The present invention relates to a magnetic device comprising at least one stator
magnet and at least one translator magnet, said translator being movable in relation
to said stator in a translator moving direction, said translator moving direction being
oriented directionally towards the stator, said translator being further coupled to a
driving axle.
Possible applications of the magnetic device of the present invention include its use
as magnetic drive, as generator, or as resistance device generating a force acting
against an external force applied to it. In the case of its use as magnetic drive, the
driving axle may perform mechanical work.
According to the state of the art, magnetic drives are based on the principle of
utilizing the magnetic dipole. By activating repulsive and attractive forces, the
translator is caused to move in relation to the stator magnet. This movement may
consist in a directed, linear or rotary movement of the translator or an oscillating
movement of the translator directed past the stator. Magnetic drives according to the
state of the art, which are based on the latter kind of movement of the translator
magnet, are marked by the fact that the translator and stator magnets are contacting
each other at least in a final position. The translator in it’s end position and the stator
of a magnetic drive according to the State of the Art act as one magnet, thus high
energy input is need to separate the stator and the translator.
JP2006325381 discloses a magnetic device having at least one translator which is
movable between two stators, the moving axis of said translator extending through
said stators. The movement of the translator is restricted by a spacer element
provided on the stators. The spacer elements serve the purpose of reducing noises
generated by the power generator and mechanical noises which are, for example,
generated by the contact between the stator and the translator.
- 3 -
JP2006345652 describes a device for controlling the movement of a needle which is
driven through a magnet. There is no evidence of the needle's movement being
controlled in relation to the forces produced by a magnet.
US20060049701 shows a magnetic device in which the axis of movement of the
translators does not extend through the stators. The translators are moved laterally
along the stators, which results in the resulting forces between stators and
translators not being parallel to the movements of the translators. Irrespective of the
lack of an evidence concerning the control of the translators' movement in relation to
the resulting forces between the translator and the stator, the device disclosed in
US20060049701, due to the orientation of the forces in relation to the translators'
movement, has a significantly lower efficiency than the device discussed below.
JP2010104078 describes a magnetic device in which the translator's movement is
controlled by a spacer element. Said spacer element is formed in a way that it does
not affect the forces between the stator and the translator.
RO126256 concerns a magnetic device which, contrary to the magnetic device
discussed below, does not have a controlling device for controlling the translator's
movement.
JP2002335662 discloses a magnetic device which does not comprise any controlling
device for controlling the translator's movement, either.
The task of the present invention consists in providing a magnetic device, especially
a magnetic drive, a generator, or a resistance element, which are marked by a
higher efficiency than the known electromagnetic motors according to the state of the
art.
For reasons of simplification, the translator magnet will be referred to as translator
below, while the stator magnet will be referred to as stator.
According to the invention, a higher efficiency is achieved by including a controlling
device in the magnetic device, said controlling device comprising a device for
- 4 -
controlling a distance r > 0 (r being higher than 0) of the translator to the stator, when
the magnetic device is in operation, in relation to the resulting forces between the
stator and the translator, the translator being movable in relation to the stator in the
translator's direction of movement along a linear translator movement axis, said at
least one stator and said translator being oriented along said translator movement
axis.
If the translator and the stator are spaced apart by a distance r > 0, as provided for
by the invention, it is possible to prevent the translator and the stator from acting as
one magnet.
In the framework of the present disclosure, the distance r is defined as the minimum
distance between the translator surface facing the stator and stator surface facing
the translator.
The stator and the translator may comprise a magnetic piece and a layer covering
said magnetic piece or a separator preventing the establishment of a contact
between the magnetic pieces of the stator and the translator, so that, if the distance r
between stator and translator is 0, the magnetic pieces of stator and translator do not
contact each other.
The control device can also make the distance r a function of the temporary
properties of the magnets. On the one hand, the temporary properties of the
magnets may change due to external influences, such as heat strain, and, on the
other hand, they may be controlled by further control devices. The field strength of a
magnetic field and the orientation of the magnet may, for example, be controlled by
methods according to the state of the art. As established by current teachings, the
selected materials and the combination of materials also have an influence on the
properties of a magnet.
- 5 -
The control device which is part of the magnetic device of the invention can control
the distance r, taking into account the above-mentioned influences and properties of
the magnets of the at least one stator and the at least one translator.
In a trial installation, the minimum distance r amounted to 1.0 to 2.0 mm. The trial
installation can be configured in a way that the distance is continuously adjustable,
so that trials were carried out for every distance from 1.0 to 2.0 mm.
The axis along which the translator and the stator are arranged may be polygonal or
may have curved and straight parts.
According to the established teachings, a stator and a translator act as one magnet,
if they are brought into contact, also if only for a short time, or if the distance
between them becomes just sufficiently small, so that, in order to obtain an
oscillating movement of the translator, an additional separation energy would be
required in order to separate the translator from the stator. Another task of the
invention disclosed herein consists in providing a magnetic device which is
characterized by making sure that the stator and the translator never contact each
other when the magnetic device of the invention is in operation and, thus, following
the established teachings, never act as one magnet during the operation of the
magnetic device. This allows for an operation which does not required said additional
separation energy when the translator is moved in a direction away from the stator.
The invention does not exclude a contact between the translator and the stator when
the magnetic device of the invention is not in use.
If used as a magnetic drive, the magnetic device may be coupled to a centrifugal
mass which is to be set in motion and which compensates a varying acceleration of
the translator along the translator path. As an example, a flywheel according to the
state of the art is mentioned herein.
- 6 -
The magnetic device according to the invention comprises at least one stator and a
translator which can be moved in relation to said stator. One highly efficient
embodiment of the magnetic device of the invention comprises two stators and a
translator which is movably mounted between said two stators. If drives are to be
arranged in series, the magnetic device of the invention may comprise a plurality of
stators (n = 1, 2, 3,...) and n-1 translators which are mounted movably between said
stators.
A possible embodiment of the magnetic device of the invention may comprise at
least one stator, preferably two stators, disposed, for example, at the center of the
axis and at least one translator, preferably two translators, disposed on the axis at
both sides of the stator.
A magnetic device according to the invention may be combined with another
magnetic device according to the invention and/or with a magnetic device according
to the state of the art.
The movement of the translator in relation to the stator may be an oscillating
movement.
The translator always oscillates in relation to a stator. The movement of the
translator is caused by the attractive and repulsive forces generated by the magnetic
dipole between the stator and the translator.
The use of the magnetic device of the invention as a magnetic drive may be
characterized by an oscillating movement of the translator.
The oscillating movement of the translator may also be brought about by a system
exercising a mechanical constraining force. By coupling the translator to a system
exercising a mechanical constraining force, such as a crank mechanism, it becomes
possible to limit the amplitudes of the translator's oscillating movement.
The system exercising a mechanical constraining force may balance the magnetic
field strengths, which may be different or the same, and their influence on the
- 7 -
translator's movement. The invention described below is based on trials using a trial
device where magnets having different field strengths or magnets having the same
field strengths were used. Experience with the use of magnets having the same field
strengths for operating the trial device has been positive.
The system exercising a mechanical constraining force may force the translator to
move further into an final position and, thus, move the translator out of the magnetic
field of the closest stator against the attractive forces between one stator and the
translator and the repulsive forces against one stator and the translator.
If the magnetic device of the invention is used as a resistance element, the translator
remains at a defined distance to the stator for a defined period of time.
The following discussion deals with the generation of a magnetic polarization or
magnetization of a material caused by a magnetic field H, which creates an
additional magnetic field J. Furthermore, the distance of the translator to the stator in
the final position of the translator's movement will be determined; the attractive and
repulsive forces between the stator and the translator being maximal in this position.
The simplifications presented below are not intended to restrict the scope of the
present invention in any way, but were only carried out for sake of a better
understanding of the subject matter discussed herein.
Below, a magnetic drive will be contemplated, said magnetic drive comprising two
stators arranged along one axis and a translator which is moveable mounted
between said two stators to be movable along the axis. The stators and the
translator are configured to be symmetrical in relation to said axis.
The ferromagnetic core is magnetized by magnetic excitation via the field H, which
creates an additional magnetic field M. The magnetic fields M and H generate a
magnetic field B, all magnetic fields in the equation being related to one another.
- 8 -
A magnetic field, magnetization, and a magnetic induction may generally be
expressed by the equation 1.1.
B = μ H + J 0 (1.1),
wherein J is
J = μ M 0 (1.2).
A combination of the equations (1.1) and (1.2) yields the following result:
B = μ(H +M) 0 (1.3).
The volume magnetic susceptibility is defined by the following relationship:
M = χ H v × (1.4),
which yields the magnetic induction as a result of the magnetization's multiplication
by the magnetic field strength
B = μ H + J = μ ( + χ )H v 1 0 0 (1.5)
or
B = μ μ H = μH 0 r (1.6),
wherein
- 7
0 μ = 4π ×10− H/m (Henry per meter) is the magnetic permeability of the space,
- v χ is the volume magnetic susceptibility of the material,
- r v μ =1+ χ is the relative magnetic permeability of the material,
- r μ = μ × μ 0 is the absolute magnetic permeability of the material,
- B is the magnetic induction stated in tesla (T)
- H is the magnetic field stated in amperes per meter (A/m)
- J is the magnetization stated in tesla (T)
- M is the magnetic dipole moment per volume unit stated in amperes per
meter (A/m).
- 9 -
Below, a cylindrical stranded coil having a magnetic core will be contemplated, the
cylindrical geometry resulting in a simplification according to the law of Biot and
Savart.
O being the center of the cylindrical coil and nd (Ox) being the axis, the magnetic
induction at a point M(x) on the axis (Ox), the following applies:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ( ) )
( )
( ) ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
−
−
−
4 2 2 R2 + x a 2
x a
R + x+a
x+a
a
B x = μ NI
B x = ± B x e
Ox
Ox Ox OX
r
r r r
(2.1)
- OX er being the unit vector of the axis (Ox)
- μ being the absolute magnetic permeability of the ferromagnetic core
- N being the number of complete windings
- L = 2a being the length of the coil in meters (m)
- R being the inner radius of the coil in meters (m)
- I being the current intensity stated in amperes (A) within the coil
At the magnetic pole ends ( x= −a and x=+a ), the induction field strength according
to Tesla is defined as follows:
( )
0 ( 2 ( )2) 2 R + 2a
B = B x = ±a = μNI Ox
r
(2.2)
Based on the equation (1.6), we are able to derive the magnetic field strength at the
electromagnetic poles stated in amperes per meter:
( )
0 ( 2 ( )2) 2 R + 2a
H = H x = ±a = NI M Ox
r
(2.3),
- 10 -
the magnetic dipole moment in A/m resulting from the equations (1.4.) and (1.6.):
( ) ⎪
⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
OX
V
V OX
OX
e
R + L
e = ± χ NI
μ
M = ±χ B
M = ± M e
r r r
r r r
2 2
0
0
0 0
2
(2.4)
Finally, the magnetic dipole moment may be expressed as follows:
( ) OX
V e
R + L
m= M V = ± χ NIπI L r r r
2 2
2
0 2
(2.5),
V = πR2L being known as the volume of the electromagnetic core.
According to the known Gilbert model the magnetic dipoles correspond to the two
magnetic charges m +q and m − q , said dipoles being separated by a distance L . The
positive magnetic charge is linked to the north pole, while the negative magnetic
charge is linked to the south pole.
The magnetic dipole moment is oriented from the south pole towards the north pole.
m OX m= ±q Ler r (2.6)
wherein
- m q is the size of the magnetic pole of the electromagnet in ammeters (A.m),
- L is the distance between the two magnetic poles in meters (m).
By combining the equations (2.5) and (2.6), the following equation is obtained
( 2 2)
2
0
2 R + L
= χ NIπI
L
M V
q = V
m
r
(2.7)
- 11 -
wherein
- m q is the size of the magnetic pole of the electromagnet in ammeters (A.m),
- v χ is the volume susceptibility of the material,
- N is the number of complete windings,
- L = 2a is the length of the coil in meters (m),
- R is the inner radius of the coil in meters (m),
- I is the current intensity within the coil in amperes (A).
Below, an embodiment of the magnetic drive of the invention, which comprises three
electromagnets arranged on one axis, the first and the second electromagnet being
immovable and being referred to as stators below, will be discussed. The stators are
arranged on an axis and spaced apart from one another by a distance d. In view of
the present disclosure, the stators are sufficiently characterized by the following
parameters.
- s N is the number of windings of the coil forming the stator;
- s L is the length of the stator in meters (m);
- s R is the radius of the coil forming the stator in meters (m);
- s I is the current intensity within the coil forming the stator in amperes (A);
- vS χ is the volume magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnetic core of the
stator; and
- 2 d = OO
r
is the distance between the two stators.
The third magnet is disposed movably on the axis defined by the two stators and
between the two stators. The third magnet will be referred to as translator below and
is sufficiently characterized by the following parameters.
- t N is the number of windings of the coil forming the translator;
- t L is the length of the translator in meters (m);
- 12 -
- t R is the radius of the coil forming the translator in meters (m);
- t I is the current intensity within the coil forming the translator in amperes (A);
- vT χ is the volume magnetic susceptibility of the ferromagnetic core of the
translator; and
- s t δ = d − L − L is the distance covered by the translator when moving between
the two stators.
The stators are electrically connected to a d.c. source s + I and s − I , which results in
the absolute values of the magnetic poles being the same, the generated induction
fields being oriented in opposite directions, however.
The polarization of the stators and the translator is to be selected in the way which
those of skill in the art can discern in the figures 1 and 2, in order to achieve a
movement of the translator based on attractive and repulsive forces, which are
described by the resulting force condition below.
The force condition resulting from a polarization of the stators and the translator
according to figure 1 will be calculated below. The polarization of the translator
shown in figure 1 is also referred to as "negative" polarization, meaning that the
magnetic dipole moment t m r is oriented in the direction OX er − .
Based on the equation (2.5), the following applies:
( )
( )
( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
OX
t t
Vt t t t t
t
OX
s s
Vs s s s s
s2
OX
s s
Vs s s s s
s1
e
R + L
m = χ N I πR L
e
R + L
m = χ N I πR L
e
R + L
m =+ χ N I πR L
r r
r r
r r
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
(3.1) and
( )
( )
( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
t t
Vt t t t
t
s s
Vs s s s
s2
s s
Vs s s s
s1
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
(3.2)
- 13 -
Referring to the Gilbert model, it is assumed that, due to the interaction of magnetic
charges, the magnetic forces generated between the magnets develop close to the
poles of the magnetic dipole. The interacting forces between the magnetic poles are
defined by the equation (3.3).
OX
a b e
πr
F = μ q q r r
0 4 2
(3.3)
wherein
- i q is the strength of the magnetic pole, and
- r is the distance between the magnetic poles.
The interaction between the stators and the translator result in a force acting on the
translator. This resulting force is oriented parallel to the (Ox)axis and in the direction
OX er (from left to right in figure 1).
Taking into account s t δ = r +r = d − L − L 1 2 for the distance covered by the movement
of the translator between the stators results in
⎪ ⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
−
−
t
s t
s t
t
r = δ + L + L X
r = X L + L
2
2
2
1
wherein X ] Ls + Lt ; Ls + Lt +δ[
t 2 2
∈ is the position of the translator center on the axis
(Ox).
Using the known Gilbert model, the resulting force may be calculated by adding the
eight interactions between the magnetic poles.
- 14 -
If s1 t − q ⇔ +q , the interaction of attraction between the left stator and the translator
over a distance 1 L +r s is defined by:
( )
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
−
OX
s t
t
s1 t
s1ata t
OX
s
s1 t
s1ata
e
X + L L
q q
π
F X = μ
e
L + r
q q
π
F r = μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
1
0
1
2
4
4
s1 t − q ⇔ −q : repulsive interaction, the distance being 1 L + r s
( )
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ OX
s t
t
s1 t
s1atb t
OX
s t
s1 t
s1atb
e
X + L + L
q q
π
F X = + μ
e
r + L + L
q q
π
F r = + μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
1
0
1
2
4
4
s1 t +q ⇔ +q : repulsive interaction, the distance being 1 r :
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
OX
s t
t
s1 t
s1bta t
OX
s1 t
s1bta
e
X L + L
q q
π
F X = + μ
e
r
q q
π
F r = + μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
1
0
1
2
4
4
s1 t +q ⇔ −q : attractive forces, the distance being t r + L 1 :
( )
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
−
OX
t s
t
s1 t
s1btb t
OX
t
s1 t
s1btb
e
X + L L
q q
π
F X = μ
e
r + L
q q
π
F r = μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
1
0
1
2
4
4
- 15 -
If + qs2+qt , the interaction of repulsion between the right stator and the translator
over a distance Lt+ r2 is defined by:
( )
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
−
OX
t
s t
s2 t
s2ata t
OX
t
s2 t
s2ata
e
δ + L + L X
q q
π
F X = μ
e
r + L
q q
π
F r = μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
3
2
4
4
s2 t +q ⇔ −q : attractive forces, the distance being 2 r :
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
OX
t
s t
s2 t
s2atb t
OX
s2 t
s2atb
e
δ+ L + L X
q q
π
F X =+ μ
e
r
q q
π
F r =+ μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
4
4
s2 t − q ⇔ +q : attractive forces, the distance being s t L + r + L 2 :
( )
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
OX
t
s t
s2 t
s2bta t
OX
s t
s2 t
s2bta
e
δ+ L +L X
q q
π
F X =+ μ
e
r +L +L
q q
π
F r =+ μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
3
4
4
s2 t − q ⇔ −q : repulsive forces, the distance being s r + L 2 :
( )
( )
( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
−
OX
t
s t
s2 t
s2btb t
OX
s
s2 t
s2btb
e
δ + L + L X
q q
π
F X = μ
e
r + L
q q
π
F r = μ
r r
r r
2
0
2
2
0
2
2 2
4 3
4
- 16 -
The resulting force acting on the translator is defined as the vectorial sum of all
interactions:
( ) ( ) ( ) t
j=a,b
i=a,b
t s2itj
j=a,b
i=a,b
TOT t s1itj F X = Σ F X + Σ F X r r r
( ) OX
t
s t
s2
t
s t
s2
t s
t
s1
s t
t
s1
t
s t
s2
t
s t
s2
s t
t
s1
s t
t
t
TOT t e
δ + L + L X
+ q
δ + L + L X
+ q
X + L L
+ q
X + L L
+ q
δ + L + L X
+ q
δ + L + L X
+ q
X L + L
+ q
X + L + L
qs
π
F X = μ q r r
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
2 2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
(3.4)
wherein:
- X ] Ls + Lt ;δ + Ls + Lt [
t 2 2
∈ defines the translator's position
- s t δ = d − L − L defines the distance covered by the translator
-
( )
( )
( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
t t
Vt t t t
t
s s
Vs s s s
s2
s s
Vs s s s
s1
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
Moreover, the force resulting from the polarization of the stators and the translator as
shown in figure 2 is calculated. The polarization of the translator shown in figure 2 is
also referred to as "positive" polarization, meaning that the magnetic dipole moment
t m r is oriented in the direction OX er .
- 17 -
The equations (3.1) and (3.2) combined result in equation (3.2’):
( )
( )
( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
− OX
t t
Vt t t t t
t
OX
s s
Vs s s s s
s2
OX
s s
Vs s s s s
s1
e
R + L
m = χ N I πR L
e
R + L
m = + χ N I πR L
e
R + L
m =+ χ N I πR L
r r
r r
r r
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
(3.1') and
( )
( )
( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
t t
Vt t t t
t
s s
Vs s s s
s2
s s
Vs s s s
s1
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
(3.2')
With ( )'
xxx t F X
r
being the force resulting from the interaction between stators and
translators if the translator is polarized according to figure 1, and ( ) xxx t F X
r
being the
analogous force if the translator is polarized according to figure 2, the following
relationships concerning the interaction between the two poles are defined:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
−
−
s1btb t
'
s1btb t
s1bta t
'
s1bta t
s1atb t
'
s1atb t
s1ata t
'
s1ata t
F X = F X
F X = F X
F X = F X
F X = F X
r r
r r
r r
r r
and
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
−
−
s2btb t
'
s2btb t
s2bta t
'
s2bta t
s2atb t
'
s2atb t
s2ata t
'
s2ata t
F X = F X
F X = F X
F X = F X
F X = F X
r r
r r
r r
r r
, which means that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { ( )} t TOT t
j=a,b
i=a,b
t s2itj
j=a,b
i=a,b
s1itj
'
t
j=a,b
i=a,b
s2itj
'
t
j=a,b
i=a,b
s1itj
'
TOT t F X = F X + F X = F X + F X = F X
r r r r r r
−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨
⎧
Σ Σ − Σ Σ
If
- x N is the number of windings of coil forming the translator or the stator,
- x L is the length of the stator or the translator in meters (m),
- x R is the radius of the stator or the translator in meters (m),
- x I is the current intensity in amperes (A) within the coil forming the translator
or the stator,
- 18 -
- vX χ is the magnetic suceptibility of the ferromagnetic core of the stator or the
translator,
- the stator #1 is polarized, so that s1 s1 OX m = m er r r − applies,
- the stator #2 is polarized, so that s2 s2 OX m = m er r r + applies,
the following applies for the conditions shown in figure 1.
( ) translator
t
s t
s2
t
s t
s2
t s
t
s1
s t
t
s1
t
s t
s2
t
s t
s2
s t
t
s1
s t
t
t
TOT t p
δ + L + L X
+ q
δ + L + L X
+ q
X + L L
+ q
X + L L
+ q
δ + L + L X
+ q
δ + L + L X
+ q
X L + L
+ q
X + L + L
qs
π
F X = μ q r r
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
2 2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
(3.6)
wherein
- translator OX p = ±er r is the direction of the magnetic dipole moment of the translator
( t t translator m = m pr r r ). This direction is determined by the a.c. voltage I t within
the translator.
-
( )
( )
( ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
t t
Vt t t t
t
s s
Vs s s s
s2
s s
Vs s s s
s1
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
R + L
q = χ N I πR
are the magnetic pole strengths,
- X ] Ls + Lt ;δ+ Ls + Lt [
t 2 2
∈ is the translator position,
- s t δ = d − L − L is the distance covered by the translator,
- 19 -
- d = OO2
r
is the preset distance between the stators.
If the electromagnets are of the same length, i.e. L = L = L s t , the equation (3.6) can
be simplified as follows:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
translator
t
s2
t
s1
t
s2
t
s2
t
s1
t
t
TOT t p
δ+ L X
+ q
X
+ q
δ+ L X
+ q
δ+ L X
+ q
X L
+ q
X + L
qs
π
F X = μ q r r
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
−
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
2
3
4
(3.7)
For the discussion below it is assumed, for reasons of simplicity, that the pole
strengths of the magnets are constant, although, in reality, the magnetic induction
field (Ox) develops when the translator moves between the stators.
The equation (4.1a) applies.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )TOT t Ox s1 Ox s2 Ox t t Ox B X ,x = B x + B x + B X ,x
r r r r
(4.1a) wherein
- ( )TOT t Ox x , X B
r
is the total induction field on the (Ox) axis at a position x , when
the translator has reached the position t X ,
- ( )s1 Ox x B
r
is the induction field of the first stator on the (Ox) axis at a position x ,
- ( )s2 Ox x B
r
is the induction field of the second stator on the (Ox)axis at a
position x ,
- ( )t t Ox x , X B
r
is the induction field of the translator on the (Ox) axis at a position
t X .
The size of the magnetic induction field was defined by the equation (2.1), from
which the size of the magnetic induction field between the first stator and the
translator can be derived.
- 20 -
( ) ( )
( ( ))
( )
( ( ))
( ) ( )
( ( ))
( )
( ( ))
( ) ( )
( ( ) )
( )
( ) ( )⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
−
−
−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
−
−
−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
−
−
−
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4
4
4
t t
t
t t
t
t
t t
t Tx t
s2 s2
s2
s2 s2
s2
s2
s2 s2
s2 O2x s2
s1 s1
s1
s1 s1
s1
s1
s1 s1
s1 Ox s1
R + x'' a
x'' a
R + x''+a
x''+a
a
B x'' = μ N I
R + x' a
x' a
R + x'+a
x'+a
a
B x' = μ N I
R + x a
x a
R + x+ a
x+ a
a
B x = μ N I
r
r
r
(4.1b)
wherein
- x is the position on the axis (Ox) for which ( )s1 Ox x B
r
is calculated,
- x' is the position on the axis (O x) 2 for which ( )s2 O2x x' B
r
is calculated,
- x' ' is the position on the axis (Tx) for which ( )t Tx ' x' B
r
is calculated.
If
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
0M
0 0 0 0M 2 2 r r r
r r r
TM = T0+
M = +
and applying the variable changes {x '= x− d
x ' '= x − Xt ,
( )s2 Ox x B
r
and ( )s2 Ox x B
r
can be expressed as follows:
( ) ( )
( ( ))
( )
( ( ))
( ) ( )
( ( ))
( )
( ( ))
( ) ( )
( ( ))
( )
( ) ( )⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
− −
− −
−
−
−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧ −
−
− −
−
−
−
⎪⎭
⎪⎬ ⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨ ⎧
−
−
−
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4
4
4
t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t
t t
t t Ox t
s2 s2
s2
s2 s2
s2
s2
s2 s2
s2 Ox s2
s1 s1
s1
s1 s1
s1
s1
s1 s1
s1 Ox s1
R + x X a
x X a
R + x X +a
x X + a
a
B X ,x = μ N I
R + x d a
x d a
R + x d +a
x d +a
a
B x = μ N I
R + x a
x a
R + x+a
x+ a
a
B x = μ N I
r
r
r
(4.2a)
- 21 -
On the (Ox) axis, the induction field is oriented in the same direction as the magnetic
dipole moment. Taking :
( ) { ( ) ( ) } ( ) TOT t Ox s1 Ox s2 Ox OX t t Ox t B X ,x = B x B x e + B X ,x pr r r r r r
− (4.2b)
wherein
- OX er is the unit vector in the direction of the axis (Ox)
- translator OX p = ±er r is the direction of the magnetic dipole moment of the translator,
into consideration, this yields:
( t t translator m = m pr r r ).
The direction is determined by the direction of the a.c. voltage t I within the
translator. A combination of the equations (1.4), (1.6), and (2.5) results in:
πR B
μ μ
πR B = μ
μ
= M πR = χ
L
M V
q =
r
v r
m
r r r
r
2
0
2 2 −1
(4.3a)
As the following applies:
- stator #1 :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
−
s TOT t s
Rs
Rs
s1b t
s TOT t s
Rs
Rs
s1a t
πR B X ,x =+a
μ μ
q X = μ
πR B X ,x = a
μ μ
q X = μ
r
r
2
0
2
0
1
1
(4.4a)
- stator #2 :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎨
⎧
−
−
−
s TOT t s
Rs
Rs
s2b t
s TOT t s
Rs
Rs
s2a t
πR B X ,x = d +a
μ μ
q X = μ
πR B X ,x = d a
μ μ
q X = μ
r
r
2
0
2
0
1
1
(4.4b)
- 22 -
- translator :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
−
−
−
−
t TOT t t t
Rt
Rt
tb t
t TOT t t t
Rt
Rt
ta t
πR B X ,x = X a
μ μ
q X = μ
πR B X ,x = X a
μ μ
q X = μ
r
r
2
0
2
0
1
1
(4.4c)
equation (3.6) is transformed into:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
translator
t
s t
s2b t tb t
t
s t
s2a t ta t
t s
t
s1b t tb t
s t
t
s1a t ta t
t
s t
s2b t ta t
t
s t
s2a t tb t
s t
t
s1b t ta t
s t
t
s1a t tb t
TOT t p
δ+ L + L X
+ q X q X
δ+ L + L X
+ q X q X
X + L L
+ q X q X
X + L L
+ q X q X
δ+ L +L X
+ q X q X
δ+ L +L X
+ q X q X
X L +L
+ q X q X
X + L + L
q X q X
π
F X = μ r r
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2 2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
(4.5)
wherein:
- X ] Ls + Lt ;δ+ Ls + Lt [
t 2 2
∈ is the position of the translator,
- s t δ = d − L − L is the distance covered by the translator's movement,
- 2 d = OO
r
is the distance between the stators' centers.
The magnetic pole strengths are calculated using equation (4.4a) for the first stator,
equation (4.4b) for the second stator, and equation (4.4c) for the translator. The
calculation of the magnetic pole strengths includes the calculation of the total
magnetic induction field at the poles using the equations (4.2a) and (4.2b).
The equation (4.5) is a function depending on the translator's position between the
stators. The resulting force acting on the translator consists of the repulsive force
between the first stator and the translator and the attractive force between the
- 23 -
second stator and the translator. The dependences of each of said forces are shown
in the appended figures 3a, 3b, 3c.
The above mathematic explanation also shows that, at a certain position of the
translator in relation to a stator, the attractive force and, after reversing the poles of
the stator and the translator, the repulsive force are of different magnitudes.
The magnetic device of the invention is based on the fact that the polarization of the
stator or translator creates a force acting on the translator and causing it to move.
One embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention may comprise a
stator formed of a permanent magnet and a translator formed of an electromagnet.
When using a magnetic device of the invention according to this embodiment as a
magnetic drive, one drawback consists in that at least some sections of a cable
connecting the translator to a power supply will be moved. When using n=1,2,3,..
stators and n-1 translators disposed between said stators, the fact that the
translators are electromagnets, however, causes the poles of the n-1 translators to
be changed to become less than the n stators.
In another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention the stator
may be an electromagnet, while the translator is a permanent magnet.
When using the magnetic device of the invention as a magnetic drive, this
embodiment is characterized by the fact that the stator, being a stationary magnet, is
couples to a power supply. This has the advantage that the cables connecting the
power supply and the stator are not moved. When using n=1,2,3,.. stators and n-1
translators disposed between said stators, the fact that the stators are
electromagnets, however, causes the poles of the n stators to be changed to
become more than the n-1 translators.
Both stator and translator may be electromagnets or permanent magnets.
- 24 -
In case of the use as resistance element, both the at least one stator and the
translator are permanent magnets. In this case, the stator's movement is restricted
by activating repulsive forces between the poles of the same sign of the stator and
the translator.
In a possible embodiment of the magnetic device of the invention, the stator may
consist of several individual stator magnets and/or the translator may consist of
several individual translator magnets.
The individual magnets are preferably disposed in a way that greater attractive and
repulsive forces between the stators and the translator may be generated by
superpositioning the individual magnetic fields.
The control device may comprise a spacer element disposed between the stator and
the translator and/or a system exercising a mechanical constraining force restraining
the translator's movement.
The spacer element may comprise a switch which is activated by a change of the
poles of the stator and/or the translator and/or by a change of the pole strengths of
the stator or the translator.
The control device may comprise a distance and/or time measuring device, the
polarization of the stator and/or translator and/or the field strength of the stator
and/or the translator being changeable depending on the position of the translator in
relation to the stator and/or depending on a period of time using said control device.
One embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention comprises at least
one control unit controlling the position of the translator in relation to the stator. This
control device is coupled to a position measuring device measuring the position of
the translator, optionally in relation to the stator, by means of measuring methods,
particularly distance and position measuring methods according to the state of the
- 25 -
art, and optionally determining the polarization of the stator and the translator based
on the translator's position in relation to the stator.
The control device is not restricted to measuring a certain position of the translator
nor to determining if the translator has reached a certain position. The control device
may comprise further devices, such as position or velocity measuring devices for
measuring the position of the translator or the velocity of the translator at any of its
positions.
Measuring the position and the velocity of the translator at any position may be
advantageous for controlling the movement of the translator at a defined distance
from the stator, especially when the velocity of the translator is high, as the translator
has to be slowed down or accelerated at a certain distance from the stator.
The translator's position is not determined merely by measuring a position of the
translator in relation to the stator. The translator's position can be determined in
relation to any reference point.
Another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention is characterized
by the translator being coupled to a system exercising a mechanical constraint on it,
such as a crankshaft, said system controlling the translator's movement, more
exactly the movement amplitudes of the translator, while maintaining the distance
between the translator and the stator. The system exercising a mechanical constraint
may be coupled to or formed as an element to be driven by the magnetic device of
the invention, such as a wheel.
In case of a linear movement of the translator, the individual stator magnets at the
stator and/or the individual translator magnets at the translator may be arranged
along a line describing a polygon and around an axis which is oriented parallel to the
translator's moving direction.
- 26 -
The translator's moving direction and the attractive and repulsive forces activated by
the respective magnetic fields are parallel to one another.
In case of a rotary movement of the translator, the individual stator magnets at the
stator and/or the individual translator magnets at the translator may be arranged
along a line describing a polygon and around an axis which is oriented parallel to the
translator's moving direction.
The translator's moving direction and the attractive and repulsive forces activated by
the respective magnetic fields are parallel to one another.
The translator may be mounted movably in relation to the stator by means of a
guiding unit, the guiding axle of said guiding unit intersecting the stator in an area
between two adjacent individual stator magnets and the translator in an area
between two adjacent individual translator magnets.
When the guiding unit is arranged according to the invention, the magnetic field of
the respective individual magnets will not be disturbed by the presence of the guiding
unit.
A volume extending between the stator and the translator, when said translator is
positioned at the furthest distance d in relation to the stator, may be a vacuum.
By creating a vacuum or an area of reduced air pressure according to the invention,
the air resistance acting against the translator's movement is reduced. In order to
create a vacuum, the magnetic device of the present invention is disposed within an
air-tight housing, the driving axle, the power cable, etc running through said housing.
1 stator
2 translator
3 driving axle
4 individual stator magnets
5 individual translator magnets
- 27 -
6 direction of the translator's movement
7 guiding unit
8 guiding axle
9 axis
10 polygon
11 power cable
12 attractive force
13 repulsive force
14 stator support
15 support construction
16 position of the stator
17 disc
18 center of the disc
19,19’ rod
20,20’ magnetic drive
21 calculation area
22 core
23 coil
The figures 1 and 2 show an embodiment of the magnetic device of the invention as
a magnetic drive 20 and all the variables used in the specification.
The figures 3a-3c show graphs relating to the magnitude of the forces acting on the
translator as depending on the distance of the translator's position to the stators.
The figures 4 and 5 show another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present
invention as a magnetic drive.
Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention
as a magnetic drive, which is similar to the embodiment represented in the figures 1
and 2.
- 28 -
Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present invention
as a magnetic drive.
Figure 8 illustrates a possible coupling of several magnetic drives by means of a
shaft which is to be driven.
The figures 9 to 11 show another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present
invention as a magnetic drive.
Figure 12 shows another embodiment of the magnetic device of the present
invention as a resistance element.
Figure 13 shows an isometric view of another embodiment of the magnetic device of
the present innovation.
Figure 14 shows a top view equal to an bottom view of the embodiment shown in
Figure 13.
Figure 15 shows a lateral cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the present
innovation given in Figures 13-14.
Figure 16 shows the arrangement of the elements used for Finite Element Method
simulation of the embodiment given in Figures 13-15.
Figures 17-18 are about the results of Finite Element Method simulation.
Figures 19-20 show diagrams concerning Finite Element Method simulation.
The figures 1 and 2 show an embodiment of the magnetic device of the present
invention as a magnetic drive 20 and all the variables used in the specification. The
magnetic drive 20 comprises a translator 2 and stators 1, 1' which are disposed
laterally in relation to the translator 2. The stators 1, 1' and the translator are
electromagnets which are oriented along an axis – in the embodiment exemplarily
- 29 -
shown in the figures 1 and 2 along the driving axle of the translator 3. The dipolar
moment of the stators 1, 1' and the translator 2 is parallel to said axis.
In order to provide for an alternating polarization of the translator 2, said translator 2
is connected to an a.c. power source (not represented) via a power cable 11, while
each of the stators 1, 1' is connected to a d.c. source (not represented) via further
power cables 11.
The polarization of the translator 2 is selected, so that the pole of the translator 2
facing the left stator 1 is polarized the same way as the closer pole of the left stator
1, which activates a repulsive force 13 between the left stator 1 and the translator 2;
the pole of the translator 2 facing the right stator 1' is polarized differently from the
closer pole of the right stator 1', which activates an attractive force 12 between the
right stator 1' and the translator 2. The attractive 12 and repulsive 13 forces act on
the translator 2 and cause a resulting force in a movement of the translator 2 in the
translator moving direction 6, as illustrated in figure 1, from the left to the right side,
the translator moving direction 6 being oriented towards the stator 1'. The movement
of the translator 2 in the translator moving direction 6 after having changed the
translator's 2 polarization is represented in figure 2.
When the magnetic drive 20 is in operation, the translator 2 always is positioned at a
distance r of more than zero in relation to the stator 1. By means of this feature (see
characterizing part of claim 1) any contact between the translator 2 and one of the
stators 1, 1' when operating the magnetic drive 20 of the invention can be excluded.
The distance r is defined as the distance between the pole end of the translator 2
and that of the respective stator 1, 1' which are facing each other.
In case of a linear movement of the translator 2 in the translator moving direction 6 to
the left side, the translator 2 reaches the position 16. The position 16 is a final
position of the linear movement of the translator 2 and is characterized in that the
distance between translator 2 and the left stator 1 corresponds to the smallest
defined distance r2, while the distance between the translator and the right stator 1'
- 30 -
corresponds to the greatest defined distance r1. The distances r1 and r2 are defined
in a way that, after a change of the translator's 2 polarization for carrying out a
subsequent movement of the translator 2 from the right to the left side, as shown in
figure 2, the repulsive force generated between the poles of the same sign of the
translator 2 and the left stator 1 is of a maximum magnitude.
The distance r is preset by a control unit, said control unit changing the polarization
of the translator 2 which is an electromagnet. If the translator 2 reaches the position
16, the poles of the translator 2' are changed, so that the translator 2 is moved in a
moving direction opposite to the moving direction illustrated in figure 1. By changing
the polarization of the stators 1, 1', repulsive forces are activated between the
translator 2 and the left stator, while attractive forces are activated between the
translator 2 and the right stator 1', said forces having a defined energy level, which
causes the translator 2 to move from the right to the left side, as illustrated in figure
2.
The stator 1 is supported on a stator support 14 by means of a support construction
15.
The translator 2 is coupled to a driving axle 3, which also serves as a guiding unit 7
for the translator 2 in the embodiment illustrated in figure 1. The guiding axle 8 of the
guiding unit 7 is parallel to the translator's moving direction 6. The guiding axle 8
extends through the stators 1, 1' and through the translator 2, the respective
magnetic fields of the stators 1, 1' and the translator 2 not being disturbed by the
presence of the guiding axle 8.
The volume between the stators 1, 1' is a vacuum. To achieve said vacuum, the
magnetic drive 20 is disposed within a housing (not represented).
The graph disclosed in figure 3a shows the dependence of the repulsive force 13
between the translator 2 and the left stator 1, when the translator 2 moves as
illustrated in figure 1. In figure 3a as well as in the figures 3b and 3c, the distance of
- 31 -
the translator 2 from the respective stator 1, 1' is indicated on the x-axis, while the
force acting between the translator 2 and the stator 1, 1' is indicated on the y-axis.
The graphs disclosed in the figures 3a, 3b, and 3c constitute the basis for a
calculation based on the equations disclosed in the specification and the following
assumptions:
- μRs1= μRs2= μRt= 100
- Ns1= Ns2= Nt= 40
- Rs1= Rs2= Rt= 0,02m
- Ls1= Ls2= Lt= 0,04 m
- I s1= I s2= I t= 1 A
- the translator or run is δ = 0,04m
At a position X = m t 0,04 , the translator 2 would contact the left stator 1. The y-value
of the graph in figure 3a comes ever closer to reaching 0. The repulsive force 13
reaches its maximum at a distance ε. The position 16 of the translator 2 is preferably
chosen by the guiding unit in a way that the zero point of the translator 2 is spaced
apart by a distance εmin from the zero point of the adjacent stator 1, 1'.
The graph in figure 3b shows the attractive force's 13 dependence on the distance
between the translator 2 and the right stator 1' according to the representation in
figure 1. Generally, the attractive force 13 increases when the translator 2 comes
increasingly closer to the right stator 1'.
Figure 3c shows the graph resulting from the graphs in the figures 3a and 3b. The
graph in figure 3c shows the force condition resulting from the development of the
repulsive force 13 and the attractive force 12, depending on the position of the
translator 2 between the stators 1, 1', the resulting force condition being parallel to
the axis, referring to figures 1 and 2 parallel to the axis of movement 3.
The figures 4 and 5 show another embodiment of the magnetic device of the
invention as a magnetic drive 20, said embodiment being similar to that illustrated in
the figures 1 and 2. In contrast to the embodiment represented in figure 2, in said
- 32 -
further embodiment shown in figure 3, the polarization of the translator 2 remains the
same during the translator's 2 movement, while the polarization of the stators 1, 1' is
changed.
Figure 6 shows an embodiment similar to the embodiment illustrated in figure 4, said
embodiment comprising two guiding units, in contrast to the embodiment shown in
figure 4. The magnetic field acting between the stators 1, 1' and the translator 2 is
not disturbed by the guiding unit 7, which constitutes an advantage compared to the
embodiment shown in figure 4.
Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the magnetic drive 20 of the invention, the
movement of the translator 2 being rotary. The magnetic drive 20 comprises four
segment-shaped, individual translator magnets 5 which are disposed in a circle 10
around a driving axle 3 and a translator axis of rotation and at a right angle thereto.
The individual translator magnets 5 are mechanically coupled to the driving axle 3
via guiding units, so that said individual translator magnets 5 form a translator 2. In
the areas between the individual translator magnets 4 four, equally segment-shaped,
individual stator magnets 4 are disposed, said individual stator magnets 4 being
coupled to form a stator 1 by means of a mechanical coupling (not represented).
According to the above disclosure, the poles of the individual stator magnets 4 and
the individual translator magnets 5 facing each other are of the same or of different
signs.
If the translator's 2 movement is rotary, the translator will always be spaced apart
from the stator when the magnetic drive 20 is in operation, the rotary moving
direction 6 of an individual translator magnet 5 always being oriented towards an
individual stator magnet 4.
- 33 -
Figure 8 shows the coupling of a first magnetic drive 20 of the invention to another
magnetic drive 20' of the invention. The mechanical coupling of the magnetic drives
20, 20' is achieved via a disc 17 which is supported to rotate around a disc center 18.
For geometrical reasons, a rod 19 is provided between the disc 17 and each of the
magnetic drives 20, 20', one end of said rod being connected to the disc 17 at an
eccentric position in relation to the disc center 18, its other end being hinged to the
respective magnetic drive 20, 20'.
The magnet drives 20, 20' are mounted in fixed positions in relation to the disc center
18, so that the linear movement generated by the magnetic drives 20, 20' creates a
rotary movement of the disc 17. By arranging the rod 19, 19' at an eccentric position,
the linear movement of the translator 2 (not shown in figure 8) of the magnetic drive
20, 20' is mechanically controlled.
The figures 9 to 11 show views of an embodiment of the magnetic drive which is
characterized by several individual stator magnets 4 being arranged at the stator 1,
1' and by several individual translator magnets 5 being arranged at the translator 2,
and detailed views of the translator 2 and the stator 1, 1'.
Figure 9 shows the embodiment of the magnetic drive illustrated in the figures 9 to
11 from above. The magnetic drive comprises two stators 1, 1' disposed along an
axis 9. Moreover, two guiding units 7 are arranged, said guiding unit 7 supporting the
translator between the stators 1, 1' so that it may be moved in relation to said stators
1, 1'. The translator 2 is further coupled to a driving axle 3 extending through the
stators 1, 1' to a driving element (not represented). The support construction 15 also
serves as a support for the driving axle.
Figure 10 shows a lateral view of the stator 1 of the embodiment of the magnetic
drive of the invention shown in the figures 9 to 11. The stator 1 comprises five
individual stator magnets 4 which are disposed rotationally symmetrically around the
driving axle 3. Each of the individual stator magnets 4 is disposed opposite the
individual translator magnets 5.
- 34 -
Figure 11 shows a lateral view of the translator 2. The translator 2 comprises several
individual translator magnets 5 which are disposed rotationally symmetrically aorund
the driving axle 3, which is perpendicular to the view plane, along a polygon 10. The
individual translator magnets 5, on the one hand, are disposed at the driving axle,
and, on the other hand, at a translator support 21 by means of translator bearings
22. The translator bearings 22 are webs, each having as small a cross-sectional
area as possible.
Figure 12 shows another embodiment of the magnetic drive of the invention as a
resistance element. Basically, the construction is similar to that of the abovedescribed
embodiments, the stators 1, 1', however, being polarized in relation to the
translator 2 in a way that repulsive forces 13 between the poles of the translator 2
and those of the stators 1, 1' are activated. The translator 2 may, thus, be displaced
along a distance between the stators 1, 1', when it is accelerated by a force acting on
it via the driving axle 3.
Figure 13 shows an isometric view of another embodiment of the magnetic device of
the invention. The magnetic device comprises a stator 1 disposed between two
translators 2, said stator 1 and translators 2 being disposed within a support
structure15 which forms a housing. The driving axle 3 is located outside said support
structure. The stator 1 and the translators 2 are disposed along the axis 9 which
determines the direction 6 of the translators' movement.
The translators 2 are mounted on and supported by two guiding units 7, the guiding
axles 8 being oriented parallel to the translators' moving direction 6. The guiding
units 8 are disposed laterally in relation to the translators 2 in order not to interfere
with the magnetic field between the translators 2 and the stators 1.
The guiding units 8 are supported by the support structure 15.
- 35 -
The magnetic device shown in figure 13 essentially has those of the abovementioned
characteristics which are suitable. The translators 2 are N45 grade
magnets. The stator 1 is an electromagnet comprising a magnetic core 22 and a coil
23 wound around said core 22.
Figure 14 shows a top view, corresponding to the bottom view, of the magnetic
device of the invention shown in figure 13. The characteristics of the device
described referring to figure 13 can essentially be seen in figure 14.
In figure 14, the positions of the translators 2 and the stator 1 and the driving axle 3
along the axis 9 can be seen.
The stator 1 is mounted to the support structure 15 by means of a stator support 14.
The core 22 of the stator 1 extends in the direction of the axis 9, projecting from the
support structure 15, so that the magnetic field between the stator 1 and the
translators 2 is not interfered with by the stator support 14.
The shape of the translator support 24, by means of which the translators 2 are
mounted to the guiding unit 7, is adapted to the momentum strain, evident for those
of skill in the art, and the oscillation forces caused, amongst other things, by the
oscillating movement of the translators 2.
Figure 15 shows a sectional view of the magnetic device shown in the figures 13 and
14. In addition to the above-mentioned characteristics, a calculation area 21 can be
seen; for this area, a magnetic field strength curve was determined using the Finite
Elements Method (FEM). In order to make calculations easier, the calculation area
21 only covers one symmetric half; the axis of symmetry in figure 15 corresponds to
the axis 9. The results of the FEM calculation (see figures 17 and 18) will be
discussed in the paragraphs below.
- 36 -
Figure 16 shows a detailed view of the symmetric half for which FEM calculations
were carried out. The axis of symmetry again corresponds to the axis 9. The
symmetric halves of the translators 2 can be seen in figure 16.
The stator 1 comprises a core 22 and a coil 23; again, the respective symmetric
halves can be seen.
In figure 16, another calculation area 21 is shown.
In figures 17 and 18 the results of the FEM simulation are illustrated. The FEM
calculation is based on the assumption that the stator is an electromagnet of 90 A
and that the translators 2 are N45 grade permanent magnets of 1,050 kA/m.
In figure 17, the distance r between the position of the translator 2 and the stator is
1.00 mm. The repulsive force 13 between the stator 1 and the translator 2
constitutes a great part of the translation force acting on the translator 2, while the
movement of the translator 2' is caused by the attractive force 12 between the
translator 2' and the stator 1.
Figure 18 shows the results of the FEM simulation when the translators 2 are
positioned at equal distances from the stator 1.
Figure 19 shows a graph which compares the translation force measured in the trial
device to the translation force calculated based on an FEM simulation. In both cases,
the contemplated translators were permanent magnets of 1,050.0 kA/m. For the
calculations, the stator was supplied with an energy of 90 A. For the simulation, the
stator was supplied with an energy of 9 A, and the obtained values were
extrapolated for 90 A.
The graph shown in figure 19 clearly shows that the simulation based on the above
discussed theories and the measurements are essentially consistent.
- 37 -
Figure 20 compares the translation forces of translators which are differently
magnetized permanent magnets, said translation forces being calculated by means
of an FEM simulation based on the above discussed theory. The graph's y-axis
shows the calculated values of the translation force, while the x-axis shows the
translator's position. The graph in figure 20 shows the influence of the magnetization
of the permanent magnets used as translators, when the stators are supplied with an
energy of 9 A, extrapolated for 90 A. The graph includes the curve "Simulated force
[N]", which shows the general course of the other curves. The curve "Simulated force
[N]" is also included in figure 19.
- 38 -

WE CLAIM
1. A magnetic device comprising at least one stator (1, 1’) and at least one
translator (2), said translator (2) being movable in relation to said stator (1, 1') in a
translator moving direction (6), said translator moving direction (6) being oriented
towards said stator (1, 1'), said at least one stator (1, 1') and said translator being
arranged along an axis,
characterized in that
said magnetic device comprises a control device, said control device comprising a
device for controlling a distance r ≥ 0 (r being equal to or higher than 0) between the
translator and the stator in relation to the force generated between the stator and the
translator when said magnetic device is in operation,
said translator (2) being movable in relation to said stator (1, 1') in the translator
moving direction (6) along a linear translator movement axis, said at least one stator
(1, 1') and said translator (2) being oriented along said translator moving axis.
2. The magnetic device according to claim 2, comprising two stators (1, 1') and
one translator (2), characterized in that the minimum distance r is defined by a
controlling unit based on the force created between the stator (1) and the translator
(2), so that a force acting on the translator (2) at a Position Xt of the translator (2) is a
maximum force, the force acting on the translator (2) being defined by the following
relation:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
−
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨
⎧
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛ −
⎟⎠
⎞
⎜⎝
⎛
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
4
t s
t
s1b t tb t
s t
t
s1a t ta t
s t
t
s1b t ta t
s t
t
s1a t tb t
repulsion t
X + L L
+ q X q X
X + L L
+ q X q X
X L +L
+ q X q X
X + L +L
q X q X
π
F X = μ
wherein
- ( ) s1a t q X and ( ) s1b t q X are the magnetic pole strengths of the stators (1,1’),
- ( ) ta t q X and ( ) tb t q X are the magnetic pole strengths of the translator (2),
- 39 -
- X ] Ls +Lt ;δ+ Ls +Lt [
t 2 2
∈ is the translator's position Xt,
- s L is the length of the stators (1,1’),
- t L is the length of the translator (2).
3. The magnetic device according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that
individual stator magnets (4) at the stator and/or individual translator magnets (5) at
the translator (2) are arranged along a line describing a polygon (10) around a
polygon axis which is oriented in parallel to the translator's moving direction (6).
4. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized
in that the translator (2) is mounted movably in relation to the stator (1) by means of
at least one guiding unit (7), the guiding axle (8) of the guiding unit (7) intersecting
the stator (1), in an area between two adjacent individual stator magnets (4), and the
translator (2), in an area between two adjacent individual translator magnets (5).
5. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized
in that the translator's (2) movement in relation to the stator (1, 1') is an oscillating
movement.
6. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized
in that the stator (1, 1') is a permanent magnet, while the translator (2) is an
electromagnet.
7. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 6, characterized
in that the stator (1, 1') is an electromagnet, while the translator (2) is a permanent
magnet.
8. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, characterized
in that the stator (1, 1') and the translator (2) are permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
- 40 -
9. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 8, characterized
in that the control device comprises a spacer element which may be positioned
between the stator (1, 1') and the translator (2).
10. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 9, characterized
in that the control device comprises a system exercising a mechanical constraint on
the translator's (2) movement.
11. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 10, characterized
in that the control device comprises a distance measuring device and/or time
measuring device, by means of which the polarization of the stator (1, 1') and/or the
translator (2) and/or the field strength of the stator (1, 1') and/or the translator (2)
may be changed depending on the position of the translator (2) in relation to the
stator (1, 1') and/or depending on a period of time.
12. The magnetic device according to any one of the claims 1 to 11, characterized
in that a volume extending between the stator (1) and the translator (2), when the
translator (2) is situated at the furthest distance d from the stator (1), is a vacuum.
Dated this 3rd day of April, 2014