrete components.

Mahindra Electric Mobility Ltd
|0099| Electric vehicle manufacturing is becoming popular these days. Mahindra and Mahindra, a popular automobile manufacturer started their e-vehicle design and development center in Chennai in the name of Mahindra Electric Mobility Ltd. They are aimed to bring tomorrow's change today itself and produced a wide variety of e- vehicles. These are spread to personal as well as to commercial purposes. Their vision is to become the leading brand in electric vehicle manufacturing by using cutting edge technology. Their e-vehicles will have special characteristics as a longer range and higher speeds. Mahindra Electric is working towards a future greener India with its mobility system. A few of their popular models of e-vehicles are Treo-the lithium-ion battery-powered three-wheeler, eVerito- the sedan, ande-Suppro the first all-electric cargo and passenger van. R G Bronze Manufacturing Company
|0100| RG Bronze Manufacturing Company is one of the popular auto ancillary manufacturers in Chennai. They produce a vast range ofprecision bearings, bushings, and thrust washers with the use of high quality and finest raw material. They supply their products o different Original Equipment Manufacturers. They have earned a good reputation because of their continuous striving towards maintaining thequality of their products. Their products include, copper-based alloy powder, Engine bearings, and bushings, Solid Bronze bushings, Bimetal strips, and wear plates. Doss Industries
[01011 The Doss industries is one of the high-quality biomedical andscientific glass equipment manufacturers. They supply their products to all government institutes, universities, medical colleges, and pharmaceuticals. Keeping the needs of the customer, they customize their products without compromising on the design and quality of the products. They thrive to maintain the quality of their products to maintain the customer base.

WE CLAIM
1. Cross-training makes the employees learn multiple skills that make them support the" co-employees during needy times. Especially in small businesses, the unpredictability can be managed by the cross-trained employees' broad skills. In small companies, all the employees will be trained as the number of employees is limited and each employee needs todo a number of tasks.
2. In manufacturing companies, it is necessary to train employees to learn multi-skills. If anyone's task stops, that affects the entire production line as all the functions in a manufacturing environment are interdependent.
3. The process of making the employees learn many skills bring collective success to the industry. When the employees share their work and knowledge, confidence will be developed and they take pride in sharing such work experiences. Thus the support and cooperation among the employees will be improved.
4. Communication skills of the employees will also be developed as the interaction between teams will be made mandatory. Learning multiple skills make them show gratitude towards the management. This benefits the employer by reducing the attrition rate of employees. Spending on new employee recruitment will come down too.
5. As per the views of Broadly.S.Wesner (Aug 2014), it is proved that cross-trained workers can develop a broader skillset with continued exposure to different types of jobs.
6. The views of Bolstad & Endsley (1999), cross-trained employees can improve performance is proved by the statistical methods.
7. Thus the implementation of cross-training in the manufacturing industry with
multiple or diverse functional units becomes beneficial to the employees both
financially and for the development of the career.