DESC:EARLIEST PRIORITY DATE:
This Application claims priority from a Provisional patent application filed in India having Patent Application No. 202241044937, filed on August 05, 2022, and titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR JOINT ADAPTATION OF EQUALIZERS”.
FIELD OF INVENTION
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the field of communication and more particularly to a system and a method to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer.
BACKGROUND
An equalizer is a device that may be used to reverse distortion incurred by signals while being transmitted through a channel. In digital communication, the equalizer may be used to reduce inter-symbol interference. The equalizer may include at least one of a linear filter and a non-linear filter. The equalizer provides a way for reproducing frequency domain attributes of the signals at a receiving end of a channel corresponding to the frequency domain attributes of the signals at a sending end of the channel.
When equalizing wireline channels such as SerDes receivers including both feed-forward equalizer (FFE) and decision feedback equalizer (DFE), several problems may arise. One such problem involves the equalization provided by the FFE dominating the equalization provided by the DFE which may reduce an eye margin of the signal along with an introduction of high frequency noise in the channel.
Hence, there is a need for an improved system and a method to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer to address the aforementioned issue(s).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a system to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer is provided. The system includes the feed forward equalizer adapted to equalize one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals. The system also includes the decision feedback equalizer positioned adjacent to the feed forward equalizer. The decision feedback equalizer is adapted to equalize noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals. The system further includes a comparator positioned adjacent to the decision feedback equalizer. The comparator is adapted to reconstruct one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. The system also includes a first feedback block positioned adjacent to the comparator and the feed forward equalizer.
The first feedback block is adapted to update one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals. The first feedback block includes a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. The system further includes a second feedback block positioned adjacent to the first feedback block. The second feedback block is adapted to update the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals. The second feedback block includes a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer is provided. The method includes equalizing, by a feed forward equalizer, one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals. The method also includes equalizing, by a decision feedback equalizer, equalize noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals. The method further includes reconstructing, by a comparator, one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. The method also includes updating, by a first feedback block, one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals.
The first feedback block includes a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. The method also includes updating, by a second feedback block, the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals. The second feedback block includes a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer.
To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more explicit description of the disclosure will follow by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended figures. It is to be appreciated that these figures depict typical embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting in scope. The disclosure will be described and explained with additional details with the appended figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The disclosure will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the accompanying figures in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a system to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 (a) is a flow chart representing the steps involved in a method to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 2 (b) is a flow chart representing the continued steps involved in a method of FIG. 2 (a) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and may not have necessarily been drawn to scale. Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the figures by conventional symbols, and the figures may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the figures with details that will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the description herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
To promote an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the figures and specific language will be used to describe them. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the disclosure as would normally occur to those skilled in the art are to be construed as being within the scope of the present disclosure.
The terms ``comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such a process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components preceded by "comprises... a'' does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices, sub-systems, elements, structures, components, additional devices, additional sub-systems, additional elements, additional structures, or additional components. Appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment" and similar language throughout this specification may, but not necessarily do, all refer to the same embodiment.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are only illustrative and not intended to be limiting.
In the following specification and the claims, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings. The singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
In the discussion that follows, references will be made to “one or more first equalized signals”, “one or more second equalized signals” and “one or more reconstructed signals” with reference to an entity (one or more signals) to distinguish the output of a feed forward equalizer, a decision feedback equalizer and a comparator respectively. References will be made to “first feedback block”, “second feedback block” with reference to an entity (an adaptive filter) that is capable of updating the one or more taps of feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer. Also, references will be made to “first function” and “second function” with reference to respective cost functions of the first feedback block and the second feedback block.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system and a method to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer. The system includes the feed forward equalizer adapted to equalize one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals. The system also includes the decision feedback equalizer positioned adjacent to the feed forward equalizer. The decision feedback equalizer is adapted to equalize noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals. The system further includes a comparator positioned adjacent to the decision feedback equalizer. The comparator is adapted to reconstruct one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. The system also includes a first feedback block positioned adjacent to the comparator and the feed forward equalizer.
The first feedback block is adapted to update one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals. The first feedback block includes a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. The system further includes a second feedback block positioned adjacent to the first feedback block. The second feedback block is adapted to update the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals. The second feedback block includes a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system (10) to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer (20) and a decision feedback equalizer (30) in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system (10) includes the feed forward equalizer (20) adapted to equalize one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals. In one embodiment, the one or more frequency dependent losses may include, but not limited to, air drag losses, air absorption losses, internal bulk losses and the like. In some embodiments, the sampler may include an impulse sampler, a natural sampler, and a flat top sampler and the like. In a specific embodiment, the sampler may provide the one or more signals after performing clock data recovery.
Further, in some embodiments, the one or more signals may include, an analogue signal, a digital signal and the like. The system (10) also includes the decision feedback equalizer (30) positioned adjacent to the feed forward equalizer (20). The decision feedback equalizer (30) is adapted to equalize noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals. In one embodiment, the noise may include, but not limited to, electronic noise, thermal noise, intermodulation noise, crosstalk, impulse noise, shot noise and transit-time noise and the like. The system (10) further includes a comparator (40) positioned adjacent to the decision feedback equalizer (30). The comparator (40) is adapted to reconstruct one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals.
Furthermore, in one embodiment, the comparator (40) may be adapted to quantize the one or more corresponding second equalized signals based on at least one of a quantization technique including PAM 4 quantization, PAM 6 quantization, and PAM 8 quantization. The system (10) also includes a first feedback block (50) positioned adjacent to the comparator (40) and the feed forward equalizer (20). The first feedback block (50) is adapted to update one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals. The first feedback block (50) includes a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals.
Moreover, in one embodiment, the first function may be adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on a difference between the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. In some embodiments, the first function may include a control factor adapted to control an amount of uncontrolled inter symbol interference by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) at the predefined post cursor. In such an embodiment, the control factor may be lying in a range between zero and one. In a specific embodiment, the control factor may be adapted to control one or more burst errors produced by the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer (30). The system (10) further includes a second feedback block (60) positioned adjacent to the first feedback block (50).
Additionally, the second feedback block (60) is adapted to update the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer (30) by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer (30) to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals. The second feedback block (60) includes a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer (20) and the decision feedback equalizer (30). In one embodiment, the second function may be adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on a difference between the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals.
Also, in some embodiments, the first block and the second block may be adapted to employ a least mean square adaptation to provide the one or more first inputs and the one or more second inputs respectively. In some embodiments, the first block and the second block may be adapted to employ an adaptation technique including recursive lease square adaption, lattice based adaptation, finite impulse response adaptation and the like. In one embodiment, the feed forward equalizer (20) and a channel carrying the one or more signals combinedly provides a plurality of impulse responses, upon updating the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) by the first feedback block (50). In such an embodiment, the plurality of impulse responses are located at, at least one of a main cursor and the post cursor.
Further, in an exemplary embodiment, the first function may be represented as follows.
e(n)= ?_k x(n-k) h_k-(A ^(n)-??_j a_j h_j A ^(n-j)?_ )
In the above equation e(n) represents error, x represents an input, k represent tap number, hk represents tap value of the feed forward equalizer (20), A(n) represents decision of the comparator (40), A (n-j) represents previous decision of the comparator (40), aj represents the control factor for the jth post cursor. For example, when value of the control factor is equal to 1, then the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) may be updated in such a way that the inter symbol interference caused by the first post cursor may be uncorrected by the feed forward equalizer (20) and all the inter symbol interference caused by other cursors may be corrected completely.
FIG. 2 (a) and FIG. 2 (b) is a flow chart representing the steps involved in a method (200) to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method (200) includes equalizing one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals in step 210. In one embodiment, equalizing one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals includes equalizing one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals by a feed forward equalizer.
Further, in one embodiment, the one or more frequency dependent losses may include, but not limited to, air drag losses, air absorption losses, internal bulk losses and the like. In some embodiments, the sampler may include an impulse sampler, a natural sampler, and a flat top sampler and the like. In a specific embodiment, the sampler may provide the one or more signals after performing clock data recovery. In some embodiments, the one or more signals may include, an analogue signal, a digital signal and the like.
The method (200) also includes equalizing noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals in step 220. In one embodiment, equalizing noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals includes equalizing noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals by a decision feedback equalizer. In one embodiment, the noise may include, but not limited to, electronic noise, thermal noise, intermodulation noise, crosstalk, impulse noise, shot noise and transit-time noise and the like.
The method (200) also includes reconstructing one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals in step 230. In one embodiment, reconstructing one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals includes reconstructing one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals by a comparator. In one embodiment, the comparator may be adapted to quantize the one or more corresponding second equalized signals based on at least one of a quantization technique including PAM 4 quantization, PAM 6 quantization, and PAM 8 quantization.
The method (200) further includes updating one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals in step 240. In one embodiment, updating one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals includes updating one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and apost cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals by a first feedback block.
Further, the first feedback block comprises a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. In one embodiment, the first function may be adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on a difference between the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. In some embodiments, the first function may include a control factor adapted to control an amount of uncontrolled inter symbol interference by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer at the predefined post cursor. In such an embodiment, the control factor may be lying in a range between zero and one. In a specific embodiment, the control factor may be adapted to control one or more burst errors produced by the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer.
The method (200) also includes updating the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals in step 250. In one embodiment, updating the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals includes updating the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals by a second feedback block.
Further, the second feedback block includes a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer. In one embodiment, the second function may be adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on a difference between the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals. In some embodiments, the first block and the second block may be adapted to employ a least mean square adaptation to provide the one or more first inputs and the one or more second inputs respectively.
Moreover, in some embodiments, the first block and the second block may be adapted to employ an adaptation technique including recursive lease square adaption, lattice based adaptation, finite impulse response adaptation and the like. In one embodiment, the feed forward equalizer and a channel carrying the one or more signals combinedly provides a plurality of impulse responses, upon updating the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by the first feedback block. In such an embodiment, the plurality of impulse responses are located at, at least one of a main cursor and the post cursor.
Various embodiments of the system and a method to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer and a decision feedback equalizer described above enable various advantages. Provision of the first feedback block provides a way for controlling the extent of correction provided to the inter symbol interference at the predefined post cursor by the feed forward equalizer, thereby eliminating chances of introducing high frequency noise in the one or more reconstructed signals. The system is capable of improving eye margin of the one or more reconstructed signals by controlling the extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during the equalization of the one or more signals. The system is capable of providing real time equalization. Provision of the control factor in the first function provided flexibility to the system in controlling the extent of correction provided to the inter symbol interference at the predefined post cursor.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the disclosure and are not intended to be restrictive thereof. While specific language has been used to describe the disclosure, any limitations arising on account of the same are not intended.
The figures and the forgoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, the order of processes described herein may be changed and is not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all the acts need to be necessarily performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples. ,CLAIMS:1. A system (10) to enable joint adaptation of a feed forward equalizer (20) and a decision feedback equalizer (30) comprising:
the feed forward equalizer (20) adapted to equalize one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals;
the decision feedback equalizer (30) positioned adjacent to the feed forward equalizer (20), wherein the decision feedback equalizer (30) is adapted to equalize noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals;
a comparator (40) positioned adjacent to the decision feedback equalizer (30), wherein the comparator (40) is adapted to reconstruct one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals;
a first feedback block (50) positioned adjacent to the comparator (40) and the feed forward equalizer (20), wherein the first feedback block (50) is adapted to update one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals,
wherein the first feedback block (50) comprises a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals; and
a second feedback block (60) positioned adjacent to the first feedback block (50), wherein the second feedback block (60) is adapted to update the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer (30) by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer (30) to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals,
wherein the second feedback block (60) comprises a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer (20) and the decision feedback equalizer (30).
2. The system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first function is adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on a difference between the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals.
3. The system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second function is adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on a difference between the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals.
4. The system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first block and the second block are adapted to employ a least mean square adaptation to provide the one or more first inputs and the one or more second inputs respectively.
5. The system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first function comprises a control factor adapted to control an amount of uncontrolled inter symbol interference by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) at the predefined post cursor.
6. The system (10) as claimed in claim 5, wherein the control factor is lying in a range between zero and one.
7. The system (10) as claimed in claim 5, wherein the control factor is adapted to control one or more burst errors produced by the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer (30).
8. The system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the feed forward equalizer (20) and a channel carrying the one or more signals combinedly provides a plurality of impulse responses, upon updating the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer (20) by the first feedback block (50), wherein the plurality of impulse responses are located at, at least one of a main cursor and the post cursor.
9. The system (10) as claimed in claim 1, wherein the comparator (40) is adapted to quantize the one or more corresponding second equalized signals based on at least one of a quantization technique including PAM 4 quantization, PAM 6 quantization, and PAM 8 quantization.
10. A method (200) comprising:
equalizing, by a feed forward equalizer, one or more frequency dependent losses occurred in one or more signals received from a sampler to provide one or more corresponding first equalized signals; (210)
equalizing, by a decision feedback equalizer, noise present in the one or more corresponding first equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding second equalized signals; (220)
reconstructing, by a comparator, one or more symbols encoded in the one or more corresponding second equalized signals to provide one or more corresponding reconstructed signals; (230)
updating, by a first feedback block, one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer by providing one or more first inputs to control an extent of inter symbol interference correction provided by the one or more taps of the feed forward equalizer for at least one of a predefined precursor and a post cursor during an equalization of the one or more signals,
wherein the first feedback block comprises a first function adapted to generate the one or more first inputs based on the one or more first equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals; (240) and
updating, by a second feedback block, the one or more taps of the decision feedback equalizer by providing one or more second inputs to enable the decision feedback equalizer to equalize the inter symbol interference present at the post cursor of the one or more first equalized signals,
wherein the second feedback block comprises a second function adapted to generate the one or more second inputs based on the one or more second equalized signals and the one or more corresponding reconstructed signals, thereby enabling joint adaptation of the feed forward equalizer and the decision feedback equalizer. (250)
Dated this 02nd day of February 2023

Signature

Jinsu Abraham
Patent Agent (IN/PA-3267)
Agent for the Applicant