CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 62/242,758, filed October 16, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated
herein by reference.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] The invention relates to a system and method for control of at least one
bioreactor, other cell cultivation-related equipment, and systems containing any combination
ofthe same.
[0003] Cell culture processes are used for cultivating various types of cells, such as
mammalian cells. For example, a cell culture process may be implemented via a bioreactor.
It is important in cell culture processes to maintain the proper physicochemical environment
for maximum cell cultivation (cells such as Human cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO)
cells, mouse myeloma (NSO), hybridoma), and/or producing the desired product (such as
recombinant protein, a monoclonal antibody, antibody fusion protein and other related
product types) meeting its quality specifications. For example, factors such as dissolved
oxygen levels, culture pH, temperature, shear sensitivity and the like play important roles in
the cell culture process. Moreover, the maintenance of the nutritional environment is also
important.
[0004] However, in the context of producing or cultivating these multiple different
cells on a large, industrial scale, maintaining the proper levels of the physicochemical and/or
the nutritional environment may be challenging, especially given that a large-scale cultivation
system may not only require a plurality of bioreactors, but would also require other types of
equipment, e.g., preparation equipment, feed equipment, purification equipment, etc., to carry
out the various tasks involved in cell cultivation. In this regard, systems and/or methods for
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maintaining proper environments for cell cultivation in a large scale bioreactor
implementation and allowing for operator/user interaction with the implementation are
needed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure, the invention is
directed to a system and method for control of at least one bioreactor, other cell cultivationrelated
equipment, and systems containing any combination of these in a plant. For example,
a Plant-Wide Control System (PWCS) or a Process Control System (PCS) may be divided
into three main components: (1) hardware (including operating systems, such as a controller
communicating with one or more servers of a network associated with the PWCS, (2)
software (such as a control module) for performing control, and (3) one or more instrument
control loops, which may be used by the software to maintain certain process values.
Moreover, a Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP) value and an asymmetry factor
may be determined based on real-time analysis on a chromatography column, using PWCS
components. Accordingly, the HETP, peak asymmetry and peak efficiency values can be, for
example, calculated in real-time using the hardware/software that already exists for
controlling the chromatography system without having to dedicate special hardware or
software.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] Figures 1 and 2 illustrate example systems in accordance with one or more
aspects of the invention.
[0007] Figures 3 and 4 illustrate diagrams of system components in accordance with
one or more aspects of the invention.
[0008] Figure 5 illustrates a control loop in accordance with one or more aspects of
the invention.
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[0009] Figure 6 illustrates a control loop operating in manual mode in accordance
with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0010] Figure 7 illustrates a control loop operating m an automatic mode m
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0011] Figure 8 illustrates a control loop operating in a cascade mode in accordance
with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0012] Figure 9 illustrates a cascade loop for bioreactor temperature control m
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0013] Figure 10 illustrates input-output configurations for control modules m
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0014] Figure llA illustrates an example operator interface in accordance with one or
more aspects of the invention.
[0015] Figure liB illustrates example faceplates associated with an operator interface
in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0016] Figures 12A and 12B illustrate one or more control modules for handling
chromatography skid calculations in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0017] Figure 13 illustrates a diagram of an example chromatography column system
in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
[0018] Figures 14 to 16 illustrate the application of an HETP control module for realtime
analysis of chromatography column packs in accordance with one or more aspects of the
invention.
[0019] Figure 17 illustrates a diagram of phase logic, equipment module, and control
module relationships in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
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[0020] The invention relates to a system and method for control of at least one
bioreactor, other cell cultivation-related equipment, and systems containing any combination
of the same. For example, the system and method for bioreactor control may include
controlling a plurality ofbioreactors and other types of cultivation-related equipment, such as
equipment for fermenting, harvesting, equipment for microfiltration and purification (e.g.,
liquid chromatography skid system), buffer preparation, media preparation, etc. The plurality
of bioreactors and the other types of cultivation-related equipment may be located in a plant,
and the control of such equipment may be known as a Plant-Wide Control System (PWCS).
[0021] As one example, the PWCS may be a control system for automated batch
processing (e.g., a process that leads to the production of quantities of material, such as cells,
by subjecting quantities of input materials to an ordered set of processing activities over a
finite period of time using one or more pieces of equipment). The PWCS may be divided
into three main components: (1) hardware (including operating systems, such as a controller
communicating with one or more servers of a network associated with the PWCS); (2)
software (such as a control module) for performing control; and (3) one or more instrument
control loops, which may be used by the software to maintain certain process values.
[0022] In one aspect of the invention, one or more control modules may be used to
perform control, such as read input and manage alarms or alarming functionalities for various
field devices (e.g., sensors with transmitters, scales, switches, pumps, control valves, valves,
pumps with variable frequency drives, agitators with variable frequency drives, valves with
limit switches) or any type of equipment related to cell cultivation. By way of example, the
control module may be software that may link various algorithms, and process certain
conditions, alarms displays, and other characteristics associated with the PWCS. Moreover,
control modules may allow for interface capability so that users or operators may manipulate
module parameters. For instance, a graphical user interface (GUI) such as an operator
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interface (OI) may display certain data and processing units for an operator. An operator may
manipulate and adjust module parameters from central, multiple or remote locations of
operation.
[0023] The control modules may perform control via one or more control loops. For
example, the control loop may include at least three components: an actuator, a sensortransmitter,
and a loop controller. In some examples, the control module may be included in
the control loop. Applications related to control loops may include temperature control for
bioreactors, pressure control within chromatography skids, level control for diafiltration
processing, managing dissolved oxygen concentrations, other gas concentrations, control of
impeller speed, control of bubble size of critical gases, etc.
[0024] As such, the systems and/or methods described in the present disclosure are
capable of maintaining an optimal environment for each cell and product type mentioned
above. For example, the optimal pH may be controlled at a set point that can vary (depending
on a particular cell and product type combination), for instance, from 6.00 to 8.00 and
controlled within 0.10 of the desired pH set point, or any other suitable ranges. Similarly, the
temperature set point can vary, for instance, between 10.0 and 130.0 degree Celsius and
controlled within 0.2 degree Celsius of the set point and the dissolved oxygen set point can
vary, for instance, between 8.0 and 80.0 percent and controlled within 5 percent of the set
point, or any other suitable ranges. In a further example with respect to a bioreactor, the
purification equipment, such as the chromatography skids, need to capable of operating
different combination of column sizes (varying in diameter, for instance, from 45 em to 2000
em with bed heights from 15 to 30 em) containing various types of chromatography resins
(such as Affinity, Ion Exchange, Hydrophobic, Hydroxyapatitie); where each combination of
column and resin may require a unique flow rate and pressure combination that needs to be
controlled by the systems and methods that are described in the present invention, where
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typically the flow rates need to be controlled at set points that can vary, for instance, from 50
L/hr to 1000 L/hr and pressures that need to be maintained below a high pressure limit of, for
instance, 4 bars, or any other suitable ranges.
[0025] Figure 1 illustrates an example system in accordance with one or more aspects
of the invention. The system may include one or more computing devices, e.g., computer
100, server computer 130, mobile computer 140, smartphone device 150, tablet computer
160, and storage device 170 connected to a network 190. For example, the computer 100
may be a desktop computer, which is intended for use by one or more users. The computer
100 includes various components associated with a desktop computer, such as one or more
processors 102, memory 104, e.g., permanent or flash memory (which includes instructions
105 and data 106), one or more interfaces 108, and a display 110. In a further example,
similar to the computer 100, the server computer 130 may include at least one processor,
memory which also includes instructions and data, one or more interfaces, and/or a display
(not shown). Moreover, the mobile computing device 140 may be a laptop (or any type of
computer that is portable or mobile, such as an Ultrabook) and also include components
similar to the computer 100 and/or server computer 130. The computer 100 may be
configured to communicate with the server computer 130, the mobile computer 140, the
smartphone device 150, the tablet computer 160 and/or the storage device 170 via the
network 190. As shown in Figure 1, the cascaded blocks associated with a particular
component illustrate that more than one of those components may exist, which is only an
example, and it may be understood that different components can be cascaded and that there
may be numerous variations thereof
[0026] The computer 100 may include a processor 102 (e.g., controller, which will be
further discussed below), which instructs the various components of computer 100 to perform
tasks based on the processing of certain information, such as instructions 105 and/or data 106
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stored in the memory 104. For example, the processor 102 may be hardware that can be
configured to perform one or more operations, e.g., adding, subtracting, multiplying,
comparing, jumping from one program to another program, operating input and output, etc.,
and may be any standard processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU), or may be a
dedicated processor, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or a field
programmable gate array (FPGA) or an industrial process controller. Moreover, the
processor 102 may have any suitable configuration and/or configuration of circuitry that
processes information and/or instructs the components of computer 100. While one processor
block is shown in Figure 1, it may be understood that the computer 100 may also include
multiple processors to individually or collectively perform tasks, as described above. In one
or more embodiments, the computer 100 may be an industrial controller.
[0027] Memory 104, whether permanent or flash, may be any type of hardware
configured to store information accessible by the processor 102, such as instructions 105 and
data 106, which can be executed, retrieved, manipulated, and/or stored by the processor 102.
It may be physically contained in the computer 100 or coupled to the computer 100. For
example, memory 104 may be ROM, RAM, CD-ROM, hard drive, write-capable, read-only,
etc. Moreover, the instructions 105 stored in memory 104 may include any set of instructions
that can be executed directly or indirectly by the processor 102. For example, the instructions
105 may be one or more "steps" associated with software that can be executed by the
processor 102. The instructions 105 may be also transferred onto memory 104 in various
way, e.g., from server computer 130 and/or storage device 170 via network 190. In addition,
the data 106 stored in memory 104 may be retrieved, stored or modified by the processor 102,
for example, in accordance with the instructions 105. In one aspect, the data 106 may be
stored as a collection of data. For instance, although the invention is not limited by any
particular data structure, the data 106 may be stored in registers, in a database as a table
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having multiple fields and records, such as an XML. The data 106 may be formatted in any
computer readable format such as, but not limited to, ASCII, Extended Binary-Coded
Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), binary, Objectivity, SQL or other suitable database
formats, etc. The data 106 may also be any information sufficient to identify the relevant
data, such as text, codes, pointers, information used by one or more functions to calculate the
data, etc. Similar to the instructions 105, the data 106 may also be transferred onto memory
104 from various components via network 190.
[0028] According to one aspect of the invention, the instructions 105 may include at
least a set of executable instructions to read various input values from the bioreactors, related
equipment, and field devices, exert control, and manage alarms, recording, reporting,
communication and alarming functionalities. The instructions 105 may be associated with
the various control modules for controlling the field devices and related equipment. The
instructions 105 may be executable code or one or more algorithms for processing data. In
that regard, and as will be further discussed in the examples below, the set of executable
instructions may be considered the "back-bone" of the control module for performing control
on one or more bioreactors and related cell cultivation-related equipment, and may be
configured to link algorithms, processmg conditions, alarms, displays, and other
characteristics.
[0029] According to another aspect of the invention, the data 106 may include data
that may be used by the control module, such as sensor readings, data collected by sensors,
predetermined parameters, readings associated with valves, pumps, agitators, scales and
switches, user defined target values at which a process value is to be maintained by the
PWCS ("setpoint"), temperature measurements, pressure measurements, level measurements,
dissolved oxygen measurements, etc.
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[0030] Interface 108 may be a particular device (such as a field-mounted instrument,
processor-to-processor communication, keyboard, mouse, touch sensitive screen, camera,
microphone, etc.), a connection or port that allows the reception of information and data, such
as interactions from a user or information/data from various components via network 190.
For instance, the interface 122 may include one or more input/output ports. The input/output
ports may include any suitable type of data port, such as a digital control bus (Foundation ™,
ProfitbusDP™, DeviceNet™, Modbus IEEE RS-485, Modbus/IP, Serial IEEE RS-232,
universal serial bus (USB) drive, zip drive, card reader, CD drive, DVD drive, etc.
[0031] The display 110 may be any suitable type of device capable of communicating
data to a user. For example, the display 110 may be a liquid-crystal display (LCD) screen, a
light emitting diode (LED) screen, a plasma screen, etc. The display 110 may provide to the
user various types of information, such as visual representations of the software that can be
executed by the computer 100 and various data, and the like, associated therewith.
[0032] According to one aspect, a user may input information and/or data using the
interface 108. The interface 108 may be a graphical user interface (GUI) that is displayed to
the user/operator on the display 110. By way of example only, the GUI may be an operator
interface (OI) that displays processing units and data to a user/operator. For instance, Figures
llA and liB are examples of an OI and associated functionalities, which will be further
described below with respect to the discussion of the control module functionalities of the
present invention.
[0033] The server computer 130 may be rack mounted on a network equipment rack
and/or located in a data center. In some examples, via the network 190, the server computer
130 may serve various requests associated with the programs executed on the computer 100,
mobile computer 140, the smartphone device 150, the tablet computer 160, and/or the storage
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device 170. In further examples, the server computer 130 may be part of a plurality of server
computers that support a back-end system (which may be "invisible" to users).
[0034] Mobile or portable computing devices, such as the mobile computer 140, the
smartphone device 150, and tablet computer 160, may include similar components and
functions to the computer 100 and/or server computer 130, e.g., one or more processors,
memory, input/output capabilities, display, etc. and, by common Thin Client and Remote
Desktop protocols, access display 110 and interface 108 present on the computer 100.
[0035] For example, the mobile computer 140 may be any type of device that is
mobile or portable with computing capability and connectivity to a network. For example,
the mobile computer 140 may be a laptop, an Ultrabook, smartphone, PDA, tablet computer,
a wearable computing device, etc. The mobile computer 140 may also have one or more
processors, memory, user interfaces, wired or wireless network connection hardware, and
other types of components associated with a mobile computing device. Thus, the mobile
computer 140 may be able to connect to network 190 via a wired or a wireless connection
and communicate with other components connected to the network 190, such as server
computer 130, storage device 170, etc.
[0036] The smartphone device 150 may be a mobile cellular phone with computing
capability and network connectivity. For example, the smartphone 150 may include one or
more processors, memory, one or more user interfaces, such as a QWERTY keypad, a
camera, image sensors, a global positioning system (GPS), accelerator, temperature sensors,
etc. Similar to the computer 100 and the server computer 130, the smartphone device 150
may be configured to execute computer instructions, applications, programs, and any set of
instructions and data. Moreover, the tablet computer 160 may also include one or more
processors (configured to execute computer instructions and/or applications), memory, one or
more interfaces, a touchscreen display, sensors, microphone, camera, speakers, networking
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hardware (configured to connect to a network, such as network 190, via a wired or wireless
connection), etc.
[0037] The storage device 170 may be configured to store a large quantity of data and
may also be configured to transfer such data when requested or accessed by other
components of network 190. For example, the storage device 170 may be a collection of
storage components, such as ROM, RAM, hard-drives, solid-state drives, removable drives,
network storage, virtual memory, multi-leveled cache, registers, CD, DVD, etc. In addition,
the storage device 170 may be configured so other components of network 190, such as the
computer 100 and/or server computer 130, can access and provide data to other components
connected to the network 190.
[0038] In one embodiment, the storage device 170 may store the above-described data
associated with data 106, such as data that may be used by the control module, such as sensor
readings, data collected by sensors, predetermined parameters (e.g., can be downloaded to
controllers and referenced by other outside systems and/or users), valve, pump, agitator,
scales and switch readings, user defined target values, or setpoints, at which a process value
is to be maintained by the PWCS, temperature measurements, pressure measurements, level
measurements, dissolved oxygen measurements, and the like. In another example, the
storage device 170 may be updated to add new data. If the operator, for example, defines a
new predetermined value for an alarm function, then the old predetermined value may be
updated to reflect the new predetermined value.
[0039] The network 190 may be any suitable type of network, wired or wireless,
configured to facilitate the transmission of data, instructions, etc. between one or more
components of the network. For example, the network 190 may be a local area network
(LAN) (e.g., Ethernet or other IEEE 802.03 LAN technologies), Wi-Fi (e.g., IEEE 802.11
standards), wide area network (WAN), virtual private network (VPN), global area network
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(GAN), or any combinations thereof In this regard, the computer 100, server computer 130,
mobile computer 140, smartphone device 150, and/or tablet computer 160 may connect to
and communicate with one another via the network 190.
[0040] While the computer 100 may be a desktop computer in the above-described
examples, computer 100 is not limited to just desktop computers, and any of the computers
illustrated in Figure 1 may be any device capable of processing data and/or instructions and
transmitting and/or receiving data. Moreover, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill
in the art that those components may actually include multiple processors, memories,
instructions, data or displays that may or may not be stored within the same physical
housing. For example, some or all of the instructions 105 and data 106 may be stored on
removable media, or may be stored in a location physically remote from, yet still accessible
by, the processor 102. And although the various components ofFigure 1 are connected to the
network 190, it may be understood that the components may also be connected to each other,
in any suitable combination.
[0041] Figure 2 illustrates another example system in accordance with aspects of the
invention. In this example, the system represents a PWCS, and the various components
depicted in Figure 1, may be configured in such a manner to facilitate the control of the
bioreactors and related equipment, such as equipment 202 for fermentation and/or harvest,
equipment 204 for microfiltration and purification (e.g., chromatography skid), equipment
206 for media preparation, such as Clean In Place (CIP) systems and System In Place (SIP)
systems, equipment 208 for buffer preparation, and various field devices (e.g., sensors with
transmitters, scales, switches, pumps, control valves, discrete valves, pumps with fixed-speed
starters or variable frequency drives, agitators with variable frequency drives, discrete valves
with limit switches). One or more computers, such as computer 100 of Figure 1, may be
dispersed throughout the system and each computer may be dedicated to certain control
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and/or portions of the depicted system. Similarly, server computers, such as server computer
130 of Figure 1, may also be physical or virtual and dispersed throughout the system and
dedicated to certain portions of the system to facilitate the communication of data and
instructions.
[0042] Figure 3 illustrates a diagram, for example, of the system shown in Figure 2 in
accordance with aspects of the invention. As shown in Figure 3, the Professional Plus
Workstation (PRO) 302 may be a central database for the PWCS, the Batch Executive
(EXEC) 304 stores, for instance, recipe information and may control batch processing, the
Batch Historian (BHIST) 306 records and stores batch-related data from the PWCS, the
Continuous Historian (PI-PRIST) 308 records and stores continuous plant data from the
PWCS, each of the Terminal Servers (TS) 310, 312, and 314 may be a host for remote access
sessions for thin client terminals, such as desktop computers and tablet computers, and each
of the controllers 316, 318, and 320 is a PWCS device that may execute and run algorithms
and/or set of executable instructions used to control the processing equipment and
functionalities. Any one of the illustrated components in Figure 3 may be (or correspond to)
one or more of the computer 100, server computer 130, mobile computer 140, smartphone
device 150, tablet computer 160, and/or the storage device 170.
[0043] The controllers 316, 318, and 320, which may be hardware, implement one or
more control modules, which may be software, to control one or more control loops, which
control the various field devices shown in Figure 3, via the control modules. The control
module may be part of the control loop or may be external to the control loop in accordance
with aspects of the present disclosure. This is illustrated by the example diagram in Figure 4.
Figure 4 shows a controller, for example, controller 316, associated with three different
control modules 402, 404, and 406, each of which is associated with a respective control
loop. By way of example, control module 402 is associated with control loop 412, control
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module 404 is associated with control loop 414, and control module 406 is associated with
control loop 416. As an example, the algorithms that are run on the controller 316 may be
used in the control loops, batch control and continuous control functionalities. The control
modules 402, 404, 406 may also be configured to drive individual elements that are not
associated with a particular control loops, such as driving a value open or reading from a
pressure transmitter. Moreover, the controller 416 may communicate processing data to one
or more system servers, as shown in Figures 1 and 3. The controllers 316, 318, 320 and other
controllers, for instance, may also be physically dispersed throughout a particular plant for
bioreactor control.
[0044] Further to the system and operations thereof described above and illustrated in
Figure 1, various operations will now be described below. The following operations are not
required to be performed in a particular or precise order. Rather, the various steps may be
performed in any suitable order, and different combinations, or simultaneously, one or more
steps may also be added or omitted. The "recipe" configuration, for example, which may
contain the parameters to define the sequential orchestration and control loop setpoints,
required to produce unique products using the same hardware/software/configuration,
determines how and when the related control loops are applied. Various examples and
aspects of a control loop and a corresponding control module will be discussed in further
detail below.
[0045] Figure 5 illustrates a control loop 500 in accordance with aspects of the
present disclosure that has at least three components: an actuator 502, a sensor-transmitter
504, and a loop controller 506. Control loops may have many possible configurations and
many other configurations with sequential phase logic to run multiple products for various
end-users according to their respective needs with the same logic. In some instances, as
shown in Figure 5, the loop controller 506 may be implemented by one or more control
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modules (as will be further described below), such as the control modules 402, 404, and 406
shown in Figure 4, to control the loop.
[0046] The actuator 502, for example, may be a physical device that is manipulated
and/or controlled by the loop controller to regulate a process value (e.g., a value that is read
and/or processed from a field device). Some examples of actuators include control valves,
pumps, agitators, and the like. The sensor-transmitter 504 may be a physical device that is
configured to read and/or process certain values and transmit input to the loop controller.
Some examples of process values may include temperature, pressure, pH, flow, dissolved
oxygen, conductivity, level, etc. Moreover, the loop controller 506, as set forth above, may
be the "brains" of the control loop. The loop controller 506 can be one or more software
control modules that can adjust the control loop in accordance with and based on
programmed algorithms and/or sets of executable instructions. In some instances, as
described above, hardware controllers may contain multiple control module algorithms and
configurations associated with certain control loops.
[0047] The control loop 500, illustrated in Figure 5, may be implemented in different
operating modes, such as manual, automatic, cascade (supervisory), and cascade (slave), each
of which will be described below. Figures 6-8 illustrate the different operating modes.
[0048]
[0049]
Control Loop Operating in Manual Mode
Figure 6 illustrates the control loop 500 operating in manual mode 600 in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention. For example, a user or an operator
may manipulate the output of the control loop 500 when permitted by control logic, such as
the operator interface (OI) 602. In Figure 6, the OI 602 is a "faceplate" 604. In this instance,
a slide bar 606 on the "faceplate" 604 of the OI 602 is adjusted by numerical entry to
"100.0." The output 608 is transmitted to the loop controller 506 (e.g., the control module),
and then the fixed output 610 is transmitted to the actuator 502. The actuator 502 performs
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the fixed output of 100 percent, which is read by the sensor-transmitter 504, and then by way
of a control module (e.g., a second control module), the process value (e.g., the value that is
read by the sensor) is transmitted back to the loop controller 506 and displayed on the
faceplate for the user/operator.
[0050]
[0051]
Control Loop Operating in Automatic Mode
Figure 7 illustrates the control loop 500 operating in automatic mode 700 in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention. For example, a user or operator may
enter or input a setpoint 702 using the control loop faceplate 704, and from there, the loop
controls, automatically or dynamically, to that user-input setpoint. As noted above, the
setpoint 702 may be a target value at which a process value is to be maintained by the PWCS.
Here, the setpoint 702 is entered and fed into the loop controller 506 (e.g., a control module),
where a variable output from the loop controller is transmitted to the actuator 502. The
actuator 502 then performs variable positioning and the sensor-transmitter 504 reads an
associated value and then the read value is transmitted to a control module (e.g., a second
control module) which generates a process value, then the process value is transmitted back
to the loop controller 506. In one example, it is determined whether the read process value is
equivalent to or matches the setpoint (e.g., target value). If the process value and the setpoint
value do not match, then the control loop 500 may automatically or dynamically adjusts until
the process value matches that user-input setpoint. The process value output may be
displayed on the faceplate 704 for the user/operator.
[0052]
[0053]
Control Loop(s) Operating in Cascade Mode
Figure 8 illustrates a control loop 800 operating m cascade mode in
accordance with one or more aspects of the invention. For example, two or more loops, such
as a supervisory "master" loop 802 and a secondary "slave" loop 804, may be cascaded. In
this example, the supervisory loop 802 receives and controls to an inputted setpoint from the
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PWCS control logic, such as faceplates 806 and 807, and the secondary loop 804 functions
based on the outputs from the master/supervisory loop 802. As shown, two loop controllers
808 and 810 are used with two associated control modules 812 and 814. The smaller
outermost loop including the actuator and the right-most loop controller is the secondary loop
or slave loop 804, and the bigger overall loop including the both loop controllers 808 and 810
is the supervisory or master loop 802.
[0054] In some examples of the aspects described above, "critical" processing may
require a plurality of sensors, some of which may be redundant. For example, redundant
sensors may be necessary for culture growth in a bioreactor. In a further example, two
sensors may be used to monitor certain process values, such as pH, temperature, and
dissolved oxygen.
[0055] Figure 9 is an example cascade loop 900 for bioreactor temperature control
with sensor standby and bypass functionalities. For example, output from the sensors ("probe
1" 902 and "probe 2" 904) influence the cascade control loop-both the supervisory and
slave loops. Those outputs are fed into a loop controller 906. Either one of the control
modules 908 and 910 associated with the probes can be in "standby" mode, which represents
that the control module 908 or 910 is available to be used in place of the control module
actually in control. However, in "bypass" mode, the output of the sensor is not used to
influence the control loop (e.g., an indication that this particular sensor should not be used to
the user). These modes are displayed to the user/operator on the OI faceplates 912 and 914.
These different modes of execution are further discussed below with respect to the discussion
of control modules.
[0056] As described above, a control module, such as the control modules 402, 404,
and 406 illustrated in Figure 4, may be software (e.g., a set of executable instructions), which
can link various algorithms, processing conditions, alarms, displays, and other characteristics.
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In this regard, the control module is known as a "control entity." The control modules read
inputs, perform control, manage alarms associated with field devices, etc. In one example, a
control module is considered to be the lowest level grouping of equipment to carry out
control, such as basic control. Moreover, control modules may have interfaces, such as an
OI, or any type of GUI, that allow users or operators to manipulate (e.g., input, change,
update, etc.) module parameters and other types of data. It may be understood that the field
devices, such as all automated field devices, may be associated with a particular control
module or a set of control modules so that the field devices may be controlled and/or the
associated control module(s) receive data from the field devices. For example, field devices
such as valves (automated and control), pumps, agitators, sensors-transmitters, scales, and
switches may be associated with the one or more control modules, as described above.
[0057] Control modules, in one or more aspects of the invention, may have different
modes of execution for particular field devices, which may influence how data from the field
devices are communicated. In one example, control modules for sensors in a redundant pair
have "control," "standby," and "bypass" operating modes. In the control operating mode, the
output from the sensors influences a cascade control loop, both the supervisory and slave
loops in the cascade. In standby operating mode, the control module associated with the
sensor(s) is available to be used in place of the one actually in control. In bypass operating
mode, the output from the sensor(s) may be ignored by the control module. Moreover, there
may be other types of modes of execution for automated valves, pumps and agitators, such as
"simulate" mode (e.g., control module output does not update, but the device feedback
follows the setpoint), "interlocked" mode (e.g., device is locked out by the user/operator to
ensure the PWCS does not change the state of the control module), and "bypass" mode (e.g.,
the control module ignores field feedback, such as limit switches, but may continue to control
equipment). The control module for these devices used in control loops may also be in the
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automatic, manual, cascade (supervisory or slave) operating modes. Moreover, for devices
such as switches, scales and sensors, there also may be a simulate mode where the control
module input is set by the user/operator, to which the PWCS will respond as if the input were
from the respective field instrument. For these devices, the control module used in the
control loops may also be in the control, standby, or bypass modes.
[0058] Figure 10 illustrates data communication between control modules and
respective field devices and further illustrates the input-output configurations of the control
modules. As shown, certain field devices, such as a sensor-transmitter 1002, a scale 1004,
and a switch 1006 transmit data (e.g., "input" signals) to control module 1008. In other
words, in this example, the control module 1008 does not control these particular field
devices; rather, it is configured to just receive data. Moreover, other field devices, such as a
pump 1010, control valve 1012, and a valve 1014 without limit a switch may receive
"output" signals from control module 1016. Here, for example, the control module 1016
would control these field devices. Moreover, Figure 10 shows that certain other field
devices, such as a pump 1018 with a variable frequency drive (VFD) and an agitator 1020
with a VFD, and a valve 1022 with a limit switch, which may receive output signals from
control module 1024 and also transit data and/or input signals to the control module 1024. In
this example, these field devices may not controlled by the control module 1024, but they
may transmit "field feedback" to the control module 1024.
[0059] Limit switches may be sensors that detect the presence and absence of an
object. In the PWCS, these limit switches may be used to confirm "closed" positions of
valves. In some examples, limit switches are configured to transmit input signals to control
modules from valves that only receive output, thus providing field feedback to the control
modules.
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[0060] As described above, a control module may have an interface, such as an OI, or
any type of GUI, that allow users or operators to manipulate (e.g., input, change, update, etc.)
module parameters and other types of data. Figures llA and liB illustrate an example
operator interface and example faceplates, respectively, in accordance with aspects of the
present invention.
[0061] Figure llA illustrates an OI displaying a visual representation of a "17,000L
MEDIA PREP TANK." As shown, there are various symbols to represent the components
and field devices associated with the media prep tank, the graphics of which may change in
real-time as parameters change. Icon 1102 includes various data associated with the tank is
displayed, such as the "formula," "status," "status time," "pH," etc. Further illustrated are
various icons 1104 associated with different functionalities, such as viewing and analyzing
data, printing, etc., and are also selectable. In other examples, the user or operator may have
access to a "Batch Operator Interface" or "BOI" (not shown), where the user or operator can
input recipes and track the status of various types of batch processing and the like. The
interface for BOI may be configured in a similar manner to the OI illustrated in Figure llA,
or alternatively, may be more text-based, where the text is displayed on the main graphical
interface display and the operator can "add," "stop" "continue," etc. batch processes using
buttons or icons.
[0062] Figure liB illustrates example faceplates that may be associated with an 01.
For example, the faceplates may be control module faceplates 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118, and
1120 include, but are not limited to, a detail display button/icon that opens module detail
display, a primary control display button/icon that opens a graphic on which the module is
located, a processor history view button/icon that allows the user/operator to view historical
data related to the module, a control studio button/icon that opens the module, and an
acknowledge alarm button/icon that acknowledges active alarms related to the module.
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[0063] Other types of control module faceplates may manipulate control loops. For
example, they may include, but are not limited to, a control loop mode button/icon that
determines the mode in which the control loop is operating (e.g., automatic, manual,
supervisory, slave), a setpoint entry field/slider/icon that allows users to adjust the control
loop's setpoint in the automatic mode, a process value icon/display that displays values from
the control loop's input device in engineering units, and an output entry field/slider/icon that
displays values sent to the output device in percentage when in automatic mode and can be
manually adjusted when the control loop is in manual mode. Faceplates may have different
background colors to specify certain types of information, such as designating the plant area
in which the control module's field device is located.
[0064] It may be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art that many suitable
combinations and variations of the 01, including the examples shown in Figures llA and
liB, may exist and be implemented.
[0065] "Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate" or "HETP" is the height equivalent
of a theoretical plate of a chromatography column, which gives an indication of the
uniformity of a packed column to resolve molecules. The smaller the HETP value, the more
efficient column packing may be. Asymmetry factor is the measurement used to calculate
peak symmetry and should be as symmetrical as possible. Figures 12A and 12B illustrate an
example of handling chromatography skid HETP calculations in a novel and unique manner
in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention. As illustrated, the calculations may
be performed by one or more control modules (collectively, an HETP control module) via
one or more associated control loops in accordance with certain algorithms. Moreover,
Figure 13 is a diagram of an example chromatography column system, and Figures 14-16
illustrate the application of an HETP control module for real-time analysis of
chromatography column packs.
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[0066] In Figure 12A, the blocks labeled "ACT" each include a set of executable
instructions for the control module to perform chromatography skid calculations. For
example, in block "ACTI," the MIN and MAX values for conductivity are reset, the
calculated times are reset, the timer is enabled and started and the data recording is also
enabled. In block "ACT2," the timer is stopped and reset, the data recording disabled, and
the CALC-10 and CALC-50 blocks enabled. These two blocks, ACTI and ACT 2, and the
associated actions are based on a positive direction edge trigger (the "PDEI" block), output
A, and a negative direction edge trigger (the "NDEI" block), output B (both outputs A and B
shown in Figure 12B), which will be further discussed with respect to Figures 13-16. Figure
12B shows an example algorithm for obtaining the "PDEI" block output A and the "NDEI"
block output B. Moreover, Figure 12B illustrates a "FLTRI" block that takes in input C,
which may be conductivity input that is the parameter linked to column outlet conductivity.
[0067] In the "MIN-A VG" block in Figure 12A, the conductivity values are recorded
every predetermined period of time, such as every 0.01 second from 0.25 to 0.5 and then an
average of the 25 samples is taken and recorded as an internal parameter. In the "RECORD"
block, the conductivity values and time/volume are recorded. In the "CALC-I 0" block, the
time/volume at which the rising and falling edge passed through 10 percent of MAX is
calculated. Moreover, in the "CALC-50" block, the time/volume at which the rising and
falling edge passed through 50 percent of MAX is calculated. In the "CALC-DATA" block,
the time/volume of 10 percent rising to MAX and the time/volume to 10 percent falling are
calculated.
[0068] The calculations performed by the blocks shown in the diagrams of Figures
12A and 12B rely on at least various input parameters and/or internal parameters that are
recorded. By way of example only, the input parameters may include a "conductivity" input
that is linked to column conductivity, a "RUN-CALC" parameter that resets calculation
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variables, starts timer, and begins data recording when set to "true" and resets timer and
disables data recording when set to "false," a "COL-VOL" parameter which is linked to the
skid column volume, a "FIQ" parameter that is linked to the skid flow totalizer, a "BEDHEIGHT"
parameter that is the height of the column bed, a "COLUMN-VL V" parameter that
is linked to the bottom, column inlet valve, and a "CALC-BY-VOL" parameter which is used
to select the calculation type (e.g., setting to "false" will by time, setting to "true" will be by
volume). The recorded internal parameters, for instance, may include a "FIQ-START"
parameter used to record the starting flow totalizer value, a "MIN-STEADY" parameter
which is the average of the conductivity baseline, a "MIN-A VG-ARRA Y" parameter used to
record the baseline conductivity values for the baseline average calculation, a "MAX"
parameter that records the maximum conductivity for the duration of the calculation, and a
"TIME-MAX" parameter that records the time at which maximum conductivity occurred for
the duration of the calculation. These parameters will be further discussed below with
respect to Figures 14 to 16.
[0069] Figure 13 illustrates a diagram of an example chromatography column system
1300 in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure. As shown, for example, the
system 1300 includes one or more chromatography columns, such as chromatography column
1302, pumps 1306 and 1304 that are capable of maintaining operational flow rates,
conductivity meter 1308, a chart recorder 1310, a conductivity flow cell 1312 and/or 1314,
silicone tubing, conductivity standards or equivalent, hose barbs and gaskets, sodium chloride
(NaCl), and a filter. After preparing the equipment in the chromatography column system
1300, HETP efficiency and asymmetry can be calculated for real-time analysis of the column
packs.
[0070] Before calculating the HETP and asymmetry values of the chromatography
column, the column may be first leveled in accordance with specified procedures, and hose
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and miscellaneous valve identifiers may be recorded, as needed, again in accordance with
procedures. The column is then equilibrated with a specified HETP buffer solution, and flow
at least one column volume (CV) of the HETP buffer at a specified flow rate. Once baseline
is achieved, the buffer flow may be stopped. Then, the HETP test is loaded at operation flow
rate and the flow of the HETP buffer is resumed at operational flow rates. Once conductivity
returns to baseline (e.g., after approximately 1 CV), and from the conductivity readings, the
HETP and asymmetry values are calculated, as will be further discussed below.
[0071] Figures 14-16 illustrate the application of an HETP control module for realtime
analysis of chromatography column packs in accordance with one or more aspects of the
disclosure. By way of example, Figure 14 shows a graph 1400 of an equation for calculating
HETP and asymmetry on an x-y plot, where the x-axis plots volume/time and they-axis plots
conductivity. As shown in the graph 1400, "WH" represents the width of the peak at 50
percent of maximum conductivity above baseline conductivity, "a" is the difference in
time/volume from max peak time/volume minus the time/volume at 10 percent rising, and
"b" is the difference in time/volume from 10 percent falling minus the maximum peak
time/volume. In that regard, the following values are needed to calculate HETP and
asymmetry: baseline conductivity, 10 percent and 50 percent rising times/volumes, maximum
time/volume, and 10 percent and 50 percent falling times/volumes. Calculation of the HETP
and asymmetry values may be based on time and/or volume.
[0072] As discussed above, for internal parameter recording, the following values are
recorded m real-time: conductivity baseline average; maximum conductivity and the
corresponding time and totalized volume from start; time and totalized volume as a function
of conductivity from the baseline to the maximum conductivity; and 10 percent and 50
percent falling time/volume. For example, Figures 15 and 16 show the relative positions of
these values on the graph 1400. In Figure 15, the 10 percent and 50 percent on the rising and
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falling sides of the conductivity peak, and the maximum conductivity and its corresponding
time/volume value are illustrated. Figure 16 illustrates, in part, that the leading edge of the
peak is recorded as time/volume as a function of conductivity t(C) and V(C) and that once 10
percent falling has been reached, the HETP and asymmetry is calculated.
[0073] By way of the HETP control module example of Figure 12A, to obtain the
baseline conductivity value (MIN-STEADY parameter), the MIN-AVG block records, for
instance, 25 conductivity values from the output of the FLTR1 block shown in Figure 12B
every one hundredth of a column volume (CV) from 0.25 to 0.5 CVs. The calculated average
of the 25 conductivity values is recorded to the MIN-STEADY parameter after which MINAVG
calculation terminates. Graphically, as shown in Figures 15 and 16, this baseline
determination is performed before recording the rising side of the conductivity peak.
Thereafter, the RECORD action block in Figure 12A captures the time and volume at which
the conductivity passes through each engineering unit (EU) (e.g., 0.01 mS/cm) from, for
instance, 0 to 999 EU. By way of example, the values are recorded in fixed size arrays from
TIMES-XX and VOLUMES-XX, as disclosed in Figure 15. Both arrays may have 1,000
items. Moreover, the values may be only recorded in the arrays when the conductivity value
is greater than the recorded maximum value. If the conductivity is greater than the previously
recorded maximum, the MAX parameter is overwritten by the current conductivity, the
relative time is recorded to TIME-MAX parameter and the relative volume is recorded to the
VOLUME-MAX parameter.
[0074] With respect to the 10 percent of peak falling time and volume, if the
conductivity is less than the MAX parameter but greater than the MIN-STEADY parameter
and the value is greater than ((MAX - MIN-STEADY)*0.1 + MIN-STEADY), then the
elapsed time is recorded to "TIMES-F[2]" and the relative volume is recorded to
"VOLUMES-F[2]" by the RECORD action block. With respect to the 50 percent of peak
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falling time and volume, if the conductivity is less than the MAX parameter but greater than
the MIN-STEADY parameter and the value is greater than ((MAX- MIN-STEADY)*0.5 +
MIN-STEADY), then the elapsed time is recorded to "TIMES-F[1]" and the relative volume
is recorded to "VOLUMES-F[1]" by the RECORD action block.
[0075] Once 10 percent falling is reached, the following calculations are performed.
The CALC-10 action block in Figure 12A captures the 10 percent of the peak, ((MAX -
MIN-STEADY)*0.1 +MIN-STEADY), rising and falling times and volumes, where "TIME-
10-FALL" (a calculated internal parameter) is TIMES-F[2], "TIME-10-RISE" (a calculated
internal parameter) is determined by linearly interpolating the time between the two
neighboring conductivity versus relative time values recorded in TIMES-XX, "VOLUME-
10-FALL" (a calculated internal parameter) is VOLUMES-F[2], and "VOLUME-10-RISE"
(a calculated internal parameter) is determined by linearly interpolating the time between the
two neighboring conductivity versus relative volume values recorded in VOLUMES-XX.
[0076] The CALC-50 action block in Figure 12A captures the 50 percent of the peak,
((MAX - MIN-STEADY)*0.5 + MIN-STEADY), rising and falling times and volumes,
where "TIME-50-FALL" (a calculated internal parameter) is TIMES-F[1], "TIME-50-RISE"
(a calculated internal parameter) is determined by linearly interpolating the time between the
two neighboring conductivity versus relative time values recorded in TIMES-XX,
"VOLUME-50-FALL" (a calculated internal parameter) is VOLUMES-F[1], and
"VOLUME-50-RISE" (a calculated internal parameter) is determined by linearly
interpolating the time between the two neighboring conductivity versus relative volume
values recorded in VOLUMES-XX.
[0077] The CALC-DATA action block shown in Figure 12A then performs
calculation for time and volume based asymmetry and time and volume based HETP. For
example, time based asymmetry is calculated as follows:
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[0078]
[0079]
DELTA-10-RISE-T =TIME-MAX- TIME-10-RISE
DELTA-10-FALL-T = TIME-10-FALL- TIME-MAX
ASYMM-TIME = DELTA-10-FALL-T/DELTA-10-RISE-T
In another example, volume based asymmetry is calculated as follows:
DELTA-10-RISE-V =VOLUME-MAX- VOLUME-10-RISE
DELTA-10-FALL-V = VOLUME-10-FALL- VOLUME-MAX
ASYMM-VOL = DELTA-10-FALL-V/DELTA-10-RISE-V
In a further example, time based HETP is calculated as follows:
WH-TIME= TIME-50-FALL- TIME-50-RISE
EFF-TIME = 5.54*((TIME-MAX/WH-TIME)2
)
HETP-TIME = BED-HEIGHT/EFF-TIME, where BED-HEIGHT is the height
of the bed in relevant units.
[0080] In yet another example, volume based HETP is calculated as follows:
WH-VOL= VOLUME-50-FALL- VOLUME-50-RISE
EFF-VOL = 5.54*((VOLUME-MAX/WH-VOL)2
)
HETP-VOL = BED-HEIGHT/EFF-VOL
[0081] The parameters "DELTA-10-RISE-T," "DELTA-10-FALL-T," "ASYMMTIME,"
"DELTA-10-RISE-V," "DELTA-10-FALL-V," "ASYMM-VOL," "WH-TIME,"
"EFF-TIME," "HETP-TIME," "WH-VOL," "EFF-VOL," and "HETP-VOL" set forth above
are all calculated internal parameters, as shown in Figure 12B.
[0082] Based on at least the calculations disclosed in Figures 12A, 12B, and 13-16,
the breadth, symmetry (or asymmetry) of the peak of the HETP may be calculated for
chromatography skid HETP representation of the quality of the chromatography skid packing
execution. In that regard, the operator or user utilizing the control modules associated with
the example in Figure 12 may be able to analyze the symmetry (or asymmetry) of the relevant
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peaks related to the chromatography skid and subsequently determine whether its
performance is being maximized or not maximized enough. Moreover, HETP, peak
asymmetry and peak efficiency can be calculated in real-time using the hardware/software
that already exists for controlling the chromatography system without having to dedicate
special hardware or software.
[0083] While Figures 12A, 12B, and 13-16 illustrate examples for handling
chromatography skid HETP calculations and real-time analysis of the chromatography
column packs, it is may be understood that the concept may also apply to one or more control
modules implementing a set of executable instructions and/or one or more algorithms to
analyze/calculate/manipulate data associated with various types of equipment, such as
bioreactors, such as equipment for fermenting, harvesting, equipment for microfiltration and
purification (e.g., liquid chromatography skid system), buffer preparation, media preparation,
etc.
[0084] Figure 17 is a diagram illustrating the relationships between phase logic,
equipment modules, and control modules in accordance with aspects of the invention. Figure
17, for example, may be in the context of batch control models. As shown, there are various
blocks depicting a phase logic, equipment modules, discrete control modules, analog control
modules, advanced control modules, etc. Various combinations and designs may be
contemplated in order to implement and produce different products using the same equipment
and design.
[0085] As illustrated in Figure 17, equipment modules may be logic that controls a
group of control modules to perform a specific function, such as transfer into a bioreactor,
vent control, etc. Unit classes may be considered to be a group of equipment modules, e.g., a
bioreactor. Phases may be sequential logic to control equipment module setpoints, such as
set "Transfer Out to Close" parameters and "Vent Control" parameters to VENT. For
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example, Transfer Out equipment can be set to a CLOSE state, restricting flow from a tank,
or the Vent equipment can be set to a VENT state to vent a tank. Phases may be how a
bioreactor, for instance, runs in an automated manner. Operations may be sequence of phases
to achieve a particular task, e.g., "Fill-Grow-Xfer Operations" runs the "Fill" phase which
fills the bioreactor, then the "Grow" phase that supports the culture and the "Xfer" phase to
transfer the culture to the next-size bioreactor or other types of harvest systems. Moreover,
Unit Procedures and Procedures may be used to control sets of Operations and Unit
Procedures, respectively, to achieve a processing step, such as chromatography.
[0086] In further examples, there may be naming protocols between field devices and
control modules. By way of example only, a control valve may be recognized by the name of
"_ V-XXXXXX" or "_CV-XXXXXX," such as "LV-383308" or "TCV-383327." In tum, the
control module may name the same control valves in this format "_IC-XXXXXX," such as
LIC-383308 and TIC-383327, respectively.
[0087] The present invention is advantageous in various ways. For example, there is
limited material exposure to environmental contaminants. In another example, the present
invention is advantageous because it allows for continuous data collection and continuous
monitoring and control of system parameters. In addition, it allows for automatic adjustment
of cell culture conditions in response to the data collected in order to maintain an optimal
environment for maximizing cell growth and production of desired product. Moreover, it
also allows for instantaneous response and coordination of devices for equipment control,
e.g., processes are on "hold" when conditions are outside of acceptable ranges or an unsafe
state has been determined or recognized during processing, providing for return of processes
to within process specification, etc.
[0088] The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to illustrate the invention
and is not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the disclosed embodiments
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incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art,
the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended
claims and equivalents thereof Although the disclosure use terminology and acronyms that
may not be familiar to the layperson, those skilled in the art will be familiar with the
terminology and acronyms used herein.

CLAIMS
What is claimed is:
1. A system for performing real-time analysis on a chromatography column comprising:
a chromatography column;
a conductivity meter; and
at least one processor for executing stored program instructions to:
measure one or more conductivity values of the chromatography column using
the conductivity meter,
determine a baseline conductivity value by recording a predetermined number
of conductivity values from a first column volume to a second column volume and
calculating an average of the predetermined number of conductivity values, wherein
the baseline conductivity value is the calculated average,
determine whether a first measured conductivity value is less than a maximum
conductivity value and is greater than a 10% peak falling value, and based on the
determination, record a time and a column volume corresponding to the first
measured conductivity,
determine whether a second measured conductivity value is less than the
maximum conductivity value and is greater than a 50% peak falling value, and based
on the determination, record a time and a column volume corresponding to the second
measured conductivity,
detect whether 10% falling of conductivity is reached, and
based on the detection, calculate one or more of: (i) a time-based asymmetry
factor and (ii) a volume-based asymmetry factor or calculate one or more of: (i) a
time-based Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP) value and (ii) a volumebased
HETP value based at least in part on the baseline conductivity value, the times
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and column volumes of the first measured conductivity and the second measured
conductivity, and the maximum conductivity value.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the 10% peak falling value is equal to:
((the maximum conductivity value- the baseline conductivity value)* 0.1) +the
baseline conductivity, and
wherein the 50% peak falling value is equal to:
((the maximum conductivity value- the baseline conductivity value)* 0.5) +the
baseline conductivity.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor further executes stored
program instructions to:
determine whether the maximum conductivity value is greater than a previously
recorded maximum value, and
based on the determination, record a time and a column volume corresponding to the
maximum conductivity value.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor further executes stored
program instructions to record a time and a column volume for each of the measured one or
more conductivity values of the chromatography column, and wherein each time is recorded
in a fixed-size time array and each column volume is recorded in a fixed-size volume array.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the measured one or more conductivity values, when
plotted in relation to time or volume, graphically represents a conductivity peak, and the at
least one processor further executes stored program instructions to record a plurality of times
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and column volumes corresponding to each of the respective measured conductivity values
on a rising side of the conductivity peak.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the detection of the 10% falling of conductivity
occurs on a falling side of the conductivity peak.
7. A method for performing real-time analysis on a chromatography column, the method
compnsmg:
measuring, by at least one processor, one or more conductivity values of the
chromatography column using a conductivity meter;
determining, by the at least one processor, a baseline conductivity value by recording
a predetermined number of conductivity values from a first column volume to a second
column volume and calculating an average of the predetermined number of conductivity
values, wherein the baseline conductivity value is the calculated average;
determining, by the at least one processor, whether a first measured conductivity
value is less than a maximum conductivity value and is greater than a 10% peak falling value,
and based on the determination, recording a time and a column volume corresponding to the
first measured conductivity;
determining, by the at least one processor, whether a second measured conductivity
value is less than the maximum conductivity value and is greater than a 50% peak falling
value, and based on the determination, recording a time and a column volume corresponding
to the second measured conductivity;
detecting, by the at least one processor, whether 10% falling of conductivity is
reached; and
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based on the detection, calculating, by the at least one processor, one or more of: (i) a
time-based asymmetry factor and (ii) a volume-based asymmetry factor or calculating one or
more of: (i) a time-based Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP) value and (ii) a
volume-based HETP value based at least in part on the baseline conductivity value, the times
and column volumes of the first measured conductivity and the second measured
conductivity, and the maximum conductivity value.
8. A system for controlling biologics equipment comprising:
a first control loop including:
an actuator configured to receive a control signal and regulate operation of a
first equipment based on the control signal, and
a first sensor-transmitter configured to read and output a first measurement
value associated with the first equipment; and
at least one processor for executing stored program instructions to:
receive a setpoint value,
generate the control signal for the actuator based on the received setpoint
value,
transmit the control signal to the actuator,
receive and process the first measurement value read and output from the first
sensor-transmitter, and
generate a first process value based on the first measurement value read and
output from the first sensor-transmitter.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the setpoint value is input by a user on an operating
interface, and the first process value is displayed on the operating interface for the user.
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10. The system of claim 8, wherein the setpoint value is a target value at which the first
process value is to be maintained, the generated control signal for the actuator being a
variable output, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to:
determine whether the first process value matches the target value, and
based on the determination, automatically or dynamically adjust the variable
output in the first control loop in order to control the first control loop so that a
subsequent process value generated based on a subsequent measurement value output
from the first sensor-transmitter matches the target value.
11. The system of claim 8, further comprising a second control loop including:
a second sensor-transmitter configured to read and output a second measurement
value associated with a second equipment, wherein the first sensor-transmitter outputs the
first measurement value associated with the first equipment to the second equipment, and the
at least one processor further executes stored program instructions to generate a second
process value based on the second measurement value read and output from the second
sensor-transmitter; and
the first control loop, such that the second control loop becomes a supervisory loop
and the first control loop becomes a secondary loop.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the setpoint value of the first control loop is a
variable output of the second control loop based at least on the second process value and a
second control loop setpoint value received for the second control loop.
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13. The system of claim 11, further comprising a third sensor-transmitter configured to
read and output a third measurement value associated with the second equipment, wherein the
third sensor-transmitter is operable in bypass mode such that the third measurement value is
not used or standby mode such that the third measurement value is available to be used.
14. The system of claim 8, wherein the stored program instructions includes a first set of
instructions and a second set of instructions, wherein the first set of instructions is a first
control module and the second set of instructions is a second control module.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the first control module is a loop controller
configured to control the first control loop and further configured to receive the setpoint value
and the first process value and generate the control signal for the actuator.
16. The system of claim 8, wherein the first equipment is a plant-wide field device, the
plant-wide field device including a sensor, a scale, a switch, a pump, a control valve, a valve,
and an agitator.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the second control loop setpoint value is input by a
user on an operating interface, and the operating interface includes one or more faceplates,
each faceplate having a plurality of icons for the user to select a manual mode, an automatic
mode, a cascade mode, and set the second control loop setpoint value.
18. A method for controlling biologics equipment, the method comprising:
receiving, by at least one processor, a setpoint value;
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generating, by the at least one processor, a control signal for an actuator of a first
control loop based on the received setpoint value, wherein the actuator is configured to
receive the control signal and regulate operation of a first equipment based on the control
signal;
transmitting, by the at least one process, the control signal to the actuator;
receiving and processing, by the at least one processor, a first measurement value read
and output from a first sensor-transmitter, wherein the first sensor-transmitter is configured to
read and output a first measurement value associated with the first equipment; and
generating, by the at least one processor, a first process value based on the first
measurement value read and output from the first sensor-transmitter.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first process value is displayable on an operating
interface.
20. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
determining, by the at least one processor, whether the first process value matches a
target value, wherein the setpoint value is the target value at which the first process value is
to be maintained target value; and
based on the determination, automatically or dynamically adjusting, by the at least
one processor, a variable output in order to control the first control loop so that a subsequent
process value generated based on a subsequent measurement value output from the first
sensor-transmitter matches the target value, wherein the generated control signal for the
actuator is the variable output.